serengeti

File:Serengeti sunset-1001.jpg silhouetted by the setting sun near Seronera Camp]]

The Serengeti ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛr|ə|n|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}} {{respell|SERR|ən|GHET|ee}}) ecosystem is a geographical region in Africa, spanning the Mara and Arusha Regions of Tanzania.{{Cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/23310-serengeti.html |title=The Serengeti: Plain Facts about National Park & Animals |last=Zimmermann |first=Kim Ann |date=23 June 2017 |website=Live Science}} The protected area within the region includes approximately {{convert|30000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land, including the Serengeti National Park and several game reserves.{{Cite web |url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/75073/serengeti |title=Serengeti |last=Schmaltz |first=Jeff |date=9 January 2006 |website=NASA: Visible Earth}} The Serengeti hosts one of the world's largest{{Cite web |url=https://www.treehugger.com/greatest-animal-migrations-4869293 |title=14 of the Greatest Animal Migrations |website=treehugger.com}} land animal migration (in terms of total body weight), which helps secure it as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Africa.{{cite web |last1=Sharaf |first1=Yasir |title=The Serengeti Migration {{!}} Seven Natural Wonders of Africa |url=https://xpatsinternational.com/the-great-migration-serengeti/ |website=XPATS International |access-date=6 October 2021 |ref=None |date=4 June 2017}}

The Serengeti is also renowned for its large lion population and is one of the best places to observe prides in their natural environment.{{cite book |last=Nolting |first=Mark |title=Africa's Top Wildlife Countries |year=2012 |publisher=Global Travel Publishers Inc. |isbn=978-0939895151 |pages=356}} Approximately 70 large mammal and 500 bird species are found there. This high diversity is a function of diverse habitats, including riverine forests, swamps, kopjes, grasslands, and woodlands. Blue wildebeest, gazelles, zebras, and buffalos are some of the commonly found large mammals in the region.{{cite web |language=es-ES |title=serengeti |url=https://rutastanzania.viajes/parques-nacionales/serengeti |website=rutastanzania.viajes - ES}} The Serengeti also contains the Serengeti District of Tanzania.

The name "Serengeti" is often said to be derived from the word "seringit" in the Maasai language, Maa, meaning "endless plains".{{Citation |title=Northern Tanzania: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar |first=Phillip |last=Briggs |year=2006 |page=198 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-146-3}}{{dubious |etymology |date=December 2017}} This etymology does not appear in Maa dictionaries.{{Cite journal |url=https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/reprint/2/ |title=Maasai Dictionary |last=Richmond |first=Charles |journal=Archives & Reprint Series (Imprint) |year=1940}}{{Cite web |url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm |title=Maa (Maasai) Dictionary |editor-last=Payne |editor-first=Doris L. |editor2-last=Ole-Kotikash |editor2-first=Leonard}}

History

File:Parks Tanzania.svg

For eons, African wildlife have roamed freely across the vast rolling plains of the Serengeti, which was sparsely inhabited by humans. This changed when nomadic pastoralists of the Maasai began to migrate to the area in the early 1800s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The Maasai, however, were struck by drought and disease. Thousands died in the 1880s from a cholera epidemic and in 1892 from smallpox. Making matters worse, their cattle were wiped out by Rinderpest (a bovine viral disease).{{Cite web |date=2012-06-29 |title=Serengeti, Heartbreak on the Serengeti |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/text4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629025350/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/text4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-06-29 |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=archive.ph}} Later in the 20th century the Tanzanian government re-settled the Maasai around the Ngorongoro Crater. Poaching, and the absence of fires (which had been caused by humans), allowed dense woodlands and thickets to develop over the next 30–50 years. Tsetse fly populations now prevented any significant human settlement in the area.{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Maasai People |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Maasai_People/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}

By the mid-1970s, wildebeest and Cape buffalo populations had recovered and were increasingly cropping the grass, reducing the amount of fuel available for fires.{{Citation |last=Morell |first=Virginia |year=1997 |title=Return of the Forest |journal=Science |volume=278 |issue=5346 |page=2059 |doi=10.1126/science.278.5346.2059 |s2cid=128520518}} The reduced intensity of fires has allowed acacia to once again become established.{{cite book |title=Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem |editor-last= Sinclair |editor-first= Anthony Ronald Entrican |editor2-first= Peter |editor2-last= Arcese |year=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&q=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&pg=PA73 |pages=73–76 |isbn= 978-0-226-76032-2 |access-date=23 October 2010}}

In the 21st century, mass rabies vaccination programmes for domestic dogs in the Serengeti have not only indirectly prevented hundreds of human deaths, but also protected wildlife species such as the endangered African wild dog.{{cite web |url=http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/congress08_blackburn_citation.pdf |title=Trevor Blackburn Award 2008 |publisher=British Veterinary Association |date=September 2008 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103124131/http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/congress08_blackburn_citation.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2009}}

Great migration

File:Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG

Since the 1970s, each year around the same time, the circular great wildebeest migration begins in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area of the southern Serengeti in Tanzania and loops clockwise through the Serengeti National Park and north towards the Masai Mara reserve in Kenya.{{cite journal |title= The Great Wildebeest Migration: Exploring Africa's biggest wildlife phenomenon |year= 2017 |url= https://horizonguides.com/guides/great-wildebeest-migration-021}} This migration is naturally caused by the availability of grazing. The initial phase lasts from about January to March, when the calving season begins – a time when there is plenty of rain-ripened grass available for the 260,000 zebras that precede 1.7 million wildebeest and the following hundreds of thousands of other plains game, including around 470,000 gazelles.{{cite web |url=http://www.ngorongorotanzania.com/get-there.html |title=How to Get There, Ngorongoro Crater |publisher=Ngorongoro Crater Tanzania |year=2013 |access-date=3 June 2014}}{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39 |title=Ngorongoro Conservation Area |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage Centre |access-date=3 June 2014}}

File:Wildebeest crossing river - Stefan Swanepoel.jpg

During February, the wildebeest are on the short grass plains of the southeast part of the ecosystem, grazing and giving birth to approximately 500,000 calves in 2 to 3 weeks. Few calves are born ahead of time and of these, hardly any survive, largely because very young calves are more noticeable to predators when mixed with older calves from the previous year. As the rains end in May, the animals start moving northwest into the areas around the Grumeti River, where they typically remain until late June. The crossings of the Grumeti and Mara rivers beginning in July are a popular safari attraction because crocodiles are lying in wait.{{cite web |url=http://goafrica.about.com/od/africasafariguide/a/annualmigration.htm |title=The Great Annual Wildlife Migration – The Great Migration of Wildebeest and Zebra |publisher=About.com |author=Anouk Zijlma |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328053651/http://goafrica.about.com/od/africasafariguide/a/annualmigration.htm |url-status=dead}} The herds arrive in Kenya in late July / August, where they stay for the rest of the dry season, except that the Thomson's and Grant's gazelles move only east/west. In early November, with the start of the short rains, the migration starts moving south again, to the short grass plains of the southeast, usually arriving in December in plenty of time for calving in February.{{cite book |title=Serengeti's Great Migration |author1=Croze, Harvey |author2=Mari, Carlo |author3=Estes, Richard D. |publisher=Abbeville Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-789-20669-5}}

About 250,000 wildebeest die during the journey from Tanzania to the Maasai Mara National Reserve in southwestern Kenya, of {{convert|800|km|mi}}. Death is usually from thirst, hunger, exhaustion, or predation, including by big cats.{{cite news |first=Frank |last=Partridge |title=The fast show |date=20 May 2006 |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219104115/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=The Independent (London) |access-date=14 March 2007}}

Ecology

File:Serengeti - Stefan Swanepoel.jpg

The Serengeti has some of East Africa's finest game areas.{{Citation |title=Africa's Great Rift Valley |first=Nigel |last=Pavitt |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/africasgreatrift0000pavi/page/122 122] |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-0602-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/africasgreatrift0000pavi/page/122}} Besides being known for the great migration, the Serengeti is also famous for its abundant large predators. The ecosystem is home to over 3,000 lions, 1,000 African leopards,{{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/cheetahs/smith-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028190438/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/cheetahs/smith-text |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2012 |title=Cheetahs on the Edge - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine |website=ngm.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=5 April 2016}} and 7,700 to 8,700 spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). {{Cite web |url=http://mpalalive.org/field_guide/spotted_hyena |title=Mpala Live! Field Guide: Spotted Hyena {{!}} MpalaLive |website=mpalalive.org |access-date=5 April 2016}} The East African cheetah is also present in Serengeti.{{cite web |title=Cheetahs in Tanzania |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/wildlife/cheetah/tanzania |website=Expert Africa |access-date=22 June 2021}}

African wild dogs are relatively scarce in much of the Serengeti. This is particularly true in places such as Serengeti National Park (where they became extinct in 1992), in which lions and spotted hyenas, predators that steal wild dog kills and are a direct cause of wild dog mortality, are abundant.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/science/one-for-all-and-all-for-hunt-.html |title=African Wild Dogs, True Best Friends |last=Angier |first=Natalie |date=11 August 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=5 April 2016}}

The Serengeti is also home to a diversity of grazers, including Cape buffalo, African elephant, warthog, Grant's gazelle, eland, waterbuck, and topi. The Serengeti can support this remarkable variety of grazers only because each species, even those closely related, has a different diet. For example, wildebeests prefer to consume shorter grasses, while plains zebras prefer taller grasses. Similarly, dik-diks eat the lowest leaves of a tree, impalas eat the leaves that are higher up, and giraffes eat leaves that are even higher.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

File:Eastern Serengeti 2012 05 31 2866 (7522635772).jpg

The governments of Tanzania and Kenya maintain a number of protected areas, including national parks, conservation areas, and game reserves, that give legal protection to over 80 percent of the Serengeti.{{Cite journal |last=Kideghesho |first=Jafari R. |date=September 2010 |title='Serengeti Shall Not Die': Transforming an Ambition into a Reality |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=228–247 |doi=10.1177/194008291000300301 |s2cid=87914905 |doi-access=free}} Despite this, the ecosystem is now just 60 per cent of its original size, due to human encroachment.{{Cite web |title=Being a responsible safari tourist - Horizon Guides |url=https://horizonguides.com/journal/being-a-responsible-safari-tourist |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=horizonguides.com |language=en-US}}

Near Lake Victoria, floodplains have developed from ancient lakebeds.{{Cite web |title=Travellers' guide to Serengeti_National_Park |url=https://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/Serengeti_National_Park/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Travellerspoint |language=en}}

In the far northwest, acacia woodlands are replaced by broadleaved Terminalia-Combretum woodlands, caused by a change in geology. This area has the highest rainfall in the system and forms a refuge for the migrating ungulates at the end of the dry season.{{Citation |title=Serengeti III: Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics |first1=A. R. E. |last1=Sinclair |first2=Simon A. R. |last2=Mduma |first3=John M. |last3=Fryxell |year=2008 |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=11 |isbn=978-0-226-76033-9}}{{Citation |last1=Sinclair |first1=A. R. E. |last2=Mduma |first2=S. A. |last3=Hopcraft |first3=J. G. |last4=Fryxell |first4=J. M. |last5=Hilborn |first5=R. |last6=Thirgood |first6=S. |year=2007 |title=Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics in the Serengeti: Lessons for Conservation |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=580–590 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00699.x |pmid=17531037 |bibcode=2007ConBi..21..580S |s2cid=41391403 |url=http://ib.cbs.uoguelph.ca/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122150216/http://ib.cbs.uoguelph.ca/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2010 |df=dmy-all}}

Altitudes in the Serengeti range from {{convert|920|to|1850|m|ft}} with mean temperatures varying from {{convert|15|to|25|C|F}}. Although the climate is usually warm and dry, rainfall occurs in two rainy seasons: March to May, and a shorter season in October and November. Rainfall amounts vary from a low of {{convert|508|mm|in|0}} in the lee of the Ngorongoro highlands to a high of {{convert|1200|mm|in|0}} on the shores of Lake Victoria.{{cite web |url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html |title=The Serengeti National Park |publisher=Glcom.com |access-date=23 October 2010}}

File:Lioness-in-the-Serengeti.JPG

The area is also home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, which contains Ngorongoro Crater and the Olduvai Gorge, where some of the oldest hominin fossils have been found.{{cite journal |author1=Leslea J. Hlusko |author2=Whitney B. Reiner |author3=Jackson K. Njau |title=A one-million-year-old hominid distal ulna from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=June 8, 2015 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=36–42 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22765 |pmid=26058378}}

In media

In 1993, soft rock artist Dan Fogelberg recorded a song titled "Serengeti Moon" for his studio album River of Souls. It is an African-themed love song about a couple making love underneath the Serengeti moon.
Canadian guitarist Sonny Greenwich recorded a song titled "Serengeti" on his 1994 album Hymn to the Earth with vocals by Ernie Nelson.
Serengeti, a six-episode BBC series, chronicles the life of some of the animals in the Serengeti.{{cite news |last1=Nicholson |first1=Rebecca |title=Serengeti review – the Made in Chelsea of nature documentary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/04/serengeti-review-the-made-in-chelsea-of-nature-documentary |access-date=8 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=4 July 2019}}
The 1982 song "Africa" by the American rock band Toto, originally released on their album Toto IV, includes a reference to the Serengeti.{{Citation |title=Toto – Africa |url=https://genius.com/Toto-africa-lyrics |access-date=2023-11-11}} The song inaccurately describes Mount Kilimanjaro as "ris(ing) like Olympus above the Serengeti"; Kilimanjaro is actually located hundreds of miles to the east of the Serengeti.
The American rock band the Grateful Dead included the track "Serengetti", an instrumental dual drum solo, on their 1978 album Shakedown Street, interrupting the disco and soft rock-inspired sound with a tribal jam.