Sciaenidae

Sciaenidae was first proposed as a family in 1829 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the family in the suborder Sciaenoidei, alongside the rover family Emmelichthyidae, in the order Acanthuriformes. Other authorities classify the Sciaenidae and the Emmelichthyidae as incertae sedis within the series Eupercaria.{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3| pmid = 28683774 | doi-access = free | pmc = 5501477 | bibcode = 2017BMCEE..17..162B }} The Catalog of Fishes retains this family within the Acanthuriformes but does not recognise the suborder Sciaenoidei.{{cite web | url = https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/?_gl=1*13cdx0f*_ga*ODkzMTk1MjkzLjE2Nzg0Mzg5Mzk.*_ga_6Y72VP61VZ*MTY4MTE0MjczNy43Mi4xLjE2ODExNDQ0MzAuNjAuMC4w | title = Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification | access-date = 17 April 2023 | publisher = California Academy of Sciences}}

The 5th edition of Fishes of the World, Fishbase and Catalog of Fishes do not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae but many workers on these fishes do recognise subfamilies and tribes within the family. For example, in 1989 Kunio Sasaki erected a number of subfamilies and tribes.{{cite journal | author = Kunio Sasaki | year = 1989 | title = Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes) | journal = Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University | volume = 36 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–137 | url = https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/21886/1/36(1_2)_P1-137.pdf}}

The following genera are classified within the family Sciaenidae:{{Cof family|family=Sciaenidae|access-date=17 April 2023}}

File:7080_aquaimages.jpgfish, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles]]

File:3726_aquaimages.jpg]]

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

{{Linked genus list

| Aplodinotus | Rafinesque, 1819

| Argyrosomus | De la Pylaie, 1835

| Aspericorvina | Fowler, 1834

| Atractoscion | Gill, 1862

| Atrobucca | Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963

| Austronibea | Trewavas, 1977

| Bahaba | Herre, 1935

| Bairdiella | Gill, 1861

| Boesemania | Trewavas, 1977

| Cheilotrema | Tschudi, 1846

| Chrysochir | Trevawas & Yazdani, 1966

| Cilus | Delfin, 1900

| Collichthys | Günther, 1860

| Corvula | Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889

| Ctenosciaena | Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1923

| Cynoscion | Gill, 1861

| Daysciaena | Talwar, 1971

| Dendrophysa | Trewavas, 1964

| Elattarchus | Jordan & Evermann, 1896

| Eques | Bloch 1793

| Genyonemus | Gill, 1861

| Isopisthus | Gill, 1862

| Johnius | Bloch, 1793

| Kathala | Lal Mohan 1969

| Larimichthys | Jordan & Starks, 1905

| Larimus | Cuvier, 1830

| Leiostomus | Lacépède, 1802

| Lonchurus | Bloch, 1793

| Macrodon | Schinz, 1822

| Macrospinosa | Lal Mohan, 1969

| Megalonibea | Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963

| Menticirrhus | Gill, 1861

| Micropogonias | Bonaparte, 1831

| Miichthys | Lin, 1938

| Miracorvina | Trewavas, 1962

| Nebris | Cuvier, 1830

| Nibea | Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1911

| Odontoscion | Gill, 1862

| Ophioscion | Gill, 1863

| Otolithes | Oken, 1817

| Otolithoides | Fowler, 1933

| Pachypops | Gill, 1861

| Pachyurus | Agassiz, 1831

| Panna | Lal Mohan, 1969

| Paralonchurus | Bocourt, 1869

| Paranebris | Chao, Béarez and Robertson, 2001

| Paranibea | Trewavas, 1977

| Pareques | Gill in Goode, 1876

| Pennahia | Fowler, 1926

| Pentheroscion | Trewavas, 1962

| Petilipinnis | Casatti, 2002

| Plagioscion | Gill, 1861

| Pogonias | Lacépède, 1801

| Protonibea | Trewavas, 1971

| Protosciaena | Sasaki, 1989

| Pseudolarimichthys | Lo, Liu, Mohd Nor & Chen, 2017{{Cite journal | author1 = Lo P-C | author2 = Liu S-H | author3 = Nor SAM | author4 = Chen W-J | year =2017 | title = Molecular exploration of hidden diversity in the Indo-West Pacific sciaenid clade | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue =4 | page = e0176623 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0176623| pmid = 28453569 | pmc = 5409148 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1276623L | doi-access = free }}

| Pseudotolithus | Bleeker, 1863

| Pteroscion | Fowler, 1925

| Pterotolithus | Fowler 1933

| Robaloscion | Béarez & Schwarzhans 2014

| Roncador | Jordan & Gilbert, 1880

| Sciaena | Linnaeus, 1758

| Sciaenops | Gill, 1863

| Seriphus | Ayres, 1860

| Sonorolux | Trewavas, 1977

| Stellifer | Oken, 1817

| Totoaba | Villamar, 1980

| Umbrina | Cuvier, 1816

}}

{{div col end}}

The following fossil genera are known:

• †Advenasciaena Kocsis, Lin, Bernard & Johari, 2024 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last1=Kocsis |first1=László |last2=Lin |first2=Chien-Hsiang |last3=Bernard |first3=Emma |last4=Johari |first4=Adibah |date=2024-12-01 |title=Late Miocene teleost fish otoliths from Brunei Darussalam (Borneo) and their implications for palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental conditions |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2271489 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=2642–2676 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2271489 |bibcode=2024HBio...36.2642K |issn=0891-2963|doi-access=free }}
• †Bruneisciaena Kocsis, Lin, Bernard & Johari, 2024 [otolith]
• †Carnevalella Bannikov, 2013 (only member of subfamily Carnevalellinae){{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=A. F. |date=2013-03-01 |title=A new late neogene genus of roakers (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) from the Eastern Black Sea Region |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030113020032 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=190–198 |doi=10.1134/S0031030113020032 |bibcode=2013PalJ...47..190B |issn=1555-6174}}
• †Caucasisciaena Bannikov, Carnevale & Landini, 2009{{Cite journal |last1=Bannikov |first1=Alexandre Fedorovich |last2=Carnevale |first2=Giorgio |last3=Landini |first3=Walter |date=2009-09-01 |title=A new Early Miocene genus of the family Sciaenidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the eastern Paratethys |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068309000438#bib3 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=535–544 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.001 |bibcode=2009CRPal...8..535B |issn=1631-0683}}
• †Chaoia Bannikov, Schwarzhans & Carnevale, 2018 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last1=Bannikov |first1=A. F. |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=November 2018 |title=Neogene Paratethyan croakers (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328072951 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=535–571}}
• †Croatosciaena Bannikov, Schwarzhans & Carnevale, 2018
• †Diaphyodus von Schafhäutl, 1863{{Cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=David R. |last2=Schultz |first2=Ortwin |last3=Siqueira |first3=Alexandre C. |last4=Cowman |first4=Peter F. |date=2019 |title=A review of the fossil record of the Labridae |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26595690 |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie |volume=121 |pages=125–194 |jstor=26595690 |issn=0255-0091}}
• †Equetulus Aguilera & Schwarzhans, 2014 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last1=Aguilera |first1=Orangel |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |last3=Moraes-Santos |first3=Heloísa |last4=Nepomuceno |first4=Aguinaldo |date=2014-12-01 |title=Before the flood: Miocene otoliths from eastern Amazon Pirabas Formation reveal a Caribbean-type fish fauna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981114001333 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=56 |pages=422–446 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2014.09.021 |bibcode=2014JSAES..56..422A |issn=0895-9811|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary L. |last2=Ebersole |first2=Jun A. |last3=Ebersole |first3=Sandy M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=First description of the fossil otolith-based sciaenid, Equetulus silverdalensis n. comb., in the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA, with comments on the enigmatic distribution of the species |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c85q2cw |journal=PaleoBios |language=en |volume=37 |doi=10.5070/P9371049670 |issn=0031-0298|doi-access=free }}
• †Jefitchia Frizzell & Dante, 1965{{cite journal |author1=Don L. Frizzell |author2=John H. Dante |year=1965 |title=Otoliths of some early Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=687–718}}
• †Landinisciaena Bannikov, Schwarzhans & Carnevale, 2018
• †Leptosciaena Bannikov, Schwarzhans & Carnevale, 2018 [otolith]
• †Lompoquia Jordan & Gilbert, 1919
• †Pebasciaena Schwarzhans, Aguilera, Scheyer & Carrillo-Briceño, 2022 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last1=Schwarzhans |first1=Werner W. |last2=Aguilera |first2=Orangel A. |last3=Scheyer |first3=Torsten M. |last4=Carrillo-Briceño |first4=Jorge D. |date=2022-02-24 |title=Fish otoliths from the middle Miocene Pebas Formation of the Peruvian Amazon |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/s13358-022-00243-5 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022SwJP..141....2S |issn=1664-2384}}
• †Pontosciaena Bannikov, Schwarzhans & Carnevale, 2018 [otolith]
• †Protolarimus Aguilera & Schwarzhans, 2014 [otolith]
• ?†Pseudoumbrina Menner, 1948
• †Taosciaena Lin & Chien, 2022 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Chien-Hsiang |last2=Chien |first2=Chi-Wei |date=2022-02-01 |title=Late Miocene otoliths from northern Taiwan: insights into the rarely known Neogene coastal fish community of the subtropical northwest Pacific |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1916012 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1916012 |bibcode=2022HBio...34..361L |issn=0891-2963|doi-access=free }}
• †Trewasciaena Schwarzhans, 1993{{Cite journal |last1=Přikryl |first1=T. |last2=Brzobohatý |first2=R. |last3=Carnevale |first3=G. |date=2021-01-10 |title=Skeletal remains with otoliths in situ of the Miocene croaker Trewasciaena cf. kokeni (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) from the Pannonian of the Vienna Basin |url=http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/art1813 |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |pages=19–28 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1813 |issn=1802-8225|doi-access=free }}

The fossil genus Ioscion may be either a drumfish or belong to its own family more closely related to carangids.{{Cite book |last=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/occasionalpaper00calif/occasionalpaper00calif/ |title=Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences |date=1890 |publisher=San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences |others=California Academy of Sciences}}

The former Paratethys Sea appears to have been a hotspot of endemism for many of these extinct sciaenid taxa, as many articulated remains and otoliths are known from this region.

Sciaenidae takes its name from its type genus Sciaena which is derived from the Greek skiaina, which was used to refer to marine perch-like fishes.{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/eupercaria/ | title = Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1 = Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | date = 9 March 2023 | access-date = 17 April 2023 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | archive-date = 17 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220217162719/https://etyfish.org/eupercaria/ | url-status = dead }}

A sciaenid has a long dorsal fin reaching nearly to the tail, and a notch between the rays and spines of the dorsal, although the two parts are actually separate.{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= 182|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2}} Drums are somberly coloured, usually in shades of brown, with a lateral line on each side that extends to the tip of the caudal fin. The anal fin usually has two spines, while the dorsal fins are deeply notched or separate. Most species have a rounded or pointed caudal fin. The mouth is set low and is usually inferior. Their croaking mechanism involves the beating of abdominal muscles against the swim bladder.

Sciaenids are found worldwide, in both fresh and salt water, and are typically benthic carnivores, feeding on invertebrates and smaller fish. They are small to medium-sized, bottom-dwelling fishes living primarily in estuaries, bays, and muddy river banks. Most of these fish types avoid clear waters, such as coral reefs and oceanic islands, with a few notable exceptions (e.g. reef croaker, high-hat, and spotted drum). They live in warm-temperate and tropical waters and are best represented in major rivers in Southeast Asia, northeast South America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of California.

In the United States most fishers consider freshwater drum to be rough fish not suitable for eating, similar to carp, gar, and buffalo fish, although there are a number of people that enjoy fishing for these species and eating them, despite their limitations.

{{cite news

| title = Why These Overlooked Fish May Be the Tastiest (and Most Sustainable) - WSJ

| newspaper = Wall Street Journal

| date = 20 March 2015

| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-it-comes-to-fish-one-chefs-trash-is-anothers-daily-special-1426870428

| access-date = 2017-07-02

| last1 = Dunn

| first1 = Elizabeth Gunnison

}}

File:Corvina (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 11 July 1865).jpg.]]

They are excellent food and sport fish, and are commonly caught by surf and pier fishers. Some are important commercial fishery species, notably small yellow croaker with reported landings of 218,000–407,000 tonnes in 2000–2009; according to FAO fishery statistics, it was the 25th most important fishery species worldwide. However, a large proportion of the catch is not reported at species level; in the FAO fishery statistics, the category "Croakers, drums, not elsewhere included", is the largest one within sciaenids, with annual landings of 431,000–780,000 tonnes in 2000–2009, most of which were reported from the western Indian Ocean (FAO fishing area 51) and northwest Pacific (FAO fishing area 61).{{Cite book

| publisher = FAO

| last = FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

| title = Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production

| location = Rome

| date = 2011

| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2009/root/capture/yearbook_capture.pdf

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170519070831/ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2009/root/capture/yearbook_capture.pdf

| url-status = dead

| archive-date = 2017-05-19

}}

The future of croakers, like many other fish species in the United States and around the world is uncertain because overfishing continues to be a major threat. The population has decreased significantly which will affect their ability reproduce. In United States Croakers are managed by the federal and state governments to ensure that they're harvested sustainably.{{cite web|url=https://husfarm.com/product/atlantic-croaker|title=Global atlantic croaker production|work=husfarm.com}}

A notable trait of sciaenids is the ability to produce a "croaking" sound. However, the pitch and use of croaking varies species to species. The croaking ability is a distinguishing characteristic of sciaenids.{{Citation| last1 = Ramcharitar| first1 = John | last2 = Gannon| first2 = Damon| last3=Popper| first3=Arthur| title = Bioacoustics of fishes of the family Sciaenidae| journal = Transactions of the American Fisheries Society| volume = 135| issue = 5|pages=1409–1431| date = May 16, 2006| doi = 10.1577/T05-207.1}} The croaking mechanism is used by males as a mating call in some species.

To produce the croaking sound, special muscles vibrate against the swim bladder. These muscles are called sonic muscle fibres, and run horizontally along the fish's body on both sides around the swim bladder, connected to a central tendon that surrounds the swim bladder ventrally. These sonic muscle fibres are repeatedly contracted against the swim bladder to produce the croaking sound that gives drum and croaker their common name, effectively using the swim bladder as a resonating chamber. The sciaenids' large swim bladder is more expansive and branched than other species, which aids in the croaking.{{cite book| last = Collin| first = Shaun|author2=N. Justin Marshall | title = Sensory processing in aquatic environments| publisher = Springer-Verlag New York | year = 2003 | location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7yAXnk8sgPoC&q=Sciaenidae+croaking+mechanism&pg=PA176| isbn =978-0-387-95527-8}} In some species the sonic muscle fibres are only present in males. These muscles strengthen during the mating season and are allowed to atrophy the rest of the time, deactivating the croaking mechanism. In other species, most notably the Atlantic croaker, the croaking mechanism is present in both sexes and remains active year-round. These species are thought to use croaking for communication, such as announcing hazards and location when in turbid water.{{Citation | last = Roach | first = John | title = Fish Croaks Like a Frog, But Why? | date = November 7, 2005 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_croaker.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051124134327/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_croaker.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 24, 2005 | access-date = December 1, 2011}}

In some species, croaking is used for communication aside from attracting mates. For those species that have year-round croaking ability, the croaks may serve as a low-aggression warning during group feeding, as well as to communicate location in cloudy water. In those species that lack the ability to croak year-round, croaking is usually restricted to males for attracting mates. A disadvantage to the croaking ability is that it allows bottlenose dolphin to easily locate large groups of croaker and drum as they broadcast their position, indicating large amounts of food for the dolphins.

{{Commons category|Sciaenidae}}

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px

PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-65.5 till:10

TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal

ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5

ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5

TimeAxis = orientation:hor

AlignBars = justify

Colors =

#legends

id:CAR value:claret

id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)

id:HER value:teal

id:HAD value:green

id:OMN value:blue

id:black value:black

id:white value:white

id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)

id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)

id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)

id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)

id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)

id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)

id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)

id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)

id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)

id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)

id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData=

bar:eratop

bar:space

bar:periodtop

bar:space

bar:NAM1

bar:NAM2

bar:NAM3

bar:NAM4

bar:NAM5

bar:NAM6

bar:NAM7

bar:NAM8

bar:NAM9

bar:NAM10

bar:NAM11

bar:NAM12

bar:NAM13

bar:NAM14

bar:NAM15

bar:NAM16

bar:space

bar:period

bar:space

bar:era

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

shift:(7,-4)

bar:periodtop

from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleocene

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Plio.

from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.

from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

bar:eratop

from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

PlotData=

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:oligocene bar:NAM1 from: -28.4 till: 0 text: Larimus

color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Argyrosomus

color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Ctenosciaena

color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Nebris

color:miocene bar:NAM5 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Pogonias

color:miocene bar:NAM6 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Umbrina

color:miocene bar:NAM7 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: Sciaenops

color:miocene bar:NAM8 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Bairdiella

color:miocene bar:NAM9 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Cynoscion

color:miocene bar:NAM10 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Menticirrhus

color:miocene bar:NAM11 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Sciaena

color:pliocene bar:NAM12 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Aplodinotus

color:pliocene bar:NAM13 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Seriphus

color:pleistocene bar:NAM14 from: -2.588 till: 0 text: Genyonemus

color:pleistocene bar:NAM15 from: -2.588 till: 0 text: Pennahia

color:pleistocene bar:NAM16 from: -2.588 till: 0 text: Roncador

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period

from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleocene

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Plio.

from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.

from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

bar:era

from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 363 | pages =1–560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-19 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q216634}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Acanthuriformes families

Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier