senegalia rugata

A woody climber, shrub, or small tree up to {{convert|5|m}} tall, with numerous spines.{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Ho |first2=Boon Chuan |last3=Sun |first3=Hang |last4=Bai |first4=Lin |title=Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) |journal=Plant Diversity |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=6, December |pages=353–480 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 |pmid=31891020 |pmc=6923495 |bibcode=2019PlDiv..41..353M |url=}}{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive. When fresh, they are smooth, thick, and fleshy; however, when they dry, they become wrinkled, blackish, and very hard.{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia |journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=2015 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021}}

The species is native to Asia, including China. Countries and regions to which it is native include: Papua New Guinea (Eastern New Guinea); Indonesia (West Papua, Kai Islands, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Jawa, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Guangdong, Yunnan); Laos; Myanmar; India (Andaman Islands, Assam), Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been introduced/naturalized to the following countries/regions: Nouvelle Caledonie; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); Réunion; Madagascar; Seychelles; Brazil (southeast); Jamaica{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The species is invasive in countries around the world, including New Caledonia.{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}

In the Philippines the plant occurs in low and medium elevation thickets.{{cite web |last1=Pelser |first1=Pieter B. |title=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines: Fabaceae = Leguminosae Subfamily Mimosoideae: Senegalia Raf. |url=https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/FabaceaeMimosoideae.html |website=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines |publisher=philippineplants.org |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206223350/https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/FabaceaeMimosoideae.html |url-status=dead }}

The species grows both in the forest and within villages in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.{{cite journal |last1=Sutjaritjai |first1=Natcha |last2=Wangpakapattanawong |first2=Prasit |last3=Balslev |first3=Henrik |last4=Inta |first4=Angkhana |title=Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand |journal=Plants |date=2019 |volume=8 |issue=12 |page=600 |doi=10.3390/plants8120600 |pmid=31847100 |pmc=6963713 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/12/600/pdf |access-date=27 February 2021|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019Plnts...8..600S }}

S. rugata grows in forest or thickets in Zhōngguó/China, most commonly near watercourses in valleys, at an altitude of between {{convert|880|and|1500|m}}.

The tree is food for the larvae of the butterfly Pantoporia hordonia.{{cite web |url=http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/limenitidinae/pantoporia/index.html#hordonia |title=Pantoporia |publisher=www.funet.fi |access-date=2008-03-13 }}

Pre-Harappan level of Banawali (2750{{ndash}}2500 BC), Haryana have revealed traces of a mixture of Shikakai with soap nuts and Amla (Indian Gooseberry), exhibiting ancient roots of South Asian hygiene.{{Cite journal|last=Bisht|date=1993|title=Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201993-94%20A%20Review.pdf|journal=Indian Archaeology a Review 1993–1994|pages=143–144}}

• {{langx|my|ကင်ပွန်း}}; kinmun{{cite book | last=Hardiman | first=John Percy | title=Gazetteer of Upper Burma and Shan States Part 2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UroMAAAAIAAJ | volume=2 | editor=Sir James George Scott | year=1901 | publisher=Government Press, British Burma | page=252}} or kinbun{{cite book | author=Burma Research Group | title=Burma and Japan: Basic Studies on Their Cultural and Social Structure | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W5uAAAAMAAJ | page=299 | year=1987| publisher=Burma Research }}
• {{Lang-zh|c=紫荚金合欢|p=zǐ jiá jīn hé huān|l=purple-pod senegalia}}
• Australian English: soap pod wattle{{cite book |last1=Csurhes |first1=Steve |title=Twentieth Australasian Weeds Conference |date=2016 |pages=255–7 |chapter=Using ‘WeedSearch' to assess the feasibility of eradicating 34 high-risk invasive plant species in Queensland|url=https://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc/2016/awc201612551.pdf}}
• Karen (Pang Hin Fon district): {{Transliteration|kar|phu che sa}} or {{Lang|kar|pa chi}} {{cite journal|last1=Punchay|first1=Kittiyut|last2=with four others|date=2020|title=Traditional knowledge of wild food plants of Thai Karen and Lawa (Thailand)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339510790|journal=Genet Resour Crop Evol|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1277–1299|doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00910-x|access-date=28 February 2021|s2cid=211479636}} (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand)
• Khmer: {{Transliteration|km|ba:y dâmnaëb}} ('sticky rice', an allusion to its clingy thorns), {{Transliteration|km|bânla sâöt}} ('viscous spines'), {{Transliteration|km|sâmpöy}}, {{Transliteration|km|sândaèk kâmpöënh}} (evoking 'wild bean'){{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisees au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}
• Kannada: ಸೀಗೆಕಾಯಿ, Seegekaayi derived from Tamil word Sigaikaai ( Sigai means Hair, Kaai means unrip fruit)
• Lawa language, Pang Hin Fon district, Chiang Mai, Thailand: kad ka ha{{Which lang|reason=can't add language template, unsure which form of Lawa|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
• Malayalam: Chevakka kai
• Tamil: Sigaikaai ( Sigai means Hair, Kaai means unrip fruit)
• {{Langx|th|ส้มขน}} {{Transliteration|th|som khon}} or {{Lang|th|ส้มป่อย}} {{Transliteration|th|som poi}}{{cite journal |last1=Sitthithaworn |first1=Worapan |last2=Weerasathien |first2=Lalita |last3=Onsawang |first3=Chamaiporn |title=The Use of Medicinal Plants for Gynecologic Ailments by Thai Traditional Folk Healers in Nakhonnayok Province |journal=Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=111–121 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-21537/latest.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}

Senegalia rugata has been used traditionally for hair care in the Indian Subcontinent since ancient times. It is one of the Ayurvedic medicinal plants. It is traditionally used as a shampoo{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html|title=Acacia concinna – Shikakai|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=8 September 2018}} and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as shikakai, from Tamil சிகைக்காய் cikaikkāy (cikai 'hair'+kāy 'fruit'). In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of lather that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low pH, and does not strip hair of natural oils. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-dandruff preparations.{{cite web|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it|date=2017-04-29|website=beautystylr.com|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130629/https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use/|url-status=dead}}

Senagalia rugata extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2018}} The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of saponins, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a detergent, and in Bengal for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In Myanmar, the fruit is mixed with the bark of the tayaw (Grewia) tree and sometimes lime to make the traditional tayaw kinpun shampoo.{{cite news | author=Yadu | title=မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ | url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | work=The Myanmar Times | date=31 August 2019 | language=my-MM | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | url-status=live }} Shampooing with tayaw kinpun has been an important tradition in Burmese culture since ancient times. Burmese kings used to wash their hair with tayaw kinpun during the royal hair-washing ceremony ({{langx|my|ခေါင်းဆေး မင်္ဂလာပွဲ|label=none}}), in the belief that using the shampoo would cast away bad luck and bring good luck.{{cite news |title=Soap Nut (ကင်ပွန်းသီး) |url=https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/ |work=Hello Sayarwon |date=25 September 2017 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124122100/https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/ |url-status=live }} It remains customary for many Burmese people to wash their heads with tayaw kinpun, especially on the Burmese New Year's Day to leave behind impurities and bad omens of the past,{{cite news |title=နှစ်ဆန်းတစ်ရက်နေ့ |url=https://news-eleven.com/article/100006 |work=Eleven Media Group |date=17 April 2019 |language=my |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/https://news-eleven.com/article/100006 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=မြန်မာရိုးရာ အတာနှစ်ကူး ခေါင်းဆေးမင်္ဂလာ |url=http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710 |work=DVB |date=14 April 2021 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710 |url-status=live }} and the shampoo is commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.{{cite news |title=Myanmar Shampoo |url=https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |work=www.myanmars.net |date=13 November 2018 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo |url=http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |work=THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) |date=16 April 2011 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}

This species is used in a variety of ways in Cambodia. The young leaves are included in salads. The fruit is used for washing hair and in local medicine. To treat abscesses, eczema and leprosy the fruit can also be used externally or as a laxative when they are taken internally. The pulp of the fruit, without the seeds, is used as a diuretic and emetic, while the seeds are reputed to make delivery in childbirth easier.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Traditional healers of Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand, use the leaves of this species to treat irregular menstruation.

Amongst the Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, the plant is one of the most widely used legumes. They use the fruit in a cold infusion both as soap and shampoo, and as a medicine for food poisoning. The dried fruit is used in holy water for the rituals to pay respect to elderly people and to evict wickedness.

Investigating plant use amongst both Karen and Lawa people living in Pang Hin Fon district (Chiang Mai), S. rugata was one of the plants that provided both food and health-products. The young shoots and leaves are cooked in a soup, the fruit are eaten raw or cooked, while the bark was chewed and kept as a quid in the mouth to counter-act toothache, and a decoction of the fruit was used as shampoo.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

An infusion of the leaves of Senagalia rugata has also been used for therapy of jaundice in the traditional Indian medicine.{{cite journal|pmid=28860989 |pmc=5559545|doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518|doi-access=free |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |year=2017 |last1=Tewari |first1=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D. |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N. |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M. |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O. |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G. |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |page=518 }}

In Nepal, the plant is one of many that are processed and sold in the medicinal products industry.{{cite journal |last1=Caporale |first1=Filippo |last2=Mateo-Martín |first2=Jimena |last3=Usman |first3=Muhammad Faizan |last4=Smith-Hall |first4=Carsten |title=Plant-Based Sustainable Development—The Expansion and Anatomy of the Medicinal Plant Secondary Processing Sector in Nepal |journal=Sustainability |date=2020 |volume=12 |issue=14 |page=5575 |doi=10.3390/su12145575 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Sust...12.5575C }} In 2004, an estimated {{convert|2459|kg}} of material was purchased nationwide by the industry at an average price of 80 Nepalese rupees. Central wholesalers provided the raw material.

File:Acacia concinna.jpg

The leaves have an acidic taste and are used in chutneys.

Alkaloids are found in the tree's fruit.{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10915810500257170|title=Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, Acacia Senegal Extract, Acacia Senegal Gum, and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract1 |journal=International Journal of Toxicology |year=2005 |volume=24 |issue=3_suppl |pages=75–118 |pmid=16422266 |doi-access=free }}

In commercial extracts, when the plant is hydrolyzed it yields lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone, and the natural sugars glucose, arabinose and rhamnose. It also contains hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and the alkaloids calycotomine and nicotine.

Acacia concinna (5595825400).jpg

Acacia concinna (5595830208).jpg

Acacia concinna (5505602571).jpg|Pods

Acacia concinna seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|Seeds

The two American botanists, Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859{{ndash}}1934, co-founder of the New York Botanical Garden), and Joseph Nelson Rose (1862{{ndash}}1928, of the Smithsonian), first described the taxa in 1928 in the publication North American Flora (vol. 23[2]: 120, published by the New York Botanical Garden.{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(2): 120 (1928). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/518300-1 |website=International Plant Name Index (IPNI) |publisher=The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 February 2021}}

This taxa was subsumed into the well-known species Acacia concinna, however with advances in DNA analysis and consequent revision of plant phylogeny, the species S. rugata was recognized as having precedence in 2015 by Maslin and others.{{cite web |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |last2=Seigler |first2=D.S. |last3=Ebinger |first3=J. |title=New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272139437}}

The epitaph rugata is derived from {{Lang|la|rugatus}} (Latin), meaning 'wrinkled', referring to the state of the pods when dry.

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rugata

Category:Flora of Assam (region)

Category:Flora of Bangladesh

Category:Flora of Cambodia

Category:Flora of East Himalaya

Category:Flora of Guangdong

Category:Flora of Indo-China

Category:Flora of Malesia

Category:Flora of Nepal

Category:Flora of New Guinea

Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands

Category:Flora of Yunnan

Category:Hairdressing

Category:Hygiene

Category:Plants described in 1928

Category:Taxa named by Joseph Nelson Rose

Category:Taxa named by Nathaniel Lord Britton