resonating device

File:EB1911 cicada tymbal structure.png

Cicadas produce songs as part of their courtship display; the males of a number of species possess an abdomen that is largely hollow.{{cite web |title=Periodical Cicada Information Pages: Behavior |url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/behavior/ |website=cicadas.uconn.edu |date=16 February 2017 |publisher=University of Connecticut |access-date=19 November 2024}} The sound producing organ, the tymbals, are connected to the abdomen, and as a consequence their calls are amplified significantly; cicadas have been recorded to emit sounds of around 100 decibels, which is enough to cause hearing loss after 15 minutes.{{cite web |title=Noise Myths Debunked – Fact and Fiction Behind all the Cicada Buzz |url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2021/07/20/noise-myths-cicada/ |website=blogs.cdc.gov |date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Center For Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=19 November 2024}}{{cite web |title=Secrets of the cicada's sound |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130530152846.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |publisher=Acoustical Society of America |access-date=19 November 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Langley |first1=Liz |title=This Bug's Penis Is a Built-In Violin |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/animals-anatomy-sound-communication |website=nationalgeographic.com |date=7 October 2017 |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=19 November 2024}}{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_36 |chapter=Acoustic Communication in Insects |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |date=2008 |last1=Hangay |first1=George |last2=Gayubo |first2=Severiano F. |last3=Hoy |first3=Marjorie A. |last4=Goula |first4=Marta |last5=Sanborn |first5=Allen |last6=Morrill |first6=Wendell. L. |last7=Gäde |first7=Gerd |last8=Marco |first8=Heather G. |last9=Kabissa |first9=Joe C. B. |last10=Ellis |first10=Jamie |last11=Ellis |first11=Amanda |last12=Lord |first12=Cynthia C. |last13=Schabel |first13=Hans G. |last14=Heppner |first14=John B. |last15=Schabel |first15=Hans G. |last16=Heppner |first16=John B. |last17=Heppner |first17=John B. |last18=Heppner |first18=John B. |last19=Nadel |first19=Hannah |last20=Easton |first20=Emmett R. |last21=McSorley |first21=Robert |last22=Napper |first22=Emma |last23=Pickett |first23=John A. |last24=Nation |first24=James L. |last25=Stange |first25=Lionel |last26=Goettel |first26=Mark S. |last27=Capinera |first27=John L. |last28=Nation |first28=James L. |last29=Paulson |first29=Gregory S. |last30=Blum |first30=Murray S. |pages=33–38 |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 |display-authors=1 }} A large australian species, Cyclochila australasiae, produces sounds of up to 120 decibels at close range.{{cite web |last1=Ennion |first1=Jennifer |title=The deafening soundtracks of Australia's cicadas |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2018/01/the-deafening-soundtracks-of-australias-cicadas/ |website=australiangeographic.com.au |date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Australian Geographic |access-date=19 November 2024}}{{cite web |title=Cicada - Superfamily Cicadoidea |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |website=australian.museum |publisher=Australian Museum |access-date=19 November 2024}} In contrast, the basal hairy cicadas (Tettigarcta) do not emit an audible, airborne sound; like related leafhoppers, they instead transmit their vibrations through their substrate, turning the plants they perch upon into resonators.{{cite journal |last1=Claridge |first1=Michael F. |last2=Morgan |first2=John C. |last3=Moulds |first3=Maxwell S. |title=Substrate-transmitted acoustic signals of the primitive cicada, Tettigarcta crinita Distant (Hemiptera Cicadoidea, Tettigarctidae) |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=December 1999 |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1831–1834 |doi=10.1080/002229399299752 |bibcode=1999JNatH..33.1831C }}

A species of aquatic bug, Micronecta scholtzi, has been recorded to produce sounds of 105 dB, the "highest ratio dB/body size". This sound is produced via stridulation of the paramere (genital appendage) on an abdominal ridge, and may be amplified by reflections and refractions within the layer of trapped air the bug uses as an air supply, though the use of the air bubble as such has not been proven.{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=Jérôme |last2=Mackie |first2=David |last3=Windmill |first3=James F. C. |title=So Small, So Loud: Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect (Corixidae, Micronectinae) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=15 June 2011 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e21089 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021089 |doi-access=free |pmid=21698252 |pmc=3115974 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...621089S }}

Tree crickets (specifically, Oecanthus henryi) were found to create baffles by selecting appropriately sized leaves, then chewing a hole near the centre that was about the size of their wings. By calling from inside of these baffles, they were able to prevent acoustic short-circuiting and effectively increasing the loudness of its calls.{{cite journal |last1=Mhatre |first1=Natasha |last2=Malkin |first2=Robert |last3=Deb |first3=Rittik |last4=Balakrishnan |first4=Rohini |last5=Robert |first5=Daniel |title=Tree crickets optimize the acoustics of baffles to exaggerate their mate-attraction signal |journal=eLife |date=December 2017 |doi=10.7554/eLife.32763.001 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322854036 |access-date=20 November 2024}}

Bony fish possess an air-filled organ called the swim bladder that is primarily used to regulate buoyancy. However, a number of species have adapted their swimbladders to be a part of a sound-producing organ. The sound-producing apparatus consists of fast-contracting striated muscles that vibrate the swim bladder, either entirely attached to the swimbladder or also attaching to adjacent structures like the vertebral column or occipital bones.{{cite journal |last1=Ladich |first1=Friedrich |title=Sound-generating and -detecting motor system in catfish: Design of swimbladder muscles in doradids and pimelodids |journal=The Anatomical Record |date=July 2001 |volume=263 |issue=3 |pages=297–306 |doi=10.1002/ar.1105 |pmid=11455539 }}

• The drums or croakers, family Sciaenidae, are named after the sounds that they produce through their specialized vocal apparati consisting of their swim bladder, which is surrounded by special sonic muscle fibers that vibrate against the resonant swim bladder.{{Citation| last1 = Ramcharitar| first1 = John | last2 = Gannon| first2 = Damon| last3=Popper| first3=Arthur| title = Bioacoustics of fishes of the family Sciaenidae| journal = Transactions of the American Fisheries Society| volume = 135| issue = 5|pages=1409–1431| date = May 16, 2006| doi = 10.1577/T05-207.1}}{{cite book| last = Collin| first = Shaun|author2=N. Justin Marshall | title = Sensory processing in aquatic environments| publisher = Springer-Verlag New York | year = 2003 | location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7yAXnk8sgPoC&q=Sciaenidae+croaking+mechanism&pg=PA176| isbn =978-0-387-95527-8}}{{Citation | last = Roach | first = John | title = Fish Croaks Like a Frog, But Why? | date = November 7, 2005 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_croaker.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051124134327/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_croaker.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 24, 2005 | access-date = December 1, 2011}}
• A number of catfish, including those in the families doradidae and pimelodidae, such as Platydoras and Pimelodus, also possess specialized drumming muscles attached to their swimbladders in order to produce sound.
• The minute cyprinids of the genus Danionella, such as Danionella cerebrum, are able to create sounds in excess of 140 decibels through a mechanism that "shoots" a drumming cartilage at the swimbladder at over 2000 g. This all occurs in a fish measuring up to {{Convert|13.5|mm|in}} in length, being one of the smallest extant vertebrates.{{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Matt |title=Gills Aloud? Tiny fish found making very big noise |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-68402386 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=BBC News |date=27 February 2024}}{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Verity A. N. O. |last2=Groneberg |first2=Antonia H. |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Maximilian |last4=Kadobianskyi |first4=Mykola |last5=Veith |first5=Johannes |last6=Schulze |first6=Lisanne |last7=Henninger |first7=Jörg |last8=Britz |first8=Ralf |last9=Judkewitz |first9=Benjamin |year=2024 |title=Ultrafast sound production mechanism in one of the smallest vertebrates |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=10 |page=e2314017121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2314017121 |pmid=38408231 |pmc=10927587 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12114017C }}

Other families of fish which have sound-generating mechanisms involving the swim bladder include:

• Mormyrids
• Characids
• Batrachoidids
• Triglids
• Gadids

Frogs possess vocal sacs which serve to enhance their nuptial calls. To call, the frog closes its mouth, then expels air from its lungs, through its larynx, and into the vocal sac; the larynx's vibration causes the vocal sac to resonate.{{cite book| last=Tyler| first=M. J.| year=1994| title=Australian Frogs A Natural History| publisher=Reed Books| isbn=0-7301-0468-0}}{{cite web| title=Anurans – Vocal| url=http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnzo7cas/vocal.htm| access-date=2006-06-19| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040822114000/http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnzo7cas/vocal.htm| archive-date=2004-08-22| url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=How can tiny frogs make so much noise? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/oct-23-vikings-in-newfoundland-new-rocks-from-the-moon-making-wood-better-and-more-1.6219865/how-can-tiny-frogs-make-so-much-noise-1.6221311 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=19 November 2024}} Additionally, some frogs may call from inside structures that further amplify their calls; Metaphrynella sundana call from inside tree hollows with water pooling at the bottom, tuning their own calls to the resonant frequency of their specific tree hollow.{{cite journal |last1=Lardner |first1=Björn |last2=bin Lakim |first2=Maklarin |title=Tree-hole frogs exploit resonance effects |journal=Nature |date=December 2002 |volume=420 |issue=6915 |pages=475 |doi=10.1038/420475a |pmid=12466831 }} Mientien tree frogs (Kurixalus idiootocus) residing in urban areas utilize storm drains to improve their calls; frogs calling within the drains called louder and for longer periods.{{cite journal |last1=Moskvitch |first1=Katia |title=Urban frogs use drains as mating megaphones |journal=Nature |date=4 June 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15362 }}

File:PrimateAirSacs Schematic.png

The larynx is the primary vocal organ of mammals. In humans, it acts as a resonator only for high frequencies, due to its small volume; the pharynx, oral-, and nasal cavities, descending in order, are the most important resonators in humans.{{cite book|title=Singing: the Mechanism and the Technic|last=Vennard|first= William|edition=4th|year=1967|place=New York|publisher=Carl Fischer|oclc=1011087|isbn=978-0-8258-0055-9}}Sundberg, Johan(1989). The Science of the Singing Voice, Northern Illinois University Press,{{ISBN|0875805426}}{{cite web |title=Understanding Resonance And How It Shapes The Voice |url=https://www.torontospeechtherapy.com/blog/2024/understanding-resonance-and-how-it-shapes-the-voice |website=torontospeechtherapy.com |date=9 October 2024 |publisher=Well Said Toronto Speech Therapy |access-date=19 November 2024}}

Several non-human primates are adapted to producing loud calls, and they often rely on resonance chambers to produce it. The howler monkeys possess extralaryngeal airsacs along with a pneumatized (hollow) hyoid bone; it is suggested that the hollow hyoid acts as a resonating chamber, allowing the howler monkey to produce its namesake call.{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Jacqueline |title=Vital Sounds |url=https://www.rom.on.ca/en/collections-research/magazine/vital-sounds |website=rom.on.ca |publisher=Royal Ontario Museum |access-date=19 November 2024}}{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_6 |chapter=Morphology of Howler Monkeys: A Review and Quantitative Analyses |title=Howler Monkeys |date=2015 |last1=Youlatos |first1=Dionisios |last2=Couette |first2=Sébastien |last3=Halenar |first3=Lauren B. |pages=133–176 |isbn=978-1-4939-1956-7 }} Gibbons are also well known for their loud territorial calls;{{cite journal |vauthors=Clarke E, Reichard UH, Zuberbühler K |title=The Syntax and Meaning of Wild Gibbon Songs |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue= 1|pages=e73 |year=2006 |pmid=17183705 |pmc=1762393 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000073 |editor1-last=Emery |editor1-first=Nathan|bibcode=2006PLoSO...1...73C |doi-access=free }}Glover, Hilary. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/bc-rgf020411.php Recognizing gibbons from their regional accents], BioMed Central, EurekAlert.org, 6 February 2011. the siamang has a particularly well developed gular sac that acts as a resonating chamber.{{cite journal |last1=Koda |first1=Hiroki |last2=Nishimura |first2=Takeshi |last3=Tokuda |first3=Isao T. |last4=Oyakawa |first4=Chisako |last5=Nihonmatsu |first5=Toshikuni |last6=Masataka |first6=Nobuo |date=2012 |title=Soprano singing in gibbons |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=347–355 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22124 |pmid=22926979 }} Male orangutans also use their throat pouches for the purpose of enhancing their calls.{{cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Goossens | first2 = B. | last3 = Bruford | first3 = M. W. | last4 = de Ruiter | first4 = J. R. | last5 = van Hooff | first5 = J. A. R. A. M. | author-link5 = Jan van Hooff | year = 2002 | title = Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans | journal = Behavioral Ecology | volume = 13 | issue = 5| pages = 643–52 | doi = 10.1093/beheco/13.5.643| doi-access = free }}{{cite book|author1=Payne, J |author2=Prundente, C |year=2008|title=Orangutans: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation|page=14|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn= 978-0-262-16253-1}}

Male gorillas' airways have air sacs that penetrate into the soft tissue of the chest. These airsacs amplify the sound produced by his percussive chest-beating.

File:Hypsignathus monstrosus side cross section.png

Horseshoe bats (of the family Rhinolophidae) are a bat genus that possess air pouches, or chambers, around their larynx which act as Helmholtz resonators. The male hammerhead bat has an extremely large larynx that extends through most of his thoracic cavity, displacing his other internal organs.{{cite journal |last1=Langevin |first1=P. |first2=R. |last2=Barclay |year=1990 |title=Hypsignathus monstrosus |journal=Mammalian Species |issue= 357|pages=1–4 |doi= 10.2307/3504110|jstor=3504110 |doi-access=free }} A pharyngeal air sac connects to a large sinus in the bat's snout; these structures act as resonating chambers to further amplify the bat's voice.{{cite book| editor-last1=Kingdon| editor-first1= J.| editor-last2= Happold| editor-first2= D.| editor-last3= Butynski| editor-first3= T.| editor-last4= Hoffmann| editor-first4= M.| editor-last5= Happold| editor-first5= M.| editor-last6= Kalina| editor-first6= J.| last1= Happold| first1=M.| date= 2013| title= Mammals of Africa| volume=4| publisher= A&C Black| pages=259–262|isbn=9781408189962}} So specialized are these structures that scientists Herbert Lang and James Chapin remarked; "In no other mammal is everything so entirely subordinated to the organs of voice".{{cite book|last=Nowak|first=M., R.|url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa/page/278/mode/2up|title=Walker's Bats of the World|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8018-5789-9|pages=278–279}}

Pinnipeds have been noted to employ this structure; the expanded nasal chambers of elephant and hooded seals act as resonant spaces that enhance their calls. The expanded laryngeal lumen of California sea lions, the pharyngeal pouch of walrus, and the tracheal sacs of various phocids may also function in a similar manner.{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374593-4.00041-3 |chapter=Generation of sound in marine mammals |title=Handbook of Mammalian Vocalization - an Integrative Neuroscience Approach |series=Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience |date=2010 |last1=Reidenberg |first1=Joy S. |last2=Laitman |first2=Jeffrey T. |volume=19 |pages=451–465 |isbn=978-0-12-374593-4 }}

Mysticetes, such as the blue whale, use their greatly expanded larynx as a resonant cavity. Even in juveniles, the larynx is bigger than either one of the whale's lungs. This organ, along with the nasal passages, act as resonant spaces that produce the signature drawn-out calls of the baleen whales.

The ghara of the indian gharial is a specialized organ that acts as a resonating chamber; as a result, the call of a mature male can be heard up to {{Convert|75|m|yds}} away.{{cite journal |author1=Biswas, S. |author2=Acharjyo, L. N. |author3=Mohapatra, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1977 |title=A note on the protuberance or knob on the snout of male gharial, Gavialis gangeticus (Gmelin) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=536–537 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombay741977bomb/page/536}}{{cite journal |author=Brazaitis, P. |year=1973 |title=Family Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus Gmelin |journal=Zoologica |volume=3 |page=80−81 |url=https://archive.org/details/zoologicascie58341973newy/page/80}}

The crests of a number of lambeosaurine dinosaurs have been hypothesized to act as resonating chambers; reconstructed upper airways, specifically, the nasal passsages of Parasaurolophus, Lambeosaurus, Hypacrosaurus and Corythosaurus have been examined, and they were concluded to be able to enhance the vocalizations in life, and the different cranial crest shapes would have distinguished the sounds produced between genera.{{cite web|author=Sandia National Laboratories|date=December 5, 1997|title=Scientists Use Digital Paleontology to Produce Voice of Parasaurolophus Dinosaur|url=http://www.sandia.gov/media/dinosaur.htm|publisher=Sandia National Laboratories|ref={{sfnRef|Sandia|1997}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817000057/http://www.sandia.gov/media/dinosaur.htm|archive-date=August 17, 2014}}{{cite journal|last=Weishampel|first=D.B.|year=1997|title=Dinosaurian Cacophony: Inferring function in extinct organisms|journal=BioScience|volume=47|issue=3|pages=150–155|jstor=1313034|doi=10.2307/1313034|doi-access=free}}Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. (1994). The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 137. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.{{cite book |last=Norman |first=David B. |author-link=David B. Norman |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs: An Original and Compelling Insight into Life in the Dinosaur Kingdom|chapter=Hadrosaurids II |year=1985 |publisher=Crescent Books |location=New York|pages=122–127 |isbn=978-0-517-46890-6 }}

File:TrachealElongationInBirds.png

The avian syrinx is the primary vocal organ in most birds,{{Cite journal|last=Riede|first=T.|date=2019|title=The evolution of the syrinx: an acoustic theory|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=17|issue=2|pages=e2006507|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006507|pmid=30730882|pmc=6366696 |doi-access=free }} with the trachea being the primary resonator in the system. In some birds, the trachea is grossly elongated, coiling or looping within the thorax; the trumpet manucode's trachea is 20 times longer than is predicted for birds of a comparable size. This condition of tracheal elongation (TE) is known in several orders of birds, and it seems to have been evolved independently a number of times. W. T. Fitch hypothesizes that the function of such elongated trachea in birds may be to "exaggerate its apparent [body] size", through the lowering of the frequency (Hz) of its calls; larger individuals are preferentially selected as mates, and thus a "deeper" voice is selected for. Additionally, lower frequency calls travel further, attracting mates from a wider area.{{cite journal |last1=Fitch |first1=W. T. |title=Acoustic exaggeration of size in birds via tracheal elongation: comparative and theoretical analyses |journal=Zoological Society of London |date=1999 |volume=248 |issue=248 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01020.x |url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wtsf/downloads/Fitch1999Trachea.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605221541/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wtsf/downloads/Fitch1999Trachea.pdf |access-date=19 November 2024|archive-date=2011-06-05 }}

Additionally, the air sac system, which is part of the respiratory system in birds, may be an important resonator in certain birds, as is the inflated crop of columbiform pigeons and doves.{{Cite journal |last1=Beckers |first1=G. J. L. |last2=Suthers |first2=R. A. |last3=ten Cate |first3=C. |date=2003 |title=Pure-tone birdsong by resonance filtering of harmonic overtones |journal=PNAS |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=7372–7376 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1232227100 |pmid=12764226 |pmc=165882 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.7372B |doi-access=free }}

File:SyringealBullaInDucks.png|Syrinx of various ducks

File:Histrionicus histrionicus syrinx 1859.jpg|Sexual dimorphism in the syringial bulla of Histrionicus histrionicus, another duck

File:SyrinxRhodonessaGarrod.jpg|Syrinx of the possibly extinct pink-headed duck

File:SarusTrachea.jpg|The complex looping trachea of the sarus crane, embedded within its sternum, produces the crane's signature trumpeting calls.{{cite journal |last1=Gaunt |first1=Abbot S. |last2=Gaunt |first2=Sandra L. L. |last3=Prange |first3=Henry D. |last4=Wasser |first4=Jeremy S. |title=The effects of tracheal coiling on the vocalizations of cranes (Aves; Gruidae) |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |date=1987 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1007/BF00609454 }}

File:TantalusIbisTrachea.jpg|Looping trachea of the yellow-billed stork

File:Syrinx forms.jpg|The syringes of various bird species

File:PigeonAnatomy cropped 1.png|The crop of a pigeon (#4) is inflated when it coos, amplifying its call.

{{reflist}}

• [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fossils-reveal-when-animals-started-making-noise/ Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise, Michael B. Habib for Scientific American]

Category:Organs (anatomy)

Category:Ethology

Category:Zoology

Category:Paleontology