trioecy

Trioecy is also called tridioecy {{IPAc-en|,|t|r|aI|d|aI|'|i:|s|i}} and subdioecy {{IPAc-en|,|s|V|b|d|aI|'|i:|s|i}}.

The term trioecy comes from the Neo-Latin word Trioecia, a former order of trioecious plants.{{Cite web |title=Definition of TRIOECIOUS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trioecious |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}

Trioecy may be an unstable transient state associated with evolutionary transitioning from gynodioecy to dioecy.{{cite book|last=Kliman|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r4OCAAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-800426-5|volume=2|location=|pages=476|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofevolutionarybiology|archive-date=July 1, 2016|url-status=}}{{cite journal|last1=Kanzaki|first1=Natsumi|last2=Kiontke|first2=Karin|last3=Tanaka|first3=Ryusei|last4=Hirooka|first4=Yuuri|last5=Schwarz|first5=Anna|last6=Müller-Reichert|first6=Thomas|last7=Chaudhuri|first7=Jyotiska|last8=Pires-daSilva|first8=Andre|date=2017-09-11|title=Description of two three-gendered nematode species in the new genus Auanema (Rhabditina) that are models for reproductive mode evolution|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|page=11135|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-09871-1|pmid=28894108|pmc=5593846|bibcode=2017NatSR...711135K}} In brachiopod species, trioecy usually breaks into androdioecy or gynodioecy.{{Cite book|last=Subramoniam|first=Thanumalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztUCDAAAQBAJ&q=trioecy+evolutionary+unstable&pg=PA427|title=Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans|date=2016-09-27|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-809606-2|pages=15|language=en}} Other studies show that trioecious populations originated from gonochoristic ancestors which were invaded by a mutant selfing hermaphrodite, creating a trioecious population. It has been suggested that chromosomal duplication plays an important part in the evolution of trioecy.{{Cite book|last1=Fleming|first1=Theodore H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ9vuw-OW3cC&q=trioecy&pg=PA214|title=Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation|last2=Valiente-Banuet|first2=Alfonso|date=2002|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2204-0|pages=215|language=en}}

But one study found that trioecy can be stable under nucleocytoplasmic sex determination.{{Cite journal|last1=Albert|first1=Béatrice|last2=Morand-Prieur|first2=Marie-Élise|last3=Brachet|first3=Stéphanie|last4=Gouyon|first4=Pierre-Henri|last5=Frascaria-Lacoste|first5=Nathalie|last6=Raquin|first6=Christian|date=2013-10-01|title=Sex expression and reproductive biology in a tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069113001923|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|language=en|volume=336|issue=10|pages=479–485|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.004|issn=1631-0691|pmid=24246889|url-access=subscription}} Another theoretical analysis indicates that trioecy could be evolutionary stable in plant species if a large amount of pollinators vary geographically.{{Cite book|last1=Fleming|first1=Theodore H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ9vuw-OW3cC&q=trioecy&pg=PA214|title=Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation|last2=Valiente-Banuet|first2=Alfonso|date=2002|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2204-0|pages=214|language=en}}

Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants,{{cite journal|vauthors=Oyarzún P, Nuñez J, Toro JE, Gardner J|date=2020|title=Trioecy in the Marine Mussel Semimytilus algosus (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Stable Sex Ratios Across 22 Degrees of a Latitudinal Gradient|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=7|issue=348|pages=1–10|doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.00348|doi-access=free}} estimated to occur in about 3.6% of flowering plant species, although most reports of trioecy could be misinterpretations of gynodioecy.{{Cite book|last1=Geber|first1=Monica A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrToCAAAQBAJ&q=trioecy&pg=PA74|title=Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants|last2=Dawson|first2=Todd E.|last3=Delph|first3=Lynda F.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-03908-3|pages=74|language=en|author-link3=Lynda Delph}} It is rare as well as poorly understood in animals.

The following species have been observed to exhibit a trioecious breeding system.

• Buddleja sessiliflora
• Buddleja americana
• Coccoloba cereifera{{Cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=C. A.|last2=Oliva|first2=M.|last3=Vieira|first3=M. F.|last4=Fernandes|first4=G. W.|date=October 27, 2008|title=Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species|journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=1003–1010|doi=10.1590/S1516-89132008000500017|s2cid=85673074|doi-access=free}}
• Garcinia indica{{cite journal | vauthors=Joseph KS, Murthy HN |title=Sexual system of Garcinia indica Choisy: geographic variation in trioecy and sexual dimorphism in floral traits |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=301 |pages=1065–1071 |date=2015 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1120-y |s2cid=15926083 }}
• Fragaria virginiana{{cite book |last1=Husaini |first1=Amjad M. |last2=Neri |first2=Davide |title=Strawberry: growth, development and diseases |date=2016 |publisher=CAB International |location=Boston, MA}}
• Fraxinus excelsior
• Fuchsia procumbensGodley, E. J. (1955). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f7076caa4b2fad15fcb36d8510e9ebfefef65e6f "Breeding Systems in New Zealand Plants: I. Fuchsia."] Annals of botany, 19(4), 549-559.
• Mercurialis annua{{Cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Laura E.|last2=Pannell|first2=John R.|last3=Dorken|first3=Marcel E.|date=2012-04-19|title=Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Experimental Evaluation of the Evolutionary Maintenance of Trioecy in Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae)|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e35597|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0035597|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3330815|pmid=22532862|bibcode=2012PLoSO...735597P|doi-access=free}}
• Opuntia robusta{{Cite book|last=Avise|first=John C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC|title=Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality|date=2011-03-18|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52715-6|pages=55|language=en|author-link=John Avise}}
• Pachycereus pringlei{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=Theodore H.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27858091|title=Pollination of Cacti in the Sonoran Desert: When closely related species vie for scarce resources, necessity is the mother of some pretty unusual evolutionary inventions|date=September 2000|journal=American Scientist|language=en|volume=88|issue=5|pages=432–439|doi=10.1511/2000.5.432|jstor=27858091|s2cid=122244912 |url-access=subscription}}
• Pleodorina starrii{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Scott |date=1 November 2021 |title=Digest: Three sexes from two loci in one genome: A haploid alga expands the diversity of trioecious species |url=https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/75/11/3002/6705348 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=academic.oup.com}}

• Aiptasia diaphana{{Cite journal|last1=Armoza-Zvuloni|first1=Rachel|last2=Kramarsky-Winter|first2=Esti|last3=Loya|first3=Yossi|last4=Schlesinger|first4=Ami|last5=Rosenfeld|first5=Hanna|date=2014-06-01|title=Trioecy, a Unique Breeding Strategy in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia diaphana and Its Association with Sex Steroids|journal=Biology of Reproduction|language=en|volume=90|issue=6|page=122|doi=10.1095/biolreprod.113.114116|pmid=24790160|issn=0006-3363|doi-access=free}}
• Auanema rhodensis
• Auanema freiburgensis
• Hydra viridissima{{Cite journal|last=Leonard|first=Janet L.|date=2013-10-01|title=Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=671–688|doi=10.1093/icb/ict088|pmid=23970358|issn=1540-7063|doi-access=free}}
• Thor manningi
• Semimytilus algosus Pacific mussel

• Dioecy
• Gynodioecy
• Androdioecy
• Hermaphrodite
• Monoicy

{{Reflist}}

Category:Reproductive system

Category:Fertility

Category:Sex

Category:Sexual system