timeline of Romanian history
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This is a timeline of Romanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Romania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Romania.1st millennium BC
= 5th century BC =
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| 440 BC
| | Herodotus in Histories is the first to mention Dacians as living on the territory of modern-day Romania.{{Cite web | url=http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt | title=The History of Herodotus | author=Herodotus | access-date=2024-08-16}}{{sfn|Herodotus|440 BC|loc=4.93–4.97}} | ||
| 5th century
| |
= 4th century BC =
= 3rd century BC =
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| c. 300 BC
| | King Dromichaetes ruled both sides of the river Danube.Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes King of the Getians | ||
| |
| King Moskon ruled the northern parts of Dobruja.Radu Ocheșeanu, Monedele basileului Moskon aflate în colecțiile Muzeului de arheologie Constanța (=Coins of Basileus Moskon in the collections of the Archaeological Museum at Constantza), în Pontica 3 (1970), p. 125-128.{{better source needed|date=September 2018}} |
= 2nd century BC =
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | c. 200 BC
| |King Rhemaxos protected Greek colonies in Dobruja.Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in "A history of Romania – East European Monographs", 1996, {{ISBN|9780880333450}}, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler |
= 1st century BC =
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 100 BC | King Dicomes ruled Dacia.Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians" | |
| King Rholes ruled Dobruja.{{cite book |last=Kamm |first=Antony |url=https://archive.org/details/romansintroducti0000kamm/page/49 |title=The Romans |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=0-415-12039-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/romansintroducti0000kamm/page/49 49]}} | ||
| King Dapyx ruled Dobruja.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | ||
| 82 BC | King Burebista rules Dacia. (to 44 BC){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 44 BC | Deceneus is High Priest of Dacia. (to 27 BC){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 40 BC | King Cotiso ruled Banat and Oltenia. (to 9 BC){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 29 BC | King Zyraxes ruled northern Dobruja. (to 27 BC){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 9 BC | King Comosicus ruled Dacia. (to AD 30){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
{{anchor|1st millennium}}
1st millennium
= 1st century =
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! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| 30 | King Scorilo ruled Dacia. (to 70){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 68 | King Duras ruled Dacia. (to 87){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 86 | Roman Emperor Domitian loses war with the Kingdom of Dacia. (to 88){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |
| 87 | King Decebalus ruled Dacia. (to 106){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
= 2nd century =
= 3rd century =
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! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| 260 | After the defeat and capture of Roman emperor Valerian, Dacian general Regalianus became Roman emperor for a brief period.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-NCAAAAIAAJ&q=Regalianus&pg=PA80|title=A descriptive catalogue of rare and unedited Roman coins:from the earliest period of the Roman coinage, to the extinction of the empire under Constantinus Paleologos|first=John Yonge |last=Akerman|page=80|year=1834}} | |
| 271 | Roman withdrawal from Dacia occurs under Roman emperor Aurelianus after 169 years of rule. (to 275){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
= 4th century =
= 5th century =
= 6th century =
= 7th century =
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| 610 | Roman Emperor Heraclius grants lands to the sclavenes located in Macedonia eventually the sclavenes later form Sclavinias a term described by Byzantine historians referring to tribal groups. | |
| 681 | Formation of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), including the lands east and south of the Carpathians{{Cite web | url=https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/700/index.html |title = Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Europe in Year 700}} | |
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 700 | The Ravenna Cosmography mentions Troesmis. | |
| Ananias of Shirak, a 7th-century Armenian geographer described the "large country of Dacia" as inhabited by Slavs who formed "twenty-five tribes".{{sfn|Spinei|2009|pp=80–81}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=98–99}}The Geography of Ananias of Şirak (L1881.3.9), p. 48. | ||
| Some authors state that Troesmis was inhabited until the end of the 7th century based on archeological evidence.BAUMANN 1980, p. 169 – 172. De la Cetatea de Est mai putem aminti încă o monedă de la acest împărat, emisiune din 568/569, cf. POPESCU, IACOB, GEORGESCU 1996, p. 94, catalog 79. |
= 8th century =
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 800 | Cremation cemeteries of the "Nușfalău-Someșeni group" were discovered in northwestern Transylvania, with their 8th- and 9th-century tumuli.{{sfn|Bărbulescu|2005|p = 197}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp = 101–102}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p = 35}} | |
| Ten 8th century graves of adults with bracelets from Troesmis were discovered in 1977.VASILIU 1980, p. 218 – 220 |
= 9th century =
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| c. 805 | The Bulgarian khan Krum defeated the Avar Khaganate to destroy the remainder of the Avars, conquered eastern part of the Carpathian Basin including Transylvania, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper. The Ongal was the traditional Bulgar name for the area north of the Danube across the Carpathians covering Transylvania and along the Danube into eastern part of the Carpathian Basin.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=94}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Krum |title = Krum {{pipe}} Bulgar khan}}Ian Mladjov, "Trans-Danubian Bulgaria: Reality and Fiction", in Byzantine Studies/Etudes Byzantines, n.s. 3, 1998 [2000], 85–128. This resulted in the establishment of a common border between the Frankish Empire and Bulgaria.Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages, p. 3, Lyubomir Ivanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 2007 | |
| 824 | The Fourth Section of the Royal Frankish Annals mentions the Abodrites who lived in "Dacia on the Danube as neighbors of the Bulgars" sent envoys to Emperor Louis the Pious in 824, complaining "about vicious aggression by the Bulgars"Royal Frankish Annals (year 824), p. 116. and seeking the emperor's assistance against them, according to the Royal Frankish Annals.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=153}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=134}} The Abodrites inhabited the lands along either the Timiș or the Tisza rivers.{{cite web |last=Bóna |first=István |title=From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the period of the Great Migrations (271–896); Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2001 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html |access-date=November 11, 2014}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=159}} | |
| 890 | Menumorut, Glad, and the Vlach Gelou are the rulers of Crișana, Banat, and Transylvania when the Magyars invaded the territoriy, according to the Gesta Hungarorum.{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005 |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn= 973-7784-01-4}}{{cite book |last=Macartney |first=C. A. |year= 1953 |title=The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalhungaria0000maca |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08051-4}} | |
| 900 | Fine, gray vessels were also unearthed in the 9th-century "Blandiana A"{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p = 122}} cemeteries in the area of Alba-Iulia, which constitutes a "cultural enclave" in Transylvania.{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p = 159}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2005b|p = 68}} Near these cemeteries, necropolises of graves with west–east orientation form the distinct "Ciumbrud group".{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p = 161}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p = 122}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2005b|p = 134}} Female dress accessories from "Ciumbrud graves" are strikingly similar to those from Christian cemeteries in Bulgaria and Moravia.{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p = 161}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2005b|p = 134}} |
= 10th century =
2nd millennium
= 11th century =
= 12th century =
= 13th century =
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| 1204 | November 8 | A papal legate delivered a royal crown to Kaloyan of Bulgaria and crowned him "King of the Bulgarians and Vlachs". |
| 1213 | An army of Vlachs, Transylvanian Saxons, and Pechenegs, led by Ioachim of Sibiu, attacked the Bulgaria and Cumans that were from Vidin{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}. | |
| 1222 | Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Terra Blacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}. | |
| 1224 | The Diploma Andreanum was issued by Andrew II of Hungary granting provisional autonomy to colonial Germans residing in the present-day area of Sibiu. | |
| 1224 | Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Silva Blacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}. | |
| 1241 | The Persian chronicle Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh mentions several rulers from Wallachia such as Bezerenbam and Mișelav and the country of Ilaut.Xenopol, p. 552.C-tin C Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003, p. 281Djuvara, cited article.{{Unbalanced opinion|reason=Several scholars (including the translator of the text) say, they were Poles.|date=April 2017}} | |
| 1247 | The diploma of King Béla IV of Hungary issued on July 2, 1247, mentions the local rulers knyaz John, knyaz Farcaș, voivode Litovoi and voivode Seneslau.{{cite book | last = Vásáry | first = István | title = Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365}} Seneslau and Litovoi are expressly said to be Vlachs (Olati) in the king's diploma. | |
| 1252 | Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Terra Olacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}. | |
| 1277 | Bărbat succeeds his brother Litovoi as ruler of Oltenia after the later was killed during a battle with the Hungarian army. (to 1280) | |
| 1288 | First evidence of Diet in Transylvania{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}. | |
| 1290 | According to legend and the 17th century Cantacuzino Annals, Radu Negru founded Wallachia. |
= 14th century =
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| 1310 | Basarab I's rule starts and lasts until 1351/1352. | |
| 1330 | Basarab I of Wallachia wins the Battle of Posada against Charles I Robert of Hungary. | |
| 1332 | Thocomerius is named in a diploma of Charles I of Hungary as being the father of Basarab I. Certain historians such as Vlad Georgescu and Marcel Popa believe him to have been a voievode in Wallachia having succeeded Bărbat who ruled around 1278.{{cite book |last=Georgescu |first=Vlad |title=The Romanians: A History|year=1991 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=9780814205112 |url=https://archive.org/details/romanianshistory0000geor |url-access=registration }}{{cite book |last1=Treptow |first1=Kurt W. |last2=Popa |first2=Marcel |title=Historical Dictionary of Romania}} | |
| 1340 | During the reign of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria (1331–1371) the control over powerful vassals, such as the rulers of Wallachia and Dobruja, who pursued their own foreign policies, was hardly stronger.Fine, Late Medieval Balkans, p. 366. The Principality of Karvuna or Despotate of Dobruja ({{langx|bg|Добруджанско деспотство or Карвунско деспотство}}; {{langx|ro|Despotatul Dobrogei or Țara Cărvunei}}) split off from the Second Bulgarian Empire in the region of modern Dobruja and Northeast Bulgaria{{cite book | title = Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas | last = Delev | first = Petǎr |author2=Valeri Kacunov |author3=Plamen Mitev |author4=Evgenija Kalinova |author5=Iskra Baeva |author6=Bojan Dobrev | chapter = 19. Bǎlgarija pri Car Ivan Aleksandǎr | year = 2006 | language = bg | publisher = Trud, Sirma }} | |
| 1345
| |King Louis I of Hungary dispatched Andrew Lackfi, Count of the Székelys to invade the lands of the Golden Horde in retaliation for the Tatars' earlier plundering raids against Transylvania. Lackfi and his army of mainly Székely warriors inflicted a defeat on a large Tatar army on 2 February 1345.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|pp=96–97}}{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=58}} The campaign had finally expelled the Tatars and ended the devastations of the Mongols in Transylvania.{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 – III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) – 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |language=English |chapter=The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/82.html}} The Golden Horde was pushed back behind the Dniester River, thereafter the Golden Horde's control of the lands between the Eastern Carpathians and the Black Sea weakened.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|pp=96–97}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=199}} | ||
| 1346
| |Foundation of Moldavia. | ||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1400 | Vlach settlements existed throughout much of today's Croatia,{{sfn|Mužić (Vjekoslav Klaić)|2010|p=14}} but centres of population were focused around the Velebit and Dinara mountains and along the Krka and Cetina rivers.{{sfn|Mužić (Vjekoslav Klaić)|2010|p=14}} | |
| The Flateyjarbók preserves the 13th century biography of King Olaf II of Norway which amongst other things records the adventures of a Norwegian prince Eymund in the saga Eymundar þáttr hrings, who informs Jarizleifr of the departure of Jarizleifr's brother, Burizlaf, to Tyrkland, and added that Burizlaf was preparing to attack Jarizleifr with a huge army formed by Tyrkir, Blökumen and other peoples.Eymund's Saga (ch. 8.), pp. 79–80. |
= 15th century =
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| 1437 | The Transylvanian peasant revolt broke out at Bobâlna. | |
| 1438 | The Unio Trium Nationum pact was signed as a reaction to the Transylvanian peasant revolt at Bobâlna. | |
| 1442
| |In this year, John Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=278}} In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=278–286}} In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin, the Provincial Governor of Rumelia. This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by the formidable janissaries.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=286–292}} | ||
| 1465 | October 14 | Radu cel Frumos issues a writ from his residence in Bucharest. |
| 1476 | The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz remarked in 1476 that Moldavians and Wallachians "share a language and customs".The Annals of Jan Długosz {{ISBN|19-0101-900-4}}, p. 593 | |
| 1479
| |The Battle of Breadfield was the most tremendous conflict fought in Transylvania up to that time in the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars, taking place in 1479 during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus. The Hungarian army defeated a highly outnumbered Ottoman army and the Ottoman casualties were extremely high. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the Ottomans, and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter. |
= 16th century =
= 17th century =
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! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| valign="top" | 1601 | The assassination of Michael the Brave ends the personal union between Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia that had been established one year prior. | |
| 1605 | Stephen Bocskay becomes Prince of Transylvania guaranteeing religious freedom and broadening Transylvania's independence. | |
| 1606 | The Treaty of Vienna gives constitutional and religious rights and privileges to all Hungarian-speaking Transylvanians but none to Romanian-speaking people. The treaty guarantees the right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes in the future. | |
| 1613 | Gabriel Bethlen becomes Prince of Transylvania succeeding to Gabriel Báthory. Under Bethlen's rule, the principality experiences a golden age. He promoted agriculture, trade, and industry, sank new mines, sent students abroad to Protestant universities, and prohibited landlords from denying an education to children of serfs.{{editorializing|date=January 2018}} | |
| 1618 | Transylvania take part to Thirty Years' War. Gabriel Bethlen invades Hungary and proclaims himself as King of Hungary. | |
| 1621 | On December 31, Peace of Nikolsburg ends the war between Transylvania and Habsburgs. The conditions of Treaty of Vienna signed in 1606 are reinforced. | |
| 1632 | The first war between Wallachia, led by Matei Basarab, and Moldavia led by Vasile Lupu. | |
| 1640 | Grigore Ureche, in his The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia states that the language spoken by Moldavians is an amalgam of Latin, French, Greek, Polish, Turkish, Serbian, and so on, though assuming the preponderance of the Latin influence and claims that, at a closer look, all Latin words could be understood by Moldavians.Grigore Ureche, Ch. For our Moldavian language, in Chronicles of the land of Moldavia, available at [http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Letopise%C5%A3ul_%C5%A3%C4%83r%C3%A2i_Moldovei,_de_c%C3%A2nd_s-au_desc%C4%83lecat_%C5%A3ara#Pentru_limba_noastr.C4.83_moldoveneasc.C4.83 Wikisource] | |
| 1648 | Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. Transylvania is mentioned as a sovereign state. | |
| 1653 | The second war between Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu ends with the Moldavian throne being given to Gheorghe Ștefan. | |
| 1655 | Seimeni revolt begins. | |
| 1657 | George II Rákóczi invades Poland only to be defeated. The Ottoman Empire take advantage of the new situation and restore the military power in Transylvania. | |
| 1661 | In April Prince Kemény proclaims the secession of Transylvania from the Ottomans and appeals to help from the Habsburg monarchy. He was not aware of the secret agreement between the Habsburg Empire and Ottomans and the move will end his reign. Transylvania becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. | |
| 1682 | The capital of Transylvania is moved to Sibiu (then Nagyszeben); | |
| 1683 | The defeat of Ottoman armies in Battle of Vienna means the end of Ottoman rule over Transylvania. The Roman Catholic Church becomes official church in Transylvania in a move directed by the Habsburgs to weak the noblemen estates, which were both Roman Catholic and Protestant. | |
| 1692 | The Habsburgs control over Transylvania is consolidated even more and the princes are replaced with governors named directly by the Habsburg Emperors, who themselves become Princes of Transylvania. | |
| 1698 | Bucharest becomes capital of Wallachia. Until then the capital was in Târgoviște. Constantin Brâncoveanu's 16-year reign commences during which period Wallachia enjoys a golden age. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1699 | The Emperor Leopold I decrees Transylvania's Eastern Orthodox Church to be one with the Roman Catholic Church, by joining the newly created Romanian Greek-Catholic Church. | |
| Martinus Szent-Ivany mentions that the Vlachs use the following phrases "Si noi sentem Rumeni" meaning "we are Romanians too" and "Noi sentem di sange Romena", meaning "We are of Roman blood"."Valachos...dicunt enim communi modo loquendi: Sie noi sentem Rumeni: etiam nos sumus Romani. Item: Noi sentem di sange Rumena: Nos sumus de sanguine Romano" Martinus Szent-Ivany, Dissertatio Paralimpomenica rerum memorabilium Hungariae, Tyrnaviae, 1699, p. 39 |
= 18th century =
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! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| 1711 | Transylvania's direct-autonomy to Habsburg Empire ends, as the region comes under the administrative area of Hungary. | |
| 1714 | Constantin Brâncoveanu and his sons are executed in Istanbul at the order of Sultan Ahmed III because they did not renounce their Christian faith. The sultan also did not agree with Brâncoveanu's alliance with the Habsburg and Russian empire. | |
| 1715 | The Phanariote period starts. Nicholas Mavrocordatos becomes the first Phanariote prince of Wallachia. The influence of Ottoman Empire is greater than ever. | |
| 1716 | The Habsburg Empire invades Wallachia during the Austro-Turkish War. | |
| 1718 | Oltenia becomes part of the Habsburg Empire. | |
| 1739 | Oltenia is reconquered by the Ottomans. | |
| 1746 | Constantine Mavrocordatos enacts measures effectively abolishing serfdom in Wallachia and creates a more effective central administrative apparatus. | |
| 1749 | Serfdom is abolished in Moldavia. | |
| 1765 | The Grand Principality of Transylvania is proclaimed, consisting of a special separate status within the Habsburg Empire originally granted in 1691. This was however just a mere formality, as Transylvania is still an administrative area of Hungary.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} | |
| 1768 | Wallachia is occupied by Russia during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War. | |
| 1784 | The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan starts in November and lasts until February in 1785. The main demands were related to the existence feudal serfdom and the lack of political equality between Orthodox Romanians and other Catholic ethnicities of Transylvania. | |
| 1791 | Romanian-speaking Transylvanians petition to Emperor Leopold II for recognition as the fourth nation of Transylvania and for religious equality. Their demands are rejected and their old marginalised status is reinforced. |
= 19th century =
| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| 1801 | Russia assumes a protective right over Romanian-speaking Christians in the Danubian lands and soon began to increase its influence in the region. | |
| 1802 | Sámuel Teleki, then Chancellor of Transylvania, inaugurates the first library in Transylvania and present-day Romania. On December 15, János Bolyai is born in Cluj Napoca. Today the town's main university is named after him and Victor Babeș. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1806 | Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Empire is reorganised and becomes the Austrian Empire. | |
| Wallachia is occupied by Russia. | ||
| 1813 | Caragea's plague claims 60,000 deaths in Wallachia during 1813 and 1814. | |
| 1817 | Mihail Kogălniceanu is born. He will play a major role in the politics of Romania in second half of the 19th century; | |
| 1818 | Ion Caragea adopts the first modern code of law in Wallachia. | |
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1821 | Following the death of Alexandros Soutzos a boyar regency is established. | |
| The anti-boyar and anti-Phanariote uprising takes place being led by Tudor Vladimirescu. On 28 May, a treaty is signed between Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ending the war with Bessarabia becoming part of the Russian Empire. | ||
| The Phanariote rule ends. Moldavia is occupied by Alexander Ypsilantis's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence. | ||
| 1822 | Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposes a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles; | |
| 1826 | Local leaders in Moldavia are allowed to govern by the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1829 | Following the Treaty of Adrianople, without overturning Ottoman suzerainty, places Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian empire military rule until Turkey pays an indemnity. Wallachia gains the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila, Russia annexes the Danube estuary. | |
| The seventh Russo-Turkish War brings Pavel Kiselyov at the leadership of Moldavia; | ||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1834 | Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established. | |
| Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established Mihail Sturdza, a man with unionist ideas, becomes Prince of Moldavia. | ||
| 1844 | The enslavement of Romani people ends. | |
| 1847 | A custom union{{clarify|date=January 2018}} with Wallachia is established. | |
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1848 | The Revolution are very active in this part of Europe. The Hungarians demand more rights, including a provision on the union between Transylvania and Hungary. The Romanian-speaking Transylvanians carry their own parallel revolution led by Avram Iancu, which opposed the union with Hungary. | |
| |During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848 which was later affirmed by the Transylvaniat Diet and the King.Laszlo Péter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzW8aApInY8C&dq=medieval+unitary+hungary&pg=PA56 Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective], BRILL, 2012, p. 56 | ||
| The Revolutions of 1848 spreads in Wallachia where the Romanian-speaking Wallachians try to overrule the Russian Empire's administration, demand the abolition of boyar privilege and a land reform. The revolutionaries are successful enough to create a provisional government in June and forced Gheorghe Bibescu, the Prince of Wallachia, to abdicate and leave into exile. A series of reforms follow the protests, the abolition of Roma slavery being one of them. | ||
| The Revolutions of 1848 reach Moldavia but are less successful than in Wallachia, as the revolts are quickly suppressed. | ||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1849 | The revolt led by Avram Iancu obtains some rights for the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians, in spite of strong opposition from Hungary. | |
| Grigore Alexandru Ghica becomes prince of Moldavia. He introduces important administrative reforms and promotes economic development and education. | ||
| |After the failure of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.[http://www.hoelseth.com/royalty/austria/austrianconst18490304.html Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849]. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. LXXIV) | ||
| 1850 | Mihai Eminescu, regarded today as the most famous and influential Romanian poet, is born. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1854 | The first railway line through Romania's present-day territory opens on August 20 and between Oravița in Banat and Baziaș. | |
| The Russian Empire protectorate ends. It is followed by an Ottoman occupation for several months and then a two-year-long Austrian occupation; | ||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1856 | Wallachia and Moldavia are brought under the influence of the Western European powers under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris. | |
| The end of the Crimean War heralds the end of Russia dominance in Moldavia. | ||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1859 | The National Party is founded. Its leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza will play a major role in the formation of Romania just three years later. | |
| Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected Prince of Moldavia on January 5. Three weeks later he is also elected Prince of Wallachia, thus achieving a de facto union of the two principalities under the name of Romania. | ||
| 1860 | University of Iași is established, as the first institution of higher education in Romanian language with faculties of literature, philosophy, law, science and medicine and schools in music and art. The Romanian Army is founded. Romania switches from Cyrillic script to the Latin script that is still in use today. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1861 | On February 5, the 1859 union is formally declared and a new country, Romania is founded. The capital city is chosen to be Bucharest. On December 23, Abdülaziz, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire officially recognizes the union but only for the duration of Cuza's reign. | |
| The Transylvanian Association for the Literature and Culture of the Romanians is founded in Sibiu, as the first cultural association of the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians. | ||
| 1862 | The Government of Romania is formed with Alexandru Constantin Moruzi as the first ever Prime Minister. | |
| 1863 | Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the Agrarian Reform in which the majority of the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not enough land, the Secularization of monastery estates in Romania, in which large estates owned by the Romanian Orthodox Church are transferred under state ownership and then to private property, takes place. This was an important turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of the Boyar class, leaving the country to look towards capitalism and industrialization. | |
| 1864 | The Parliament of Romania is formed. A tuition-free, compulsory public education for primary schools is introduced in Romania for the first time. Also a Criminal Code and a Civil Code, both based on the Napoleonic Code, are introduced. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1865 | On January 1, Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni, the first bank of Romania, is established. On June 19 Evangelis Zappas, one of the richest men in the world at that date dies at the age of 65. Born in the Ottoman Empire in today's Greece he lived in Romania most of his life. | |
| Romania becomes the first European country to abolish the death penalty.{{cite web |title=Abolirea pedepsei cu moartea în Principatele Române în secolul al XIX-lea |url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/timp-liber/articol/abolirea-pedepsei-cu-moartea-in-principatele-romane-in-secolul-al-xix-lea |website=Historia |publisher=Adevărul Holding 2018 |access-date=June 4, 2018}} This, however, did not last, it is now abolished in Romania since 1990.{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=11033 |title=Decree-Law No. 6 |publisher=National Salvation Front Council |date=January 7, 1990 |language=ro |access-date=February 10, 2013}} | ||
| 1866 | On February 22, Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to sign his abdication, which was mainly caused by the Agrarian Reform from 1863 that made him many enemies{{Citation needed|reason=verify causal chain from land reform to Cuza's unpopularity|date=January 2018}}. Due to the country's political troubles and its financial collapse, the Parliament takes the decision to place a foreign price on the vacant throne. On March 26, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes Prince of Romania as Carol. Originally, the offer was made to Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders but he refused. On April 1, the Romanian Academy is established. On July 1, the first constitution of Romania is ratified. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1867 | On April 22 the Leu currency is adopted. | |
| After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the separate statusJohn F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict], Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79 of Transylvania ceased, it was incorporated again into the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.James Minahan: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=1867+compromise One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups], Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 06991 | ||
| 1869 | The Bucharest – Giurgiu railway works are concluded after four years and the line become the first of this kind{{clarify|date=January 2018}} in Romania. However, it is not the first railway built on the present territory of Romania. The first railway was built in 1854 in Banat. | |
| 1870 | The short-lived Republica Ploiești is formed in the city of Ploiești as part of a revolt against the Prince. | |
| 1877 | On April 16, Romania and the Russian Empire sign a treaty under which Russian troops are allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition to respect the integrity of Romania. On 21 May, the Parliament of Romania declare the independence of the country. In the fall Romania join the Russo-Turkish War on the Russian Empire side. In November, deeply defeated in the Battle of Plevna, the Ottoman Empire request an armistice. | |
| 1878 | Romania independence is recognised by the Central Powers on July 13. Following the Treaty of Berlin, Romania now include territories of Northern Dobruja, the Danube Delta, and Insula Șerpilor. In return the southern counties of Bassarabia are returned to Russian Empire. | |
| 1880 | National Bank of Romania is established in April. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada. Căile Ferate Române, Romania's state-owned railway company starts its operations. | |
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1881 | March 26 | Carol I is crowned as King. His wife Elisabeth becomes Queen. Romania becomes kingdom. |
| 12 May | The National Party of Romanians in Transylvania is formed as the first party of the Romanians in Transylvania. | |
| August 19 | George Enescu is born. | |
| 1882 | The Stock Exchange opens in Bucharest. | |
| 1884 | The first ever telephone in Romania is installed. | |
| 1885 | Patriarch Joachim IV signs the recognition of the autocephalous status of the Romanian Orthodox Church that granted it equal rights with those of the other orthodox churches. | |
| 1886 | The construction of the Athenaeum begins. Although the work would continue until 1897, the first concert took place in 1886 and it was performed by Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra. | |
| 1889 | Mihai Eminescu dies aged 39. | |
| 1892 | The Transylvanian Memorandum is signed by the leaders of the Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph, asking for equal ethnic rights with the Hungarians, and demanding an end to persecutions and Magyarization attempts. The memorandum was forwarded to the Hungarian Parliament and the results was that the Romanian leaders are sentenced to long terms in prison. | |
| 1894 | Leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians who sent a Memorandum to the Austrian Emperor demanding national rights for the Romanians are found guilty of treason. | |
| 1895 | King Carol I Bridge is inaugurated on September 26. At the time it was the longest in Europe and second longest in the world. | |
| 1896 | The construction of Port of Constanța begins. Since then it has been the most important port in Romania. In May, cinema arrives in Romania for the first time.{{Citation needed | reason=no clear source for claim about film|date=January 2018}} | |
| 1900 | The Post Palace is inaugurated. Today it houses the National Museum of Romanian History. |
= 20th century =
| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year | style="width:10%" | Date | Event |
| 1904 | The first refinery, a Romanian-American joint venture is founded and to process oil produced in the Prahova River valley. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1906 | Traian Vuia Achieved a short hop of 20 meters at 1 meter height in his aircraft, Vuia 1. | |
| Aurel Popovici, a Transylvanian lawyer and politician, proposes the federalization of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy into the so-called United States of Greater Austria under the model of United States of America with a total of 15 component states, Transylvania being one of them. | ||
| 1907 | Violent peasant revolts crushed throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1913 | At the end of the Balkan Wars, Romania acquires the southern part of the Dobruja from Bulgaria. | |
| April 1 | The Parliament votes to enact the law of the military aviation{{clarify|date=January 2018}}, Romania being the fifth nation in the world to have an air force. | |
| valign="top" | 1914 | October 10 | Carol I dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand, who becomes the second King of Romania as Ferdinand I. His wife, Maria becomes queen. |
| 1916 | Despite choosing to stay away from the World War I, the death of King Carol I and the course of events made Romania to change its view and decide to switch sides in favor of the Entente, demanding the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary of until the Tisza River. The demands of the Romanian Government were accepted and following the First Treaty of Bucharest. Romania declare war to the Central Powers on 27 August and launches attacks against Kingdom of Hungary through the Southern Carpathians and into Transylvania. Poorly trained and equipped, the Romanian Army cannot face the power of the Austro-Hungarian, German, Bulgarian and Ottoman armies and Bucharest was occupied on 6 December 1916 by the Central Powers. Iași becomes temporarily the capital city of Romania. | |
| rowspan="2" | 1917 | August 6 | The Battle of Mărășești, the retreat of the Russian Army from Romania left the Romanians no choice but to ask for peace. (to September 8) |
| |On 9 December 1917, the Armistice of Focsani was an agreement that ended the hostilities between Romania and the Central Powers. | ||
| rowspan="2" |1918
| | The Second Treaty of Bucharest is signed on 7 May. | |
| |The Hungarian army was disarmed on 2 November, and Austria-Hungary signed the armistice on 3 November 1918. One day before the German armistice, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November with similar objectives to those of 1916. On 12 November, the Romanian army crossed the Hungarian border and entered in Transylvania. On 28 November the Romanian representatives of Bucovina voted for union with the Kingdom of Romania, followed by the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania on 1 December, by the representatives of Transylvanian Romanians and of the Transylvanian Saxons gathered at Alba Iulia. The declaration included 26 counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, the territory until the Tisza River, Banat, and Máramaros county. Both proclamations were not, however, yet recognized by the Entente powers. | ||
| 1919 | On 1 May, the entire east bank of the Tisza River was under the control of the Romanian Army. On 17 July, Béla Kun, the leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, decides to counterattack the Romanian Army at the Tisza river to regain the occupied territories of the Kingdom of Hungary without any success. The collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic by the Romanian offensive led to the occupation of Budapest, the Hungarian capital in August. Afterwards, by the Treaty of Versailles and later by the Treaty of Trianon and the Kingdom of Romania expands its borders, referred as Greater Romania during the interwar period. | |
| 1920 | January 20 | Romania becomes a founding member of League of Nations. The CFRNA (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) is established, becoming the first airline in Romania. |
| 1921 | April 23 | Romania and Czechoslovakia sign a peace treaty in Bucharest. It will be followed by a similar treaty between Romania and Yugoslavia signed it Belgrade one month later. A new land reform takes place, suggested by King Ferdinand I, who wanted to repay the soldiers and their families for sacrifices made during the war{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}. |
| 1922 | King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria are crowned in Alba Iulia as King and Queen of all Romanians. | |
| 1925 | The Romanian Orthodox Church is officially recognized{{clarify|date=January 2018}}. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1927 | July 20 | King Ferdinand I dies and Mihai I, his grandson, becomes the third King of Romania after his father Carol renounced to his rights to the throne in two years earlier. |
| July 24 | On July 24, the Iron Guard is formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. The Iron Guard will play a major role in the Romanian political and social system over the next decade and a half. | |
| 1929 | The worldwide Great Depression affects Romania as well. | |
| 1930 | June | Carol II returns to Romania on June 7 and is proclaimed King one day later, thus becoming the fourth King of Romania and the first born in Romania. The Societatea Anonimă Română de Telefoane is established and Romania starts to use landline telephone on a wide scale. |
| 1933 | December | On December 10, Ion Duca, Prime Minister of Romania at the time, bans the Iron Guard. On December 29, Ion Duca is assassinated by members of the paramilitary organization. |
| 1937 | A new palace is built to replace the old residence of the heads of states of Romania, which has been in use for over a century. Today the National Museum of Art of Romania is located in the palace. | |
| 1938 | In a bid for political unity against the fascist movement known as the Iron Guard, which was gaining popularity, Carol II dismissed the government headed by Octavian Goga. The activity of the Romanian Parliament and of all political parties was suspended and the country is governed by royal decree. Miron Cristea, the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church become Prime Minister on February 11. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1939 | Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, in which the Soviet side claims Bessarabia. The territory, together with the northern part of Bukovina, is occupied by the Soviet Union one year later. | |
| September 21 | Armand Călinescu, Prime Minister of Romania, is assassinated by the Iron Guard. | |
| 1940 | On June 27, following an ultimatum issued by the Soviet Union, Romania loses Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. On August 30, under the Second Vienna Award, Romania loses the northern part of Transylvania to Hungary. Only one week later the Kadrilater/Southern Dobruja is lost to Bulgaria. On September 4, Horia Sima, leader of the Iron Guard, and Ion Antonescu, a Romanian Army General, Prime Minister of Romania at that date, form the "National Legionary State" in Romania, forcing the abdication of King Carol II. Michael I becomes king for the second time two days later. On October 8, Nazi troops begin crossing into Romania. On November 23, Romania joins the Axis Powers. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1941 | January 21 | A rebellion organized by the Iron Guard takes place in Bucharest. Later known as the Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom, it was a reaction to the decision made by Ion Antonescu to cut off the privileges of the Iron Guard.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} During the rebellion, 125 Jews and 30 army soldiers were killed. After order is restored, the Iron Guard is banned. (to January 23) |
| June 22 | Romania joins Operation Barbarossa, attacking the Soviet Union hoping to recover the lost territories of Bessarabia and Bukovina. Later, Romania annexes Soviet lands immediately east of the Dnister. | |
| 1942–1943 | Romania becomes a target of Allied aerial bombardment. The old refineries in Ploiești are bombed on August 1, 1943, during Operation Tidal Wave. | |
| 1944 | On August 23, King Michael I leads a successful coup with support from opposition politicians and the army. Ion Antonescu is arrested. On September 12, an Armistice Agreement is signed with the Allied powers. Romania join the Allied powers. In October Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed a percentages agreement with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after the war; the Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania. Battle of Romania begins. | |
| 1945 | On March 1, Petru Groza becomes the first Communist Prime Minister of Romania after Nicolae Rădescu was forced to submit his resignation by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky. Later on that year Romania takes part in the Battle on Budapest as well as the Battle on Prague. Despite joining only the Allies only in August 1944, Romania had an important contribution to shortening WWII by six months, according to Sir Winston Churchill{{verify source|date=January 2018}}. | |
| 1946 | The Romanian Communist Party wins the elections amid unrest and allegations of electoral fraud by opposition groups and the government of the United Kingdom. | |
| 1947 | Following the abdication of Mihai I, the People's Republic of Romania is declared on December 30 against the majority of people who supported the monarchy. The new leader of Romania becomes Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party; | |
| 1948 | A new constitution is ratified on April 13. Two months later, on June 11 all banks and major enterprises are nationalized. During the year, also in the years to come, many pre-war politicians, businessmen, priests and even ordinary people are thrown in prisons. On August 30, following the model of Soviet NKVD, the Romanian secret police is formed; | |
| 1949 | A forced collectivization, in which the agriculture is organized under the socialist model, comes into force. Romania join Comecon. The construction of Danube-Black Sea Canal starts. The canal was the most known labour camp in the history of Romania; | |
| 1951 | During the night of June 18 the third-largest mass deportation in modern Romanian history takes place. Some 45,000 people are taken from their homes and deported to the Bărăgan plain; | |
| 1952 | The Hungarian Autonomous Province, the one and only autonomous province in modern Romania, is created. It will be disestablished in 1968. The second Communist constitution is ratified; | |
| 1953 | The Danube-Black Sea Canal is halted and the labour camp disestablishedied Iuliu Maniu dies in Sighet prison; | |
| 1954 | SovRoms, joint ventures between Romania and Soviet Union are formed. They will prove their inefficiency for Romania from the first day of establishment and most of them will be dissolved in 1956; | |
| 1955 | Romania joins the Warsaw Pact. On February 14, a group of Romanian anti-Communists occupies the Romanian embassy in Bern demanding the release from prisons of many public personalities. With the help of the Swiss police, the order is re-established two days later. On December 14, Romania join the United Nations; | |
| 1956 | On October 28 a radio station calling itself "Romania of the future. The voice of resistance" begins broadcasting on different wavelengths. Many protests, especially amongst students, follows in November. On December 31, Televiziunea Română start to broadcast first programmes; | |
| 1957 | ARO is established in Câmpulung-Muscel and start to manufacture off-road vehicles. ARO IMS become the first car built in Romania after World War II. Over the next three decades ARO will be a landmark of Romania. | |
| 1958 | The Soviet Union Army leave Romania after fourteen years of occupation; | |
| 1959 | On July 28, the Ioanid Gang carries out the most famous bank robbery ever to occur in a Communist state; | |
| 1960 | Oliviu Beldeanu, the leader of the group that occupied the Romanian embassy in Bern five years earlier, is executed in Bucharest; | |
| 1965 | On March 19, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej dies and Nicolae Ceaușescu is elected General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and becomes the state leader. The official name of the country is changed into The Socialist Republic of Romania. The third Communist constitution is ratified; | |
| 1966 | Intreprinderea de Autoturisme Pitești is established. Two years later Romania start the mass production, the first mass production of a car – Dacia 1100. Nicolae Ceaușescu orders that the abortion decree signed in 1957 to be reversed and new policies to increase birth rate and fertility rate are introduced. The policy fails, as the population begins to swell, accompanied by rising poverty and increased homelessness children in the urban areas; | |
| 1968 | Romania refuse to participate in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Nicolae Ceaușescu openly condemns the action, thus he becomes a Western world favourite. Richard Nixon's visit to Romania was the first by an American president to a Communist country. The Patriotic Guards are formed as an additional defence force in case of an attack from the outside; | |
| 1972 | In order to develop a "multilaterally socialist society", Nicolae Ceaușescu starts urban planning, following the ideologies of North Korea. The face of the country is completely changed in the years to come; | |
| 1974 | Nicolae Ceaușescu becomes the first President of Romania. Romania become the first country in the Eastern Bloc ever to establish economic relations with the European Community. The Generalised System of Preferences is signed, followed by an Agreement on Industrial Products in 1980. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1976 | At the age of 14, Nadia Comăneci becomes one of the stars of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. During the team portion of the competition, her routine on the uneven bars is scored at a 10.0. It is the first time in modern Olympic gymnastics history that the score had ever been awarded. Over the next years, Nadia will become one of the best known Romanians in the world; | |
| The Danube-Black Sea Canal project restarts; | ||
| 1977 | On 4 March 21:20 local time, an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in Vrancea at a depth of 94 kilometres. The earthquake killed about 1,570 people and injured more than 11,000. Total damages are estimated at more than two billion dollars. On 1 July 35,000 out of 90,000 miners in Jiu Valley decide to stop working. Their protest is the biggest of this kind in Communist Romania before the 1989 revolution. The strike only ends when Nicolae Ceaușescu intervened in person. | |
| 1978 | Ion Mihai Pacepa, a senior officer in Securitate, defected to the United States becoming the highest ranking defector from the Eastern Bloc; | |
| 1980 | Construction of the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant begins. The fourth Communist constitution is ratified; | |
| 1981 | The 1981 Summer Universiade becomes the most important sport event ever to be hosted by Romania. Dumitru Prunariu becomes the first Romanian in space; | |
| 1983 | As part of the urban planning programme, significant portions of the historic centre of Bucharest are demolished in order to accommodate standardized apartment blocks and government buildings, including the grandiose Centrul Civic and the palatial House of the People, the second largest government building in the world; | |
| 1984 | Romania is, alongside People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia, one of the three Communist countries to take part to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, USA. The Danube-Black Sea Canal is finally completed after nearly four decades; | |
| 1986 | On 7 May, Steaua București win the European Cup and become the first football team from a Communist country to win the trophy; | |
| 1987 | In a climate of economic depression and food shortages a rebellion erupts on November 15 in the city of Brașov. Over 300 protesters are arrested for hooliganism. | |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1989 | On December 16, protests break out in Timișoara. Five days later Nicolae Ceaușescu organises a mass meeting in Bucharest. The jeers and whistles soon erupt into a riot, as the crowd takes to the streets, placing the capital in turmoil. Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife leave Bucharest putting an end to four decades of Communist rule in Romania. On December 25, after a short trial, Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife are executed. | |
| The National Salvation Front (FSN) take the power during the Romanian Revolution. The leader is elected Ion Iliescu. The new name of the republic becomes Romania; | ||
| 1990 | On 20 May, free elections are held in Romania for the first time after fifty years. FSN, which became a political party, win the elections. Iliescu is elected the second President of Romania. Before and after the elections, a protest initiated by the students and professors of University of Bucharest, which was also supported by many intellectuals, demanded that former members of the Romanian Communist Party, which included Iliescu, should be banned from elections. The protest was ended by the intervention of the miners from Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by Iliescu himself in what is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad; | |
| 1991 | A new constitution is ratified; | |
| 1992 | Elections are held and Iliescu wins a second mandate. Privatization of the industry starts; | |
| 1993 | Romania apply to become a member of the European Union. The first wireless telephony system becomes active; | |
| 1995 | The Stock Exchange reopens in Bucharest; | |
| 1996 | Emil Constantinescu becomes the third President of Romania; | |
| 1997 | Romania join the countries able to use GSM telephony; | |
| 2000 | Iliescu returns to power after winning the elections; |
{{anchor|3rd millennium}}
3rd millennium
Centuries: 21st
= 21st century =
See also
;Cities in Romania
Further reading
- {{cite book|editor= William Henry Overall |title= Dictionary of Chronology|year=1870|publisher=William Tegg |location=London |chapter= Danubian Principalities |hdl= 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=212|chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=212 |via=Hathi Trust }}
- {{cite book|editor= Henry Smith Williams |title=Historians' History of the World |volume=24 |year=1908|publisher= Hooper & Jackson |location=London |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101063964728?urlappend=%3Bseq=270 |chapter= Chronological Summary of the History of the Balkan States and Modern Greece: Rumania |pages=240–3 |hdl=2027/njp.32101063964728?urlappend=%3Bseq=270 }}
- {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Roumania |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=1196 |via=Hathi Trust |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |hdl = 2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=1196 }}
- {{cite book|publisher=Europa Publications|title= Political Chronology of Europe |year= 2003|isbn=978-1-135-35687-3 |chapter=Romania |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hVNvCz0c_gsC&pg=PA197 |pages=197–205 }}
- {{cite book
|author= David Turnock
|title=The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815–1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbiEAgAAQBAJ
|year=2006
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-134-67876-1
|chapter=Chronology: Romania
|page=440+
}}
References
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- {{cite book |last=Jesch |first=Judith |title=Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse |date=2001 |location=Woodbrige |publisher=The Boydell Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZK3v0hrk4C |isbn=0851158269}}
- {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Diane |chapter=Libanius' Monody for Daphne (Oration 60) and the Eleusinios Logos of Aelius Aristides|title=Perceptions of the Second Sophistic and its times|editor1-first=Thomas|editor1-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Pascale|editor2-last=Fleury|year=2011|pages=199–214}}
- {{cite book |last=Kovács |first=Péter|title=Marcus Aurelius' rain miracle and the Marcomannic wars |year=2009|publisher=Brill}}
- {{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |author-link=Gyula Kristó |title=A vármegyék kialakulása Magyarországon ("The formation of counties in Hungary") |publisher=Magvető Könyvkiadó |year=1988 |location=Budapest |isbn=978-963-14-1189-8}}
- {{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=963-9465-12-7}}
- {{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first= Alexandru |year=2005b |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn= 973-7784-01-4}}
- {{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2016 |title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-004-32501-2 }}
- {{cite book |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |title=The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zF5pAAAAMAAJ |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-64465-4}}
- {{cite book |last=Sălăgean |first=Tudor |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan |title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=133–207 |chapter=Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
- {{cite journal |last=Scheidel |first=Walterl|journal=Historia|title=Probleme der Datierung des Costoboceneinfalls im Balkanraum unter Marcus Aurelius|volume=39|year=1990|pages=493–498}}
External links
- {{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776265 |title= Romania Profile: Timeline |newspaper=BBC News|date= November 5, 2019 }}
{{Years in Romania}}
{{Romania topics}}