theistic Satanism

{{Short description|Umbrella term for religious groups that consider Satan to objectively exist as a deity}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}File:Pentagram4.svg is a widespread symbol of Satanism.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=444-446}}]]

Theistic Satanism, otherwise referred to as traditional Satanism, spiritual Satanism, or religious Satanism,{{cite web |author-last=Abrams |author-first=Joe |editor-last=Wyman |editor-first=Kelly |date=Spring 2006 |title=The Religious Movements Homepage Project – Satanism: An Introduction |url=http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/satanism/intro.html#atheistic/theistic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829152745/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/satanism/intro.html#atheistic/theistic |archive-date=29 August 2006 |website=virginia.edu |publisher=University of Virginia |access-date=30 December 2020}} is an umbrella term for religious groups that consider Satan to objectively exist as a deity, supernatural entity, or spiritual being worthy of worship or reverence, whom individuals may believe in, contact, and convene with, in contrast to the atheistic archetype, metaphor, or symbol found in LaVeyan Satanism.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}}{{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=James R. |author-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |date=August 2001b |title=Who Serves Satan? A Demographic and Ideological Profile |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3748/3565 |journal=Marburg Journal of Religion |publisher=University of Marburg |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.17192/mjr.2001.6.3748 |issn=1612-2941 |access-date=30 December 2020}}

Organizations who uphold theistic Satanist beliefs most often have few adherents, are loosely affiliated or constitute themselves as independent groups and cabals, which have largely self-marginalized.{{sfn|Holt|Petersen|2016|pages=447–448}} Another prominent characteristic of theistic Satanism is the use of various types of magic. Most theistic Satanist groups exist in relatively new models and ideologies, many of which are independent of the Abrahamic religions.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=424–427, 442–443}}

In addition to the worship of Satan or the Devil in the Abrahamic sense, religious traditions based on the worship of other "adversarial" gods—usually borrowed from pre-Christian polytheistic religions—are often included within theistic Satanism. Theistic Satanist organizations may incorporate beliefs and practices borrowed from Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Neo-Paganism, New Age, the left-hand path, black magic, ceremonial magic, Crowleyan magick, Western esotericism, occult traditions, and sorcery.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=424–427}}

Overview

Since the first half of the 1990s, the internet has increased the interaction, visibility, communication, and spread of different currents and beliefs among self-identified Satanists and has led to the propagation of more conflicting and diverse groups,{{refn|{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=429, 437}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=525–527}}}} but Satanism has always been a heterogeneous, pluralistic, decentralized religious movement and "cultic milieu".{{refn|{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=429, 437}}{{sfn|Holt|Petersen|2016|pages=441–452}}{{sfn|Petersen|2014|pages=136–141}}}} Religion academics, scholars of New religious movements, and sociologists of religion focused on Satanism have sought to study it by categorizing its currents according to whether they are esoteric/theistic or rationalist/atheistic,{{sfn|Holt|Petersen|2016|pages=450–452}}{{sfn|Gallagher|2004|page=190}} and they referred to the practice of working with a literal Satan as theistic or "traditional" Satanism.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}} It is generally a prerequisite to being considered a theistic Satanist that the believer accepts a theological and metaphysical canon which involves one or more gods that are either considered to be Satan in the strictest, Abrahamic sense (the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil), or a conception of Satan that incorporates "adversarial" gods usually borrowed from pre-Christian polytheistic religions,{{sfn|Holt|Petersen|2016|pages=450–452}} such as Ahriman or Enki.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=438}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} Despite the number of self-professed theistic Satanists constantly increasing since the 1990s, they are considered by most scholars of religion to be a minority group within Satanism.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=525–527}}

Many theistic Satanists believe that their own individualized concepts are based on pieces of all of these diverse conceptions of Satan, according to their inclinations and sources of spiritual guidance, rather than only believing in one suggested interpretation. Some may choose to live out the myths and stereotypes, but Christianity is not always the primary frame of reference for theistic Satanists.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=424–427, 442–443}} Their religion may be based on Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Neo-Paganism, New Age, the left-hand path, black magic, ceremonial magic, Crowleyan magick, Western esotericism, occult traditions, and sorcery.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=424–427}} Theistic Satanists who base their faith on Christian ideas about Satan are referred to as "Diabolists",{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiritualsatanist.com/essays/satanism/is-spiritual-theistic-satanism-reverse-christianity.html|title=Is Theistic and Spiritual Satanism Just Reverse Christianity?|date=10 November 2017}} although they are also referred to as "reverse Christians" by other Satanists, often in a pejorative fashion. However, those labelled by some as "reverse Christians" may see their concept of Satan as undiluted or unsanitized. They worship a stricter interpretation of Satan: that of the Satan featured in the Christian Bible.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622092759/http://www.angelfire.com/rebellion2/traditionalsatanism/view.html Archived Cathedral of the Black Goat 'Views' Page]}} Peter H. Gilmore, current leader of the atheistic Church of Satan, considers "Devil-worship" to be a Christian heresy, that is, a divergent form of Christianity.{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/Feared.html|title=Satanism: The Feared Religion|author=High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore|work=churchofsatan.com}} The diversity of individual beliefs within theistic Satanism, while being a cause for intense debates within the religion, is also often seen as a reflection of Satan, who is believed to encourage individualism.{{cite book | last=Susej | first=Tsirk | year=2007 | title=The Demonic Bible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSW_4ohAM8QC&q=%22traditional+satanism%22+date:1500-2008&pg=PA11 | access-date=12 May 2008 |page=11| publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=9781411690738 }}

Recent and contemporary theistic Satanism

= Currents =

The diversity of beliefs amongst Satanists, both theistic and non-theistic, was examined in a demographic survey conducted in 2001 by the American religion scholar and sociologist of religion James R. Lewis and subsequently published in the Marburg Journal of Religion. According to the survey, the statistically-average demographic and ideological profile of a Satanist is an unmarried White male raised as a Christian who began to explore other religions during his teenage years, upholds non-theistic humanism and practices magic. A 2016 survey found that most self-identified Satanists were located in Denmark, Norway, and the United States.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=164–165}}

== Pre-LeVey==

Ruben van Luijk, writes: "there are a few well-documented cases of Satanist organizations that antedate or are contemporary with

LaVey’s"{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=299-300}} and which may qualify as examples of Theistic Satanism.

Citing research by Per Faxneld,Faxneld, Per. “The Strange Case of Ben Kadosh: A Luciferian Pamphlet from 1906 and Its Current Renaissance.” Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism 11 (2011) 1:1–22.Faxneld, Per (2012). “Witches, Anarchism, and Evolutionism: Stanislaw Przybyszewski’s Fin-de-siècle Satanism and the Demonic Feminine.” In The Devil’s Party: Satanism in Modernity, edited by Per Faxneld and Jesper Petersen, 53–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012 van Luijk writes there were "two possible cases" in Europe of "isolated religious Satanism, both dating from the very end of the nineteenth and the threshold of the twentieth century". One example was a small group led by Polish writer Stanisław Przybyszewski (1868–1927), who, "Faxneld argues [...] developed a more or less coherent philosophy or spirituality in which Satan played a major symbolic role, amounting to 'what is likely the first attempt ever to construct a more or less systematic Satanism.'"{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=283}} The other example was the Danish writer Carl William Hansen (1872–1936), also known as Ben Kadosh. In the census of 1906, Hansen "declared himself a Luciferian by religion, making himself without doubt the first officially registered Satanist in history".{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=286}} That same year Hansen published a short booklet titled "Den ny morgens gry: erdensbygmesterens genkomst" (in English: "The Dawn of a New Morning: The Return of the World’s Master Builder"), of which van Luijk writes: "in which he announced the establishment of a cult of Satan/Lucifer and proposed the formation of a Masonic Luciferian organization."{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=286}}

There were, according to van Luijk, several other organizations might be considered examples of Theistic Satanism from the early to mid-20th Century. The Fraternitas Saturni, founded in 1926 and led by Eugen Grosche (1888–1964), referenced both Lucifer and Satan in their rites.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=301-302}} Another group was the Order of the Knights of the Golden Arrow, founded in Paris in 1930 by Maria de Naglowska. She declared herself a "Priestess of Satan” and spoke of the “Truth of the Wholesome Satanic Doctrine" and according to van Luijk her group can "arguably be considered the first known organized body of religious Satanism."{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=301}} However, van Luijk also notes "Satanism was only one component of her religious system, which could probably best be described as an intricate semi-Hegelian compound of Christian, occultist, and Satanist elements".{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=300}} Aleister Crowley also explored Satanic themes in his own system and was an influence on many later occultists, but "cannot be called a Satanist himself" given the relatively small place Satan played in Crowley's overall concept.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=311}}

Apart from these earlier cases the first recognized esoteric, non-LaVeyan Satanist organization was the small group Ophite Cultus Sathanas,{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} which claimed to have been founded in 1948 by Herbert Arthur Sloane and therefore to allegedly precede the foundation of Anton LaVey's Church of Satan.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} However, definitive proof the Coven's existence does not exist before 1966; van Luijk allows the group probably existed before that year but likely not before 1953.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=303}} Their doctrine relied on a Gnostic conception of Satan as the liberating serpent and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the malevolent demiurge or creator god,{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} mainly inspired by the Gnostic dualistic cosmology of the Ophites,{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} Hans Jonas' study on the history of Gnosticism,{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}} and the writings of Margaret Murray on the witch-cult hypothesis.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} "Our Lady of Endor" seems to have been the only existing coven of this Satanist organization,{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pages=49–50}} which was disbanded shortly after the death of its founder during the 1980s.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=96}}

Additionally, van Luijk argues the Process Church of the Final Judgement (founded in 1965) might classify as Theistic Satanism, but "it is not altogether clear when precisely Satan and Lucifer made their appearance in Process theology" before the concepts were promoted openly in 1967; the concepts might have been influenced by LeVey or developed independently.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|page=306}}

== First Church of Satan ==

The First Church of Satan (FCoS), a splinter group that separated from LaVey's Church of Satan during the 1970s,{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=91}} attempts to rediscover the teachings of Aleister Crowley and believe that Anton LaVey actually was a magus in the early days of the Church of Satan but gradually renounced his powers, became isolated and embittered.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=91}} Furthermore, the First Church of Satan strongly criticizes the current Church of Satan as a pale shadow of its former self, and they strive to "maintain a Satanic organization that is not hostile or manipulative toward its own members".{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=91}}

== Temple of Set ==

The Temple of Set (ToS) is an occult left-hand path religious organization. It was founded in 1975 by Michael Aquino. Some scholars equate the veneration of the Egyptian god Set by the Temple of Set to theistic Satanism.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}} However, other scholars do not consider them as theistic Satanists, and the affiliates to the Temple of Set themselves do not identify as such.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=436}} The doctrine of the Temple of Set, an occult religious organization founded in 1975 by Michael Aquino as a splinter group from LaVey's Church of Satan, heavily relies on the writings of Aleister Crowley with elements borrowed from ceremonial magic, the left-hand path, Western esotericism, and mysticism.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=436}} They believe that the Egyptian deity Set is the real Prince of Darkness behind the name "Satan", of whom the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil is just a caricature.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=436}} Their practices primarily center on self-development.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=436}} Within the Temple of Set, the Black Flame of Set is the individual's god-like core which is a kindred spirit to Set, and which they seek to develop.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=436}} In theistic Satanism, the Black Flame is knowledge which was given to humanity by Satan, who is a being independent of the Satanist himself, and which he can dispense to the Satanist who seeks knowledge.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}} Religion scholar Kennet Granholm regards the Temple of Set as an occult organization that should not be labelled "Satanist" anymore, since it has cut all ties with the Satanic milieu and today entirely belongs to the left-hand path tradition.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=355–356}}

== Temple of Zeus ==

The Temple of Zeus (ToZ), originally founded as the Joy of Satan Ministries in the early 2000s by Maxine Dietrich (pseudonym of Andrea Herrington),{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}}{{sfn|Petersen|2014|page=142}} wife of the National Socialist Movement of the United States' co-founder and former leader Clifford Herrington,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}}
{{•}} {{cite web |last=Zaitchik |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Zaitchik |date=19 October 2006 |title=The National Socialist Movement Implodes |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/national-socialist-movement-implodes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919115024/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/national-socialist-movement-implodes |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=SPLCenter.org |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |quote=The party's problems began last June, when Citizens Against Hate discovered that NSM's Tulsa post office box was shared by The Joy of Satan Ministry, in which the wife of NSM chairman emeritus Clifford Herrington is High Priestess. [...] Within NSM ranks, meanwhile, a bitter debate was sparked over the propriety of Herrington's Joy of Satan connections. [...] Schoep moved ahead with damage-control operations by nudging chairman emeritus Herrington from his position under the cover of "attending to personal matters." But it was too late to stop NSM Minister of Radio and Information Michael Blevins, aka Vonbluvens, from following White out of the party, citing disgust with Herrington's Joy of Satan ties. "Satanism," declared Blevins in his resignation letter, "affects the whole prime directive guiding the [NSM] – SURVIVAL OF THE WHITE RACE." [...] NSM was now a Noticeably Smaller Movement, one trailed in extremist circles by a strong whiff of Satanism and related charges of sexual impropriety associated with Joy of Satan initiation rites and curiously strong teen recruitment efforts. |location=Montgomery, Alabama}}
{{•}} {{cite web |author= |date=2020 |title=National Socialist Movement |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/national-socialist-movement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010431/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/national-socialist-movement |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=SPLCenter.org |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |quote=The NSM has had its share of movement scandal. In July 2006, it was rocked by revelations that co-founder and chairman emeritus Cliff Herrington's wife was the “High Priestess” of the Joy of Satan Ministry, and that her satanic church shared an address with the Tulsa, Okla., NSM chapter. The exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanist connections caused quite a stir, particularly among those NSM members who adhered to a racist (and heretical) variant of Christianity, Christian Identity. Before the dust settled, both Herringtons were forced out of NSM. Bill White, the neo-Nazi group's energetic spokesman, also quit, taking several NSM officials with him to create a new group, the American National Socialist Workers Party. |location=Montgomery, Alabama}}{{cite web |author= |date=2020 |title=The National Socialist Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/national-socialist-movement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922205137/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/national-socialist-movement |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=Adl.org |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |location=New York City}} combines theistic Satanism with Neo-Nazism, racial anti-Semitism, anti-Judaic, anti-Christian sentiment and Gnostic Paganism, as well as Nordic aliens, UFO conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}}{{cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Satanism – Founders, Philosophies & Branches |url=https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/satanism |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Networks}} Temple of Zeus advocates "spiritual Satanism" and believes Satan to be a sentient and powerful extraterrestrial being.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} The Satanic practices promoted by Temple of Zeus involve meditation, telepathic contacts with demons, rituals, and sex magic.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} In 2004, following the exposure of Andrea Herrington among Joy of Satan's members as the wife of Neo-Nazi leader Clifford Herrington and her ties with the National Socialist Movement, many adherents abandoned Joy of Satan and formed their own autonomous Satanist or Neo-Pagan organizations, such as the House of Enlightenment, Enki's Black Temple, the Siaion, the Knowledge of Satan Group, and the Temple of The Ancients.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} According to Introvigne (2016), "most are by now defunct, while Joy of Satan continues its existence, although with a reduced number of members".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} In July 2006, after the exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanic website within the National Socialist Movement, Andrea and Clifford Herrington were both kicked out of the National Socialist Movement; following the Herrington scandal, Bill White, the then-National Socialist Movement's spokesman, also quit alongside many others. According to Introvigne (2016), "its ideas on extraterrestrials, meditation, and telepathic contacts with demons became, however, popular in a larger milieu of non-LaVeyan "spiritual" or "theistic" Satanism".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}}

== Order of Nine Angles ==

The Order of Nine Angles (ONA or O9A) is a Satanic and left-hand path occultist group which is based in the United Kingdom, and associated groups are based in other parts of the world.{{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |year=2001 |title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity |chapter=Nazi Satanism and The New Aeon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C&pg=PA215 |location=New York City |publisher=New York University Press |pages=215–223 |isbn=978-0-8147-3124-6 |lccn=2001004429}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358-364}} David Myatt,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} a former bodyguard and supporter of the British Neo-Nazi leader Colin Jordan,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} is considered the founder of the Order.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} In 1998, Myatt converted to radical Islam while continuing to lead the Order of Nine Angles; later on, he repudiated the Islamic religion in 2010 and publicly declared to have renounced all forms of extremism.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}}

The Order of Nine Angles identify as theistic Satanists, practicing "traditional Satanism", but observers have found a number of different occult and political beliefs.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} Sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne defined it as "a synthesis of three different currents: hermetic, pagan, and Satanist",{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} whereas the medievalist and professor of Religious studies Connell Monette dismissed the Satanic features of the O9A as "cosmetic" and contended that "its core mythos and cosmology are genuinely hermetic".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} According to the scholar of Western esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, "the ONA celebrated the dark, destructive side of life through anti-Christian, elitist, and Social Darwinist doctrines", together with the organization's implicit ties to Neo-Nazism and the appraisal of National Socialism. The Order of Nine Angles believe that the seven planets and their satellites are connected to the "Dark Gods", while Satan is considered to be one of two "actual entities", the other one being Baphomet, with the former conceived as male and the latter as female.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=358–364}} The organization became controversial and was mentioned in the press and books because of their promotion of human sacrifice.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=234}} Since the 2010s, the political ideology and religious worldview of the Order of Nine Angles have increasingly influenced militant neo-fascist and Neo-Nazi insurgent groups associated with right-wing extremist and White supremacist international networks,{{cite journal |author-last=Upchurch |author-first=H. E. |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |title=The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the "Skull Mask" Neo-Fascist Network |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=27–37 |publisher=Combating Terrorism Center |location=West Point, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044425/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |quote=The Order of Nine Angles and Terrorist Radicalization: The skull mask network's transformation into a clandestine terrorist network coincided temporally with the introduction of the Order of Nine Angles (O9A) worldview into the groups’ ideological influences. The O9A is a occultist currentn founded by David Myatt in the late 1960s in the United Kingdom. The O9A shares with other pagan neo-fascists a belief in a primordial spirituality that has been supplanted by the Abrahamic faiths. Its doctrines are apocalyptic, predicting a final confrontation between monotheistic “Magian” civilization and primordial “Faustian” European spirituality. The skull mask network groups are not religiously monolithic, and most accept members who are not O9A adherents, but O9A philosophy has had a strong influence on the culture of the network. The O9A texts emphasize solitary rituals and the sense of membership in a superhuman spiritual elite. The O9A texts do not make social or financial demands on new adherents. Psychological commitment is instead generated through secrecy and the challenging, sometimes criminal, nature of the initiatory and devotional rituals. Because the rituals are solitary and self-administered, they create a set of shared ‘transcendent’ experiences that enhance group cohesion without the need for members to be geographically close to each other. Its leaderless structure and self-administered initiations make the O9A worldview uniquely well-suited to spread through online social networks, while the ritual violence used in O9A religious ceremonies contributed to the habituation of individual skull mask network members to violence.}} most notably the Iron March forum. A number of rapes, killings and acts of terrorism have been perpetrated by individuals influenced by the O9A.{{cite web|url=https://www.isdglobal.org/explainers/the-order-of-nine-angles-explainer/|title=The Order of Nine Angles|work=Institute for Strategic Dialogue|date=5 February 2024}}

=== 764 ===

764 is an offshoot of ONA,{{Cite news |last=Winston |first=Ali |date=2023-09-28 |title=A 23-year-old was arrested for gun possession. It led the FBI to a global Satanic cult, |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/28/new-york-satanic-cult-764-fbi |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} and a satanist neo-Nazi cult and a terrorist group.{{Cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2024-11-08 |title=Discord terrorist known as "Rabid" gets 30 years for preying on kids |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/11/discord-terrorist-known-as-rabid-gets-30-years-for-preying-on-kids/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=2024-08-27 |title=RCMP reminds Canadians about violent online groups targeting youth {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2024/rcmp-reminds-canadians-violent-online-groups-targeting-youth |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca |archive-date=2024-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002171143/https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2024/rcmp-reminds-canadians-violent-online-groups-targeting-youth |url-status=dead }} 764 members engage in a wide variety of crimes in both real life and the internet; cybercrime, swatting, child exploitation, assaults, murders and rapes.{{Cite magazine |last=Winston |first=Ali |title=There Are Dark Corners of the Internet. Then There's 764 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/764-com-child-predator-network/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |quote=the com/764 extortion network.}} 764 members form "blood pacts" with Satan as a demonstration of their faith.{{Cite web |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |date=2023-02-03 |title=Neo-Nazi Pedophilic Cult Member Allegedly Coerced Minors to Make Child Porn |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neo-nazi-pedophile-cult-arrest-order-of-nine-angles/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=VICE |language=en-US}} In September 2023, the FBI published a bulletin warning the public of the network.{{Cite web |title=Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) {{!}} Violent Online Groups Extort Minors to Self-Harm and Produce Child Sexual Abuse Material |url=https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2023/PSA230912 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.ic3.gov}}

=== Greater Church of Lucifer ===

In Luciferianism, author and black metal musician Michael W. Ford, abandoned the Order of Nine Angles in 1998, criticizing it for its Neo-Nazi ideology,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} and founded his own autonomous Satanist organizations in the same year: the Order of Phosphorus{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} and the Black Order of the Dragon;{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} in the following years, he founded the Church of Adversarial Light in 2007,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} and the Greater Church of Lucifer (GCOL) in 2013.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} In 2015, Ford announced that the Order of Phosphorus would be integrated into the Greater Church of Lucifer, which welcomes both theistic and rationalistic Satanists, as well as Neo-Pagans and various followers of diverse occult spiritualities.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} Ford presents both a theistic and atheistic approach to Luciferianism, and his ideas are enunciated in a wide compendium of publications,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} although they are difficult to situate into a single, cohesive belief system;{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}}{{sfn|Faxneld|Petersen|2013|page=246}} the Wisdom of Eosphoros (2015) is considered the Greater Church of Lucifer's official statement and the core of its Luciferian philosophy.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=506–508}} Theistic Luciferianism is considered an individualistic, personal spirituality which is established via initiation and validation of the Adversarial philosophy. Luciferians, if theistic, do not accept the submission of 'worship' yet rather a unique and subjective type of Apotheosis via the energies of perceived deities, spirits and demons.

== Temple of the Black Light ==

One other group is the Temple of the Black Light, formerly known as the Misanthropic Luciferian Order prior to 2007. The group espouses a philosophy known as "Chaosophy". Chaosophy asserts that the world that mankind lives in, and the universe that it lives in, all exist within the realm known as Cosmos. Cosmos is made of three spatial dimensions and one linear time dimension. Cosmos rarely ever changes and is a materialistic realm. Another realm that exists is known as Chaos. Chaos exists outside of the Cosmos and is made of infinite dimensions and unlike the Cosmos, it is always changing. Members of the TotBL believe that the realm of Chaos is ruled over by 11 dark gods, the highest of them being Satan, and all of said gods are considered manifestations of a higher being. This higher being is known as Azerate, the Dragon Mother, and is all of the 11 gods united as one. The TotBL believes that Azerate will resurrect one day and destroy the Cosmos and let Chaos consume everything. The group has been connected to the Swedish black/death metal band Dissection, particularly its front man Jon Nödtveidt.{{cite web |title=Interview_MLO |url=https://www.angelfire.com/extreme/slayermagazine/interview_mlo2.html |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Angelfire.com}} Nödtveidt was introduced to the group "at an early stage".{{cite web |title=Dissection. Interview with Jon Nödtveidt. June 2003 |url=http://www.metalcentre.com/webzine.php?p=interviews&lang=eng&nr=123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714075021/http://www.metalcentre.com/webzine.php?p=interviews&lang=eng&nr=123 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Metal Centre}} The lyrics on the band's third album, Reinkaos, are all about beliefs of the Temple of the Black Light.{{cite web |title=Official Dissection Website :: Reinkaos |url=http://www.dissection.nu/disc/reinkaos.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080208150021/http://www.dissection.nu/disc/reinkaos.htm |archive-date=8 February 2008 |publisher=Dissection.nu}} Nödtveidt committed suicide in 2006.{{cite web |date=18 August 2006 |title=Dissection Frontman Jon Nödtveidt Commits Suicide |url=http://www.metalstorm.ee/events/news_comments.php?news_id=3051 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Metal Storm}}{{cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Dissection Guitarist: Jon Nödtveidt Didn't Have Copy of 'The Satanic Bible' at Suicide Scene |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=56947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002214/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=56947 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Blabbermouth}}

==Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences==

Pekka Siitoin founded the satanist group called the Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences (Turun Hengentieteen Seura) on September 1, 1971. The society stated its founding principles as "promot[ing] nationalist patriotic activity [and] development of Aryan spirituality". The society also stated opposition to capitalism, communism and "the Jewish religion based on Jehovah's tyranny."Häkkinen, Perttu; Iitti, Vesa (2022). Lightbringers of the North: Secrets of the Occult Tradition of Finland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64411-464-3. p. 133 Siitoin believed in neo-Gnosticism and Theosophy and combined these with antisemitism and satanism. To him, Lucifer, Satan and Jesus were subordinate to the Monad, and could be worshiped together. According to Siitoin, Moses invented magic, but jealous Demiurge-Jehova seeks to obscure its knowledge from the gentiles. Lucifer was a Promethean figure who created the original humanity and granted them wisdom so that they would evolve to be equal to Gods in time, while Jehova created the Jewish race to usurp Lucifer's power and lord over humanity. Siitoin was also influenced by Christian apocrypha, like Gospel of Judas and to him Jesus was an agent of the Monad and Lucifer against the Demiurge. These are combined with elements of Finnish folk magic.Western Esotericism in Scandinavia, 2016, p. 326-328. Edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer.Granholm, Kennet. “‘Worshipping the Devil in the Name of God’: Anti-Semitism, Teosophy and Christianity in the Occult Doctrines of Pekka Siitoin.” Journal for the Academic Study of Magic, no. 5 (2009): 256–286.Pasanen, T. (2021). Christus verus Luciferus, Demon est Deus Inversus: Pekka Siitoin’s Spiritism Board. Temenos - Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion, 57(2), 181–207. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.107763Keronen, Jiri: Pekka Siitoin teoriassa ja käytännössä. Helsinki: Kiuas Kustannus, 2020. ISBN 978-952-7197-21-9 The society allegedly performed satanic orgies which researcher of religion Pekka Iitti opined might not be "far off from the truth".Häkkinen, Iitti 2022 pp.142 Several of the perpetrators of the Kursiivi printing house arson in November 1977 were members of the society.{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2015/05/04/pekka-siitoin-oli-uusfasismin-kasvot-suomessa|title=Pekka Siitoin Was the New Face of Neo-Fascism in Finland [in Finnish]|accessdate=24 July 2017|date=4 May 2015|publisher=Finnish Broadcasting Company|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506042418/http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2015/05/04/pekka-siitoin-oli-uusfasismin-kasvot-suomessa|archivedate=6 May 2015}}Häkkinen, Iitti 2022 p. 137, 142

== Satanic Reds ==

Differing from other Satanic organizations, the Satanic Reds is an occult organization with a Marxist-Communist political orientation founded by Tani Jantsang in 1997.{{sfn|Lewis|2001a|page=240}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=523–525}} Their doctrine is largely based on the writings of H. P. Lovecraft mixed with elements of Central Asian folklore and the advocacy of social welfare;{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=523–525}} the group became notable mainly for their online activism and usage of communist symbols merged with Satanist ones.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=523–525}} However, the Satanic Reds claim to belong to the left-hand path but do not identify as theistic Satanists in the manner of believing in Satan as a god with a personality, since they conceive it as Sat and Tan, "Being and Becoming", similarly to the fictional deity of chaos Nyarlathotep from Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=523–525}} The religious practices of the Satanic Reds comprise occult rituals and a form of baptism, and the organization advocates a "renewed New Deal", a moderate social program of reforms inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=523–525}}

== Other groups and currents ==

Some groups are mistaken by scholars for theistic Satanists, such as the First Church of Satan.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}} However, the founder of the FCoS, John Allee, considers what he calls "Devil-worship" to often be a symptom of psychosis. Other groups such as the 600 Club,{{sfn|Petersen|2004|page=429}} are accepting of all types of Satanists, as are the Synagogue of Satan, which aims for the ultimate destruction of all religions, paradoxically including itself, and encourages not self-indulgence but self-expression balanced by social responsibility.{{sfn|Mathews|2009|page=92}}

= Relation to other theologies =

Theistic Luciferian groups are particularly inspired by Lucifer (from the Latin for "bearer of light"), who they may or may not equate with Satan. While some theologians believe the Son of the Dawn, Lucifer, and other names were actually used to refer to contemporary political figures, such as a Babylonian King, rather than a single spiritual entity{{cite web|url=http://www.realdevil.info/5-5.htm|title=Lucifer King Of Babylon|work=realdevil.info}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrestedscriptures.com/b07satan/isaiah14v12-14.html|title=Satan, Devil and Demons – Isaiah 14:12–14|website=www.wrestedscriptures.com}} (although on the surface the Bible explicitly refers to the King of Tyrus), those that believe it refers to Satan infer that by implication it also applies to the fall of Satan.{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Devil|work=newadvent.org}} Satan is also identified by the Joy of Satan with the Sumerian god Enki and the Yazidi angel Melek Taus;{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}} however, Introvigne (2016) himself remarks that their theistic Satanist interpretation of Enki derives from the writings of Zecharia Sitchin while the one about Melek Taus partially derives from the writings of Anton LaVey.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pages=370–371}}

=Values in theistic Satanism=

File:Baphomet.png's 19th-century drawing of the Baphomet (also known as the "Sabbatic Goat" or the Goat of Mendes),{{cite journal |last=Strube |first=Julian |year=2016 |title=The 'Baphomet' of Èliphas Lévi: Its Meaning and Historical Context |url=https://correspondencesjournal.com/15303-2/ |journal=Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism |volume=4 |pages=[http://correspondencesjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/15303_20537158_strube.pdf 37–79] |format=PDF |issn=2053-7158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208150606/https://correspondencesjournal.com/15303-2/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2020}} adopted symbol of some left-hand-path systems, including some theistic Satanist groups.]]

Seeking knowledge is seen by some theistic Satanists as being important to Satan, due to Satan being equated with the serpent in Genesis, which encouraged humans to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=228}} Some perceive Satan as Éliphas Lévi's conception of Baphomet – a half-human and half-animal hermaphroditic bestower of knowledge (gnosis). Some Satanic groups, such as Luciferians, also seek to gain greater gnosis. Some of such Satanists, such as the former Ophite Cultus Satanas, equate Yahweh with the demiurge of Gnosticism, and Satan with the transcendent being beyond.

Self-development is important to theistic Satanists. This is due to the Satanists' idea of Satan, who is seen to encourage individuality and freedom of thought, and the quest to raise one's self up despite resistance, through means such as magic and initiative. They believe Satan wants a more equal relationship with his followers than the Abrahamic god does with his. From a theistic Satanist perspective, the Abrahamic religions (chiefly Christianity) do not define "good" or "evil" in terms of benefit or harm to humanity, but rather on the submission to or rebellion against God.{{cite web|url=http://www.theisticsatanism.com/Muse/evilRose.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120070716/http://www.theisticsatanism.com/Muse/evilRose.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 November 2006|title=Elliot Rose on "Evil"|work=theisticsatanism.com}} Some Satanists seek to remove any means by which they are controlled or repressed by others and forced to follow the herd, and reject non-governmental authoritarianism.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=446–447}}

As Satan in the Old Testament tests people, theistic Satanists may believe that Satan sends them tests in life to develop them as individuals. They value taking responsibility for oneself. Despite the emphasis on self-development, some theistic Satanists believe that there is a will of Satan for the world and for their own lives. They may promise to help bring about the will of Satan,{{cite book |last=Mickaharic | first=Draja | title=Practice of Magic: An Introductory Guide to the Art | publisher=Weiser | year=1995

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KB1mECtP4OoC&q=Practice+of+Magic:+An+Introductory+Guide+to+the+Art |access-date=24 May 2008 | page=62| isbn=9780877288077 }} and seek to gain insight about it through prayer, study, or magic. In the Bible, a being called "the god of this world" is mentioned in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians {{bibleverse-nb|2 Corinthians|4:4|NRSV}}, which Christians typically equate with Satan.{{cite book | last=Ladd| first=George Eldon| year=1993 | title=A Theology of the New Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&q=prince+of+this+world&pg=PA333 | access-date=12 May 2008 |page=333| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn=9780802806802}} Some Satanists therefore think that Satan can help them meet their worldly needs and desires if they pray or work magic. They would also have to do what they could in everyday life to achieve their goals, however.

Theistic Satanists may try not to project an image that reflects negatively on their religion as a whole and reinforces stereotypes, such as promoting Nazism, abuse, or crime.{{sfn|Petersen|2004|pages=446–447}} However, some groups, such as the Order of Nine Angles, criticize the emphasis on promoting a good image for Satanism; the ONA described LaVeyan Satanism as "weak, deluded and American form of 'sham-Satanic groups, the poseurs'",[http://www.nineangles.info/commentary-dreamers.pdf Commentary on Dreamers of the Dark] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124051552/http://www.nineangles.info/commentary-dreamers.pdf |date=24 January 2012 }}. and ONA member Stephen Brown claimed that "the Temple of Set seems intent only on creating a 'good public impression', with promoting an 'image'".Stephen Brown: The Satanic Letters of Stephen Brown: St. Brown to Dr. Aquino ([http://www.angelfire.com/rings/blacklotusmonastery/texts/ONA_VariousManuscripts.pdf online version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113065041/http://www.angelfire.com/rings/blacklotusmonastery/texts/ONA_VariousManuscripts.pdf |date=13 January 2012 }}). The order emphasises that its way "is and is meant to be dangerous"[http://www.nineangles.info/true_way_ona.html The True Way of the ONA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702213716/http://www.nineangles.info/true_way_ona.html |date=2 July 2011 }}. and "[g]enuine Satanists are dangerous people to know; associating with them is a risk".[http://www.nineangles.info/ona-epitome.html Satanism: The Epitome of Evil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702213756/http://www.nineangles.info/ona-epitome.html |date=2 July 2011 }}. Similarly, the Temple of the Black Light has criticized the Church of Satan, and has stated that the Temple of Set is "trying to make Setianism and the ruler of darkness, Set, into something accepted and harmless, this way attempting to become a 'big' religion, accepted and acknowledged by the rest of the Judaeo-Christian society". The TotBL rejects Christianity, Judaism, and Islam as "the opposite of everything that strengthens the spirit, and is only good for killing what little that is beautiful, noble, and honorable in this filthy world".

There is argument among Satanists over animal sacrifice, with most groups seeing it as both unnecessary and putting Satanism in a bad light, and distancing themselves from the few groups that practice it,{{which|date=July 2015}} such as the Temple of the Black Light.{{cite web|url=http://theisticsatanism.com/politics/animal-sacr.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707125801/http://theisticsatanism.com/politics/animal-sacr.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 July 2006|title=Animal Sacrifice and the Law|work=theisticsatanism.com}}

Theistic Satanism often involves a religious commitment, rather than being simply an occult practice based on dabbling or transient enjoyment of the rituals and magic involved.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=83}} Practitioners may choose to perform a self-dedication rite, although there are arguments over whether it is best to do this at the beginning of their time as a theistic Satanist, or once they have been practicing for some time.{{cite web|url=http://www.theisticsatanism.com/rituals/pact/pact-init.html#oath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708043600/http://theisticsatanism.com/rituals/pact/pact-init.html#oath|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 July 2006|title=Pacts and self-initiation|work=theisticsatanism.com}}

Historical mentions of Satanism

=The age of accusations=

File:Martin van Maele - La Sorcière 06.jpg of a Witches' Sabbath from the 1911 edition of La Sorciere, written by Jules Michelet.]]

In the history of Christianity, the worship of Satan was a frequent accusation used since the Middle Ages.{{cite book |editor1-last=Christiano |editor1-first=Kevin J. |editor2-last=Kivisto |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Swatos |editor3-first=William H. Jr. |year=2015 |orig-year=2002 |title=Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments |chapter=Boundary Issues: Church, State, and New Religions – "Satanism" and Anti-Satanism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYtjY7GJav4C&pg=PA319 |location=Walnut Creek, California |publisher=AltaMira Press |edition=3rd |pages=318–324 |isbn=978-1-4422-1691-4 |lccn=2001035412}} The first ones formally accused to be Devil-worshippers were the Albigensians, a Gnostic Christian movement considered to be heretical and persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church; the charge was formulated during the Catholic Inquisition by the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), convoked by Pope Innocent III. The charge of Devil-worship has also been made against groups or individuals regarded with suspicion, such as the Knights Templar or minority religions.{{sfn|Klaits|1985|page=25}} In the case of the trials of the Knights Templar (1307), the Templars' writings mentioned the term Baphomet, which was an Old French corruption of the name "Mahomet"{{cite book |last=Stahuljak |first=Zrinka |year=2013 |chapter=Symbolic Archaeology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhjewlXH4gcC&pg=PA71 |title=Pornographic Archaeology: Medicine, Medievalism, and the Invention of the French Nation |location=Philadelphia |publisher=De Gruyter/University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=71–82 |doi=10.9783/9780812207316.71 |isbn=978-0-8122-4447-2 |jstor=j.ctt3fhd6c.7}} (the prophet of the people who the Templars fought against), and that Baphomet was falsely portrayed as a demon by the people who accused the Templars. During the Reformation Era, Counter-Reformation, and European wars of religion, the charge of Devil-worship was used against people charged in the witch trials in early modern Europe and other witch-hunts. The most notorious cases were those of two German Inquisitors and Dominican priests under the patronage of Pope Innocent VIII: Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, authors of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), in the Holy Roman Empire, along with the Salem witch trials that occurred during the 17th-century Puritan colonization of North America.{{sfn|Klaits|1985|page=2}}

It is not known to what extent accusations of groups worshiping Satan in the time of the witch trials identified people who did consider themselves Satanists, rather than being the result of religious superstition or mass hysteria, or charges made against individuals suffering from mental illness. Confessions are unreliable, particularly as they were usually obtained under torture.{{sfn|Klaits|1985|page=11}} However, scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, has made extensive arguments in his book Witchcraft in the Middle Ages that not all witch trial records can be dismissed and that there is in fact evidence linking witchcraft to Gnostic Christian heretical movements, particularly the antinomian sects.{{sfn|Russell|1972|pages=133–198}} Russell comes to this conclusion after having studied the source documents themselves. Individuals involved in the Affair of the Poisons were accused of Satanism and witchcraft.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=45–56}}

Historically, Satanist was a pejorative term for those with opinions that differed from predominant religious or moral beliefs.{{cite book |last=Behrendt | first=Stephen C. | title=The Moment of Explosion: Blake and the Illustration of Milton | publisher=U of Nebraska Press | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVG8xj9eTyAC&q=The+Moment+of+Explosion:+Blake+and+the+Illustration+of+Milton | access-date=6 June 2008 | page=437| isbn=0803211694 }} Paul Tuitean believes the idea of acts of "reverse Christianity" was created by the Inquisition,{{cite book |last1=Tuitean | first1=Paul |last2=Daniels |first2=Estelle | title=Pocket Guide to Wicca | publisher=The Crossing Press | year=1998 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l66-vxbEuuYC&q=Pocket+Guide+to+Wicca

| access-date=5 June 2008 | page=22| isbn=9780895949042 }} but George Bataille believes that inversions of Christian rituals such as the Mass may have existed prior to the descriptions of them which were obtained through the witchcraft trials.{{cite book |last=Bataille | first=George | others=Dalwood, Mary (trans.)| title=Erotism: Death and Sensuality |publisher=City Lights | year=1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qdUZZLcnLYC&q=Erotism:+Death+and+Sensuality | access-date=21 May 2008 | page=126| isbn=9780872861909 }}

=Grimoire Satanism=

Image:Grimorium Verum Full Sigil of Lucifer.svg of Lucifer, as it originally appeared in the Grimorium Verum]]

In the 1700s, various kinds of popular "Satanic" literature began to be produced in France, including some well-known grimoires with instructions for making a pact with the Devil. Most notable are the Grimorium Verum and The Grand Grimoire. The Marquis de Sade describes defiling crucifixes and other holy objects, and in his novel Justine he gives a fictional account of the Black Mass,{{cite book |last=Sade | first=Donatien | title=The Complete Marquis De Sade | pages=157–158 |publisher=Holloway House | year=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOReeGwdFU8C&q=The+Complete+Marquis+De+Sade |access-date=22 May 2008| isbn=9780870679407 }} although Ronald Hayman has said Sade's need for blasphemy was an emotional reaction and rebellion from which Sade

moved on, seeking to develop a more reasoned atheistic philosophy.

{{cite book |last=Hayman | first=Ronald | title=Marquis de Sade: The Genius of Passion| pages=30–31 | publisher=Tauris Parke |

year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cubx1wVI4tgC&q=Marquis+de+Sade:+The+Genius+of+Passion

| access-date=21 May 2008| isbn=9781860648946 }}

Nineteenth century occultist Éliphas Lévi published his well-known drawing of the Baphomet in 1855, which notably continues to influence Satanists today.

Finally, in 1891, Joris-Karl Huysmans published his Satanic novel, Là-bas, which included a detailed description of a Black Mass which he may have known firsthand was being performed in Paris at the time,{{cite book | last=Huysmans | first=Joris-Karl |

others=Keene Wallace (trans.)| title=La Bas | publisher=Courier Dover |

year=1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkD_JqA9FVgC&q=L%C3%A0-bas+(Down+There)

|access-date=21 May 2008 | no-pp=true | page=back cover| isbn=9780486228372 }} or the account may have been based on the masses carried out by Étienne Guibourg, rather than by Huysmans attending himself.{{cite book | last=Laver |

first=James | title=The First Decadent: Being the Strange Life of J.K. Huysmans| url=https://archive.org/details/firstdecadentbei0000lave | url-access=registration | publisher=Faber and Faber | year=1954 |page=[https://archive.org/details/firstdecadentbei0000lave/page/121 121]}} Quotations from Huysmans' Black Mass are also used in some Satanic rituals to this day, since it is one of the few sources that purports to describe the words used in a Black Mass. The type of Satanism described in Là-bas suggests that prayers are said to the Devil, hosts are stolen from the Catholic Church, and sexual acts are combined with Roman Catholic altar objects and rituals, to produce a variety of Satanism which exalts Satan and degrades the god of Christianity by inverting Roman Catholic rites. George Bataille claims that Huysman's description of the Black Mass is "indisputably authentic". Not all theistic Satanists today routinely perform the Black Mass, possibly because the Mass is not a part of modern evangelical Christianity in Protestant-majority countries, and so not such an unintentional influence on Satanist practices in those countries.

=Organized Satanism=

The earliest verifiable theistic Satanist group was a small group called the Ophite Cultus Satanas, which was created in Ohio in 1948. The Ophite Cultus Satanas was inspired by the ancient Ophite sect of Gnosticism, and the Horned God of Wicca. The group was dependent upon its founder and leader, and therefore dissolved after his death in 1975.

Michael Aquino published a rare 1970 text of a Church of Satan Black Mass, the Missa Solemnis, in his book The Church of Satan,{{cite book |last=Aquino |first=Michael |title = The Church of Satan |year=2002}}, Appendix 7. and Anton LaVey included a different Church of Satan Black Mass, the Messe Noire, in his 1972 book The Satanic Rituals. LaVey's books on Satanism, which began in the 1960s, were for a long time the few available which advertised themselves as being Satanic, although others detailed the history of witchcraft and Satanism, such as The Black Arts by Richard Cavendish published in 1967 and the classic French work Satanism and Witchcraft, by Jules Michelet. Anton LaVey specifically denounced "devil-worshippers" and the idea of praying to Satan.

Although non-theistic LaVeyan Satanism had been popular since the publication of The Satanic Bible in 1969, theistic Satanism did not start to gain any popularity until the emergence of the Order of Nine Angles in western England, and its publication of The Black Book of Satan in 1984.The Black Book of Satan. 1984, Thormynd Press, {{ISBN|0-946646-04-X}}. British Library General Reference Collection Cup.815/51, BNB GB8508400 The next theistic Satanist group to be created was the Misanthropic Luciferian Order, which was created in Sweden in 1995. The MLO incorporated elements from the Order of Nine Angles, the Illuminates of Thanateros, and qlippothic Qabalah.

The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu (Church of Ahriman), founded in 2012, is a theistic Satanist organization led by Adam Daniels.{{cite book |last1=Laycock |first1=Joseph P. |title=Speak of the Devil |date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094850-4 |page=17 |language=en}} Its worship includes celebrations of a Black Mass that involve desecration of consecrated hosts that are used in Christian celebrations of Holy Communion.{{cite web |last1=Keneally |first1=Meghan |title=Satanists to Hold Controversial Black Mass in Oklahoma |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/satanists-hold-controversial-black-mass-oklahoma/story?id=25174510 |website=ABC News |date=September 10, 2014}}{{cite web |last1=Nicks |first1=Denver |title=Oklahoma Catholics Drop Lawsuit After Satanists Return Wafer |url=https://time.com/3160504/oklahoma-catholics-satan-wafer/ |website=Time Magazine |date=August 22, 2014}}{{cite web |title=Okla. Christians counter Satanic mockery of Virgin Mary with prayer |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34351/okla-christians-counter-satanic-mockery-of-virgin-mary-with-prayer |website=Catholic News Agency |date=August 11, 2016}} The Church of Ahriman performs rituals that involve the desecration of Christian statuary of the Virgin Mary using menstrual blood (which they refer to as "The Consumption of Mary"), as well as desecration of religious texts such as the Qur'an.{{cite web |title=Christians Take a Different Approach to 'Protesting' Satanic Black Mass |url=https://www2.cbn.com/news/us/christians-take-different-approach-protesting-satanic-black-mass |website=CBN |language=en |date=December 10, 2022}}{{cite web |last1=Luschen |first1=Ben |title=Black Mass and The Consumption of Mary set for Aug. 15 |url=https://www.okgazette.com/news/black-mass-and-the-consumption-of-mary-set-for-aug-15-2981723 |website=Oklahoma Gazette |date=June 29, 2016}} The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu performs Satanic exorcisms, an inversion of Christian exorcisms.

Satan

Satan is a sinful entity depicted as the embodiment of evil in the Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or "evil inclination." In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as a fallen angel or jinn who has rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons.

= Devil in Christianity =

File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg]]

A large percentage of theistic Satanists worship Satan conceived as the Devil in the Christian religion.{{sfn|Partridge|2004|page=82}} In Christianity, the Devil, also known as Satan or Lucifer, is the personification of evil and author of sin, who rebelled against God in an attempt to become equal to God himself.{{efn|"By desiring to be equal to God in his arrogance, Lucifer abolishes the difference between God and the angels created by him and thus calls the entire system of order into question (if he were instead to replace God, the system itself would only be preserved with reversed positions)".{{sfn|Geisenhanslüke|Mein|Overthun|2015|p=217}}}} He is depicted as a fallen angel, who was expelled from Heaven at the beginning of time, before God created the material world, and is in constant opposition to God.{{cite journal |last1=McCurry |first1=Jeffrey |date=2006 |title=Why the Devil Fell: A Lesson in Spiritual Theology From Aquinas's 'Summa Theologiae' |journal=New Blackfriars |volume=87 |issue=1010 |pages=380–395 |doi=10.1111/j.0028-4289.2006.00155.x |jstor=43251053 |doi-access=free}}{{sfn|Goetz|2016|p=221}}

The Devil is described and depicted as being perfect in beauty. He was so enamored with his own beauty and self, that he became vain, and so prideful{{Cite web |title=How Did Lucifer Fall and Become Satan? |url=https://www.christianity.com/wiki/angels-and-demons/how-did-lucifer-fall-and-become-satan-11557519.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Christianity.com |language=en}} that he corrupted himself{{Cite web |title=What the Bible says about Satan's Pride |url=https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/topical.show/RTD/cgg/ID/7721/Satans-Pride.htm |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.bibletools.org}} and began to desire the same honor and glory that belonged to God. Eventually he rebelled and tried to overthrow God, and as a result was cast out of heaven.{{Citation |title=This Provocative Painting Made Everyone Cringe. Here's Why. | date=31 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB0vTQHLVZ8 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-16}} Satan is also portrayed as a father to his daughter, Sin, by the 17th-century English poet John Milton in Paradise Lost.{{cite journal |author-last=Flinker |author-first=Noam |date=December 1980 |title=Father-Daughter Incest in "Paradise Lost" |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Edward |journal=Milton Quarterly |publisher=Wiley |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=116–122 |doi=10.1111/j.1094-348X.1980.tb00305.x |issn=1094-348X |jstor=24463094}}

Symbolism

File:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes - Witches Sabbath - Google Art Project.jpg (1798) by Francisco Goya, depicting Satan in the form of a garlanded goat.]]

Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, but two major trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism.{{cite web |author-last=Abrams |author-first=Joe |date=Spring 2006 |editor-last=Wyman |editor-first=Kelly |title=The Religious Movements Homepage Project - Satanism: An Introduction |url=http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/satanism/intro.html#atheistic/theistic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829152745/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/satanism/intro.html#atheistic/theistic |archive-date=29 August 2006 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=virginia.edu |publisher=University of Virginia}} Theistic Satanists venerate Satan as worthy of worship, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as a symbol of certain human traits.{{cite web |last=Gilmore |first=Peter |title=Science and Satanism |url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/peter_h_gilmore_science_and_satanism/ |access-date=9 December 2013 |work=Point of Inquiry Interview|date=10 August 2007 }}File:Baphomet Pentagram.svg.]]Baphomet, a deity allegedly worshipped by the Knights Templar,{{harvnb|Stahuljak|2013|pp=71–82}}. frequently appears in Satanic symbolism, with usage based on claims that Freemasonry worshipped both Satan and Baphomet, as well as Lucifer, in their rituals. Both Satan and Baphomet are often depicted or symbolized as a goat, therefore the goat and goat's head are significant symbols throughout Satanism. The inverted pentagram is also a significant symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the goat's head of Baphomet within it, popularized by the Church of Satan. In most recent and modern times the "inverted cross" is used and seen as an anti-Christian and satanic symbol, used similarly in the way of the inverted pentagram.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=Upside Down Cross Meaning And Symbolism, The Petrine Cross |url=https://symbolsandmeanings.net/upside-down-cross-meaning-symbolism-petrine-cross/ |access-date=2021-08-05 |language=en-US}}

Personal theistic Satanism

File:Richard_Ramirez_1984_mug_shot.jpg self-identified as a (theistic) Satanist.]]

The American serial killer Richard Ramirez claimed that he was a (theistic) Satanist; during his 1980s killing spree he left an inverted pentagram at the scene of each murder and at his trial called out "Hail Satan!"{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=122}} Ramirez made various references to Satan during his legal proceedings; he notably drew a pentagram on his palm at his trial.{{Cite web |title=Richard Ramirez {{!}} Biography, Night Stalker, Death, Childhood, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Ramirez |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} Ramirez stated during his death row interview he believed in a "malevolent being" and that Satan's "description eludes" him.{{Citation |title=Death Row Interview With Night Stalker Richard Ramirez | date=22 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xqZ9T7o-Hg |language=en |access-date=2022-09-26}} Ramirez also enjoyed frequently degrading and humiliating his victims, especially those who survived his attacks or whom he explicitly decided not to kill, by forcing them to profess that they loved Satan, or telling them to "swear on Satan" if there were no more valuables left in their homes he had broken into and burglarized.

Modern-day public image of Satanism and moral panics

As a moral panic between the 1980s and the 1990s in the United States and Canada, there were multiple allegations of sexual abuse and/or ritual sacrifice of children or non-consenting adults in the context of Satanic rituals in what has come to be known as the Satanic Panic.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}}{{cite book | last = Frankfurter | first = D | title = Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2006 | location = Princeton, NJ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ysTcp21NfP0C | isbn = 0-691-11350-5}}

Allegations included the existence of a worldwide Satanic conspiracy formed by large networks of organized Satanists involved in criminal activities such as murder, child pornography, sexual exploitation of children, and human trafficking for prostitution.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}} In the United States, the Kern County child abuse cases, McMartin preschool trial, and the West Memphis cases were widely reported.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}} One case took place in Jordan, Minnesota, in which children made allegations of the manufacture of child pornography, ritualistic animal sacrifice, coprophagia, urophagia, and infanticide, at which point the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was alerted. Twenty-four adults were arrested and charged with acts of sexual abuse, child pornography, and other crimes claimed to be related to Satanic ritual abuse; three went to trial, two were acquitted, and one was convicted. Supreme Court Justice Scalia noted in a discussion of the case that "[t]here is no doubt that some sexual abuse took place in Jordan; but there is no reason to believe it was as widespread as charged", and cited the repeated, coercive techniques used by the investigators as damaging to the investigation.Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990).

These notorious cases were launched after children were repeatedly and coercively interrogated by social workers, resulting in false allegations of child sexual abuse.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}} No evidence was ever found to support any of the allegations of an organized Satanist conspiracy or Satanic ritual abuses,{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}} but in some cases the Satanic Panic resulted in wrongful prosecutions.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|pages=356–364}} However, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect conducted a study led by University of California psychologist Gail Goodman did find "convincing evidence of lone perpetrators or couples who say they are involved with Satan or use the claim to intimidate victims." One such case Goodman studied involved "grandparents [who] had black robes, candles, and Christ on an inverted crucifix--and the children had chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease, in their throats", according to the report by a district attorney.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/31/us/proof-lacking-for-ritual-abuse-by-satanists.html?sq=satanic+ritual+abuse&scp=1&st=nyt|title=Proof Lacking for Ritual Abuse by Satanists|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|year=1994|publisher=The New York Times|language=English|accessdate=21 May 2018}}

In 2025, members of the Satanist group 764 were arrested for "blackmailing children—mainly girls—into carrying out sexual acts, harming themselves or even attempting suicide." An investigation by the BBC found that members of this Satanic cult "seek out vulnerable young girls on social media, often in communities dedicated to self-harm or mental health." Anti-terror police have stated that the Satanist network 764 poses "an immense threat" that is "not just within the United Kingdom but globally".{{cite web |last1=Crawford |first1=Angus |last2=Smith |first2=Tony |title=Child abuse terror warning as 'Satanist' teenager jailed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9w5rkzxjl4o |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 January 2025 |date=16 January 2025}}

Notes

References

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