south Yorkshire

{{See also|History of Sheffield|History of Yorkshire}}

While the county of South Yorkshire was created in 1974, the history of its constituent settlements and parts goes back centuries. Prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic "house" (a circle of stones in the shape of a hut-base) dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield.{{cite journal | last1 = Radley | first1 = J. | last2 = Mellars | first2 = P. | year = 1964 | title = A Mesolithic structure at Deepcar, Yorkshire, England and the affinities of its associated flint industry | journal = Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume = 30 | pages =1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0079497X00015024 | s2cid = 162212654 | url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/pps/contents/contentsbyvolume.html }} Evidence of even earlier inhabitation in the wider region exists about {{convert|3|mi|km|round=0.5}} over the county boundary at Creswell Crags in Derbyshire, where artefacts and rock art found in caves have been dated by archaeologists to the late Upper Palaeolithic period, at least 12,800 years ago.{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. G. |last2=Gilmour|first2= Mabs|last3= Pettitt|first3= Paul|last4= Jacobid|first4= Roger|last5= Ripoll|first5= Sergio|last6= Bahn|first6= Paul|last7= Muñoz|first7= Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1649P }} The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period.{{cite web |title= A History of Roman South Yorkshire |author= Rob Cooke/University of Sheffield |url= http://www.romansouthyorkshire.group.shef.ac.uk/ |access-date= 18 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130419102142/http://www.romansouthyorkshire.group.shef.ac.uk/ |archive-date= 19 April 2013 |url-status= live }}

The main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in Sheffield, Stocksbridge and Rotherham. The proximity of the iron and coal also made this an ideal place for steel manufacture.

Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the mill towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a relatively high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the only county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists' National Union.{{cite web |title=Churches and Centres Affiliated to the SNU South Yorkshire District |url=http://www.snu.org.uk/churches/csy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922075134/http://www.snu.org.uk/churches/csy.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008}}

{{Further|Redcliffe-Maud Report}}

The Local Government Commission for England presented draft recommendations, in December 1965, proposing a new county—York and North Midlands—roughly centred on the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and northern parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report.

The Royal Commission's 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. The commission described the system of administering urban and rural districts separately as outdated, noting that urban areas provided employment and services for rural dwellers, and open countryside was used by town dwellers for recreation.Redcliffe-Maud et al. (June 1969), pp. 219–235.

Redcliffe-Maud's recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970.Redcliffe-Maud and Wood (1975), pp. 46–7, 56, 157. Although the Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the Conservative government after the 1970 general election, there was a commitment to local government reform, and the idea of a metropolitan county of South Yorkshire.

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The Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country.HMSO. Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70 The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council (SYCC) had been running since elections in 1973.{{cite web|url=http://ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/collection.htm?uri=hist-5319-1|title=British Local Election Database, 1889–2003|publisher=AHDS – Arts and Humanities data service|date=28 June 2006|access-date=5 March 2008}} The leading article in The Times on the day the Local Government Act came into effect noted that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".{{cite news|title=All change in local affairs|work=The Times|date=1 April 1974}}

South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services.Redcliffe-Maud & Wood, B., English Local Government Reformed, (1974)

In 1974, as part of the South Yorkshire Structure Plan of the environment, conservation and land use, South Yorkshire County Council commissioned a public attitudes survey covering job opportunities, educational facilities, leisure opportunities, health and medical services, shopping centres and transport in the county.{{cite news|last1=Courtenay|first1= G. |last2= Field|first2= J.|title= South Yorkshire structure plan: public attitude survey|year= 1975}}

In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs; joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport; and to other special joint arrangements.Kingdom, J., Local Government and Politics in Britain, (1991) The joint boards continue to function and include the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive.{{cite web |url=http://www.sypte.co.uk/ |title=South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive |access-date=21 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007071259/http://www.sypte.co.uk/ |archive-date=7 October 2006 |url-status=live }} The South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner also oversees South Yorkshire Police.

Although the county council was abolished, South Yorkshire remains a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and a High Sheriff.

South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire's two largest cities.

The metropolitan county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. The terrain of the county is mostly distinguished by the Pennines and its foothills which rise in the west of the county and gradually descend into the Humberhead Levels in the east of the county. Geologically, the county lies largely on the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield in the outer Pennine fringes, producing a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape, there is widespread evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous mine buildings, former spoil heaps and iron and steel plants. The scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country. Ribbon developments along transport routes including canal, road and rail are prominent features of the area although some remnants of the pre industrial landscape and semi-natural vegetation still survive.{{cite web|url = http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4743624|title = NCA Profile: 38. Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield (NE402)|publisher = publications.naturalengland.org.uk|access-date = 21 June 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160513063536/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4743624|archive-date = 13 May 2016|url-status = live

}}

The Pennines in the west of the county are mostly inside the Peak District National Park and also contain carboniferous rocks, with the underlying geology primarily being millstone grit sandstones of the Dark Peak rising from the Yorkshire coalfield and the terrain is mostly moorland plateaus and gritstone edges.{{cite web|url = http://www.snh.org.uk/wwo/sharinggoodpractice/cci/cci/northwest/051a.htm|title = Dark Peak|publisher = Scottish Natural Heritage|access-date = 21 June 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807063451/http://www.snh.org.uk/wwo/sharinggoodpractice/cci/cci/northwest/051a.htm|archive-date = 7 August 2016|url-status = live}} The inner Pennine fringes between the Dark Peak and Yorkshire coalfield are distinguished by many steep valleys, and a transition from uplands and rural landscape to lowlands and urban landscape towards the east of the county.{{cite web|url = http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5459581769613312|title = NCA Profile: 37 Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe (NE490)|publisher = publications.naturalengland.org.uk|access-date = 21 June 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160803022905/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5459581769613312|archive-date = 3 August 2016|url-status = live }} Major rivers which cross the area are the Dearne, Rother and Don. To the east, in the Doncaster area the landscape becomes flatter as the eastward dipping carboniferous rocks of the coalfield are overlain by the lacustrine deposits of the Humberhead Levels.{{cite web|url = http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/CC/yorkshire_and_the_humber/humberhead_levels.asp|title = Humberhead Levels|publisher = www.countryside.gov.uk|access-date = 6 October 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013060239/http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/CC/yorkshire_and_the_humber/humberhead_levels.asp|archive-date = 13 October 2008|url-status = dead}}

{{Further|South and West Yorkshire Green Belt}}

South Yorkshire contains green belt throughout the county, surrounding its four districts to large extents. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. The western edge of the Sheffield and Barnsley districts directly form with the boundary of the Peak District National Park.

{{See also|List of settlements in South Yorkshire by population}}

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| image1 = South Yorkshire population density map, 2011 census.png

| image2 = View over Sheffield city centre (geograph 6403312).jpg

| image3 = High Street, Doncaster (geograph 6160718).jpg

| image4 = Looking northeast in the High Street (geograph 5966381).jpg

| image5 = Barnsley café society. - geograph.org.uk - 548038.jpg

| footer = Population density map, Sheffield, Doncaster, Rotherham and Barnsley

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The table below outlines many of the county's settlements, and is formatted according to their metropolitan borough.

Of these settlements above, South Yorkshire has three main urban areas: the Dearne Valley which covers Barnsley and surrounding area; the Sheffield urban area which covers Sheffield, Rotherham and surrounding area; and the Doncaster urban area which covers Doncaster and surrounding area.

{{see also|List of civil parishes in South Yorkshire}}

File:Arms of South Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.svg.]]

The South Yorkshire County Council was abolished and its districts effectively became unitary authorities; they are the City of Sheffield, the City of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham.[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10092784 Vision of Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109141325/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10092784 |date=9 November 2006 }} – Components of South Yorkshire

In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and a High Sheriff was retained. The county remains defined as metropolitan, functions of the county council devolved to the boroughs with many functions administered by joint authorities (such a passenger transport executive) containing representatives of the four councils.

The South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority was established in 2014 to bring the leaders of the four councils to give the county a main statutory body. It is led by the directly elected Mayor of South Yorkshire.

In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union, South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain, making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country.

As one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe, South Yorkshire has been targeted for funding from the European Regional Development Fund. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of South Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |title=Regional Gross Value Added |access-date=6 October 2008 |date=21 December 2005 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |pages=240–253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702185534/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=live }}

However, the county has experienced a recent growth in the services sector. In the FDI European Cities and Regions of the Future 2022/23 Awards, Doncaster was ranked the best small city in Europe for investment.

{{See also|Culture of Sheffield}}

File:East of the lake at Rother Valley Country Park (geograph 7049522).jpg]]

{{EngPlacesKey|align=right}}

• Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Sheffield File:Museum icon (red).png
• Brodsworth Hall and Gardens File:EH icon.svg
• Cannon Hall Museum, Park & Gardens, Barnsley File:HH icon.png
• Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge ("Chapel on the Bridge"), Rotherham
• Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham File:Museum icon.png
• Conisbrough Castle File:EH icon.svg
• Cusworth Hall File:HH icon.png
• Doncaster Minster
• Doncaster Mansion House
• Elsecar Steam Railway File:HR icon.svg
• Howden Moors File:UKAL icon.svg
• Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield File:Museum icon (red).png
• Magna Science Adventure Centre
• Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield
• Monk Bretton Priory File:EH icon.svg
• Pot House Hamlet
• Sheffield Winter Gardens File:UKAL icon.svg
• Roche Abbey File:EH icon.svg
• Rotherham Minster
• Rother Valley Country Park File:UKAL icon.svg
• RSPB Old Moor Wetland Centre
• Sheffield Cathedral
• Ulley Reservoir & Country park File:CP icon.png
• Wentworth Castle & Gardens, Barnsley File:HH icon.png
• Wentworth Woodhouse File:HH icon.png
• Weston Park Museum & Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield File:Museum icon.png
• Woodlands model village
• Worsborough Mill and Country Park File:CP icon.png
• Wortley Top Forge
• Yorkshire Wildlife Park

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Commons category|South Yorkshire}}

• {{official website|http://www.southyorks.gov.uk}}
• [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=SOUTH%20YORKSHIRE&district=&placeName= Images of South Yorkshire] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210171819/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0 |date=10 February 2015 }}) at the English Heritage Archive
• [https://www.southyorks.police.uk/ South Yorkshire Police]

{{South Yorkshire}}

{{Yorkshire}}

{{Yorkshire and the Humber}}

{{England counties}}

{{Metropolitan counties}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:South Yorkshire}}

Category:Counties of England established in 1974

Category:Metropolitan areas of England

Category:Metropolitan counties