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senecio

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae}}

{{About|a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family|the painting by Paul Klee|Senecio (Klee)}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Illustration Senecio vulgaris0.jpg

| image_caption = Senecio vulgaris, an illustration from 1885

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Senecio

| authority = L.

| type_species = Senecio vulgaris

| type_species_authority = L.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = Some 1,250; see text

| synonyms = Dendrosenecio

Jacobaea L.

Vendredia Baill.

Culcitium Humb. & Bonpl

| synonyms_ref =

}}

Senecio {{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|i|.|oʊ}}Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.

Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus Senecio is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.

Description

=Morphology=

The flower heads are normally rayed with the heads borne in branched clusters, and usually completely yellow, but green, purple, white and blue flowers are known as well.

In its current circumscription, the genus contains species that are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, small trees, aquatics or climbers. The only species which are trees are the species formerly belonging to Robinsonia occurring on the Juan Fernández Islands.{{Cite journal |last1=Pelser |first1=Pieter B. |last2=Tepe |first2=Eric J. |last3=Kennedy |first3=Aaron H. |last4=Watson |first4=Linda E. |date=2013-06-10 |title=The fate of Robinsonia (Asteraceae): sunk in Senecio , but still monophyletic? |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=31–46 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.5.1.2 |issn=1179-3163}}

=Chemistry=

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in all Senecio species. These alkaloids serve as a natural biocides to deter or even kill animals that would eat them. Livestock generally do not find them palatable.{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726 |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=156 |language=en |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}} Senecio species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species that have developed tolerance for these alkaloids.

Taxonomy

The traditional circumscription of Senecio is artificial, being polyphyletic, even in its new circumscription which is based on genetic data.{{cite journal |first1=Nicodemo G. |last1=Passalacqua |first2=Lorenzo |last2=Peruzzi |first3=Giuseppe |last3=Pellegrino |date=August 2008 |title=A Biosystematic Study of the Jacobaea maritima Group (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in the Central Mediterranean Area |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=893–906 |jstor=27756716 |doi=10.1002/tax.573018}} Despite the separation of many species into other genera, the genus still contains {{circa|1,250}} species and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.{{cite journal |first1=David G. |last1=Frodin |year=2004 |title=History and concepts of big plant genera |journal=Taxon |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=753–76 |jstor=4135449 |doi=10.2307/4135449}}

As no morphological synapomorphies are known to determine which species belong to the genus or not, no exact species number is known. The genus has an almost worldwide distribution and evolved in the mid- to late Miocene.{{Cite journal|title = Patterns and causes of incongruence between plastid and nuclear Senecioneae (Asteraceae) phylogenies|journal = American Journal of Botany|date = 2010-05-01|issn = 0002-9122|pmid = 21622451|pages = 856–873|volume = 97|issue = 5|doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900287|first1 = Pieter B.|last1 = Pelser|first2 = Aaron H.|last2 = Kennedy|first3 = Eric J.|last3 = Tepe|first4 = Jacob B.|last4 = Shidler|first5 = Bertil|last5 = Nordenstam|first6 = Joachim W.|last6 = Kadereit|first7 = Linda E.|last7 = Watson|doi-access = free}}

=Phylogeny=

As of 2007, many genera and the whole tribe are in need of revision. Many species currently placed in the genus need to be transferred to other or new genera, and others have been retransferred to Senecio. In its new delimitation the genus is still not monophyletic.

Genera that have been included are the following:

==Synonyms==

File:Senecio serpens 06.jpg species that were included within Senecio, such as Senecio serpens (pictured) and Senecio rowleyanus, are now placed in the Curio genus.]]

Image:Senecio.barbertonicus.7074.jpg Succulent Bush Senecio]]

The following genera contain species that are or have been included within Senecio.{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/25065905|jstor=25065905|title=An ITS Phylogeny of Tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) and a New Delimitation of Senecio L|journal=Taxon|volume=56|issue=4|pages=1077|year=2007|last1=Pelser|first1=Pieter B.|last2=Nordenstam|first2=Bertil|last3=Kadereit|first3=Joachim W.|last4=Watson|first4=Linda E.}}

{{div col|colwidth=24em}}

| last =Norton

| first =D.A.

| title =Recent changes in the names of New Zealand tree and shrub species

| journal =New Zealand Journal of Forestry

| url =http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF31_3_1986/8B94A164-BF7A-4A5B-A45B-3ACE982D0C7C.pdf

| volume =31

| pages =39–40

| year =1986

| access-date =2008-04-10

| archive-date =2010-08-16

| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100816050902/http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF31_3_1986/8B94A164-BF7A-4A5B-A45B-3ACE982D0C7C.pdf

| url-status =dead

}}

| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063

| title = Genus: Senecio L.

| access-date = 2008-02-27

| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)

| author-link = Germplasm Resources Information Network

| date = 2007-05-04

| work = Taxonomy for Plants

| publisher = USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland

}}

{{div col end}}

=Etymology=

The scientific name, Senecio, derives from the latin 'senex' wich means "old man".

=Selected species=

{{Stack|clear=true|

Image:Senecio haworthii-PICT2616.jpg Woolly Senecio]]

File:Senecio madagascariensis 7th Brigade Park Chermside IMGP1941.jpg, Fireweed]]

File:Senecio angulatus habitat.jpg, Cape Ivy]]

}}

{{Main|List of Senecio species|l1=List of Senecio species}}

{{div col|colwidth=24em}}

  • Senecio ampullaceus — Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, clasping-leaf groundsel{{cite web

| url = http://kyledailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html#1746781956987590057

| title = Proceed With Caution

| access-date = 2008-04-10

| author = Sean Claes

| date = 2007-04-16

| work = Kyle, Texas Daily Photo

}}

Formerly in Senecio

{{div col end}}

Distribution

The genus Senecio is distributed almost worldwide. It is one of the few genera occurring in all five regions with a Mediterranean climate. Furthermore, species are found in mountainous regions, including tropical alpine-like areas.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{cite web

| url = https://planetdesert.com/pages/search-results-page?q=senecio

| title = Senecio Succulents

| access-date = 2022-02-18

| publisher = Planet Desert

}}

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063 |title=Genus: Senecio L. |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |date=2005-10-26 |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001020120140/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063 |archive-date=2000-10-20 }}
  • {{cite web

| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36084

| title = Senecio L.

| access-date = 2008-02-23

| author-link = Integrated Taxonomic Information System

| author =Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS)

| date = 20 December 2007| work = Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=122653&PTRefFk=7000000

| title = Details for: Senecio

| access-date = 2008-03-06

|author1=Botanic Garden |author2=Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem

|name-list-style=amp | author-link = Botanical Garden in Berlin

| work = Euro+Med PlantBase

| publisher = Freie Universität Berlin

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?onda=N40035317

| title = Seneco L.

| access-date = 2008-03-27

| author = Missouri Botanical Garden

| author-link = Missouri Botanical Garden

| year = 1753

| work = Tropicos Nomenclatural Data Base

| archive-date = 2003-07-24

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030724074511/http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?onda=N40035317

| url-status = dead

}}

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?action=freesearch&q=Senecio |title=Search Results For 'senecio' |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Flora of Israel Online |author-link=Hebrew University of Jerusalem |publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807065430/http://www.flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?action=freesearch&q=Senecio |archive-date=2010-08-07 }}
  • {{cite web

| url = http://www.botanic.co.il/a/holiday/IMGMAP/PlantsNames.HTML#S

| title = LIST OF ALL PLANTS NAMES -WITH PHOTO S

| access-date = 2008-03-06

| author = Jerusalem Botanical Gardens

| author-link = Jerusalem Botanical Gardens

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071004115501/http://www.botanic.co.il/a/holiday/IMGMAP/PlantsNames.HTML#S |archive-date = 2007-10-04}}

  • {{cite journal

| last =Flora of North America

| author-link =Flora of North America

| title = Family List: 215. Senecio Linnaeus

| volume =20

| pages =540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 570, 615

| url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130085

| access-date = 2008-03-06 }}

  • {{cite web

| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/genre.php?langue=an&id=3152

| title = Senecio L.

| access-date = 2008-03-06

|author1=Cyrille Chatelain |author2=Laurent Gautier |author3=Raoul Palese | work = African Flowering Plants Database

| publisher = Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève}}

  • {{cite web|url=http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Publicaciones/CatalogoVascII/asteraceae.zip |title=Asteraceae |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Instituto Darwinion |format=PDF |work=Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina. II |publisher=Universidad de Buenos Aires |pages=255 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821142558/http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Publicaciones/CatalogoVascII/asteraceae.zip |archive-date=August 21, 2007}}
  • {{cite web

| url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Senecio

| title = search term: Senecio

| access-date = 2008-03-06

| author = Helen Coleman, FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia

| author-link = Western Australian Herbarium

| date = 1997-06-18

| work = Flora Descriptions

| publisher = Government of Western Australia

| archive-date = 2010-08-08

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808011705/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Senecio

| url-status = dead

}}

  • {{cite web |url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_052a7e9e-a00f-4666-a5a0-9f792748eb41&fileName=Flora%204.xml |title=Senecio L. |access-date=2008-04-01 |author=Landcare Research |work=Flora of New Zealand: Taxa |publisher=Landcare Research Allan Herbarium and New Zealand Plant Names Database}}
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.calflora.org/entry/psearch.html?where-genus=Senecio&orderby=taxon&ttime=1202537565 |title=Search for:genus:Senecio |access-date=2008-02-09 |work=Species Information |publisher=Calflora — 1700 Shattuck Ave. #198, Berkeley, CA 94709}}
  • {{cite journal

| last =Flora of Chile

| author-link =Flora of North America

| title = Volume 4 Asteraceae Senecio L

| volume =4

| url =http://www.efloras.org/web_page.aspx?flora_id=60&page_id=1094

| access-date = 2008-03-06 }}

  • {{cite web |url=http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Results.aspx |title=Search Results For Search String: Senecio |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen |author-link=University of South Florida |year=2006 |work=Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |publisher=Institute for Systematic Botany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702202737/http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Results.aspx |archive-date=2010-07-02 }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&search=yes&namesearch=Senecio&showsyn=OK&dist= |title=Search terms: Senecio |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=PlantNET — The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust |author-link=Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney |publisher=Botanic Gardens Trust}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/photolink.asp?Spcode=SEN- |title=Senecio L. |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point |author-link=University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point |publisher=Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901160409/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/photolink.asp?Spcode=SEN- |archive-date=2006-09-01 }}{{Gutenberg | no=9550 | name=Manual of Gardening (Second Edition)}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q209596}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Asteraceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus