umma

The site was occupied at least as far back as the Uruk period. A number of proto-cuneiform came from there. While most early textual sources are from Early Dynastic III, a few tablets and a plaque from ED I/II came from there.[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?provenience=jokha&limit=1000&f%5Bperiod%5D%5B%5D=Uruk+III+%28ca.+3200-3000+BC%29 Uruk period proto-cuneiform tablets from Umma]

File:Imprisoned man of Umma on the Stele of the Vultures.jpg]]

Because the two sites were not excavated until modern times, based on the many looted texts available to them, earlier archaeologists grouped together the ancient cities during the Early Dynastic period of Gišša and Umma into the single geographic name of Umma. Modern excavation at these sites has clarified that. Gišša ceased occupation after the ED and only one ruler is known, based on a lapis lazuli bead reading "To the goddess Inanna, Aka, king of Gišša (dedicated this bead)".Frayne, Douglas, "G͂iša and Umma", Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), University of Toronto Press, pp. 357-368, 2008 {{ ISBN|978-0802035868}}

Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash, as reported {{Circa|2400 BC}} by Entemena,[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/SAOC/saoc71.pdf] Carrie Hritz, "The Umma-Lagash Border Conflict: A View from Above", The Umma-Lagash Border Conflict: A View from Above, From Sherds to Landscapes: Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honor of McGuire Gibson, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 71, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 109-130, 2021 {{ISBN|978-1-61491-063-3}}{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Jerrold S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10304478|title=Reconstructing history from ancient inscriptions : the Lagash-Umma border conflict|date=1983|publisher=Undena Publications|isbn=0-89003-059-6|location=Malibu|oclc=10304478}} the city reached its zenith {{Circa|2350 BC}}, under the rule of Lugal-Zage-Si who also controlled Ur and Uruk.

File:Gutian inscription-AO 4783-gradient.jpg

Under the Akkadian Empire Umma was a major power and economic center rivaled only by Adab and Uruk. Eleven governors under Akkad are known as well as two who may have been under Gutium. One, Lu-Utu, reports building a temple for Ninhursag and another for Ereshkigal. Namahni, a governor from the time of Iarlagan of Gutium, records building the E-ula temple of Ninura.Foster., Benjamin R., "Archives and Record-keeping in Sargonic Mesopotamia", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 1-27, 1982 The Sargonic period ruler of Umma Lugalanatum built the temple E-gidru there.

{{blockquote|"Lugalannatum prince of Umma... built the E.GIDRU [Sceptre] Temple at Umma, buried his foundation deposit [and] regulated the orders. At that time, Si'um was king of Gutium."[https://archive.org/details/sargonic-and-gutian-periods-2334-2113-bc] Douglas R. Frayne, "Umma", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 261-268, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8020-0593-4}}

}}

File:Clay tablet. Delivery certificate. Reign of Shu-Sin of Ur, 21st century BCE. From Umma, Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.jpg

Under the Ur III dynasty, Umma became an important provincial center. Several governors of Umma under Ur are known, Aa-kala, Dadaga, and Ur-Lisi, all sons of one Ur-Nigar, and Ninbilia, wife of Aa-kala.Frayne, Douglas, "Table III: List of Ur III Period Governors", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. xli-xliv, 1997T. Maeda, "Father of Akala and Dadaga, governors of Umma", ASJ 12, pp. 71 - 78, 1990P. A. Parr, "Ninhilia: Wife of Ayakala, Governor of Umma", JCS 26, pp. 90 – 111, 1974 Most of the over 30,000 tablets recovered from the site are administrative and economic texts from that time.[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/mad4.pdf] I. J. Gelb, "Sargonic Texts in the Louvre Museum", Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary 4, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970 {{ISBN|978-0-22-662308-5}} They permit an excellent insight into affairs in Umma.{{Cite journal|last=Parr|first=P. A.|date=1972-06-01|title=A Letter of Ur-Lisi, Governor of Umma|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1359635|journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies|volume=24|issue=4|pages=135–136|doi=10.2307/1359635|jstor=1359635|s2cid=163250537|issn=0022-0256|url-access=subscription}} A year name of Ur III ruler Shu-Sin was "Year Shu-Sin the king of Ur built the temple of Shara in Umma". The next ruler Ibbi-Sin also had a year name of "Year Ibbi-Sin the king of Ur built the temple of Shara in Umma". The Umma calendar of Shulgi ({{Circa|21st century BC}}) is the immediate predecessor of the later Babylonian calendar, and indirectly of the post-exilic Hebrew calendar.

In the following Isin-Larsa period, a ruler of Larsa, Sumuel ({{Circa}} 1894-1866 BC), lists as one of his later year names "Year Umma was destroyed".

File:Aerial view of Umma, following pillage after the US invasion 1.jpg

The site of Tell Jokha was visited by William Loftus in 1854 and John Punnett Peters of the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. Peters found it to be half covered with sand dunes and found fragments of worked stone and copper fragments.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4ZiBAAAAIAAJ |first=William K. |last=Loftus |title=Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52 |publisher=Robert Carter & Brothers |year=1857 }}{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/nippurorexplorat02pete/nippurorexplorat02pete.pdf |first=John P. |last=Peters |title=Nippur; Or, Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates: The Narrative of the University of Pennsylvania Expedition to Babylonia in the Years 1888–1890 |series=University of Pennsylvania Babylonian Expedition |publisher=Putnam |year=1897 }} In the early 1900s, many illegally excavated Umma tablets from the Third Dynasty of Ur began to appear on the antiquities market.Georges Contenau, Contribution a l'Histoire Economique d'Umma, Librairie Champion, 1915 From 1999 to 2002 Jokha was worked by an Iraqi team led by Nawala Ahmed Al-Mutawalli, recovering a number of tablets and bullae from the Early Dynastic, Sargonic, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods as well as an Ur III period temple and Old Babylonian residences. The cuneiform tablets are in the process of being published.Al-Mutawalli, N., "Excavation of Umma (modern Jokha), seasons 1 & 2.", Sumer 54, pp. 53-82, 2009Al-Harbi, H. Sh, N. A. Al-Mutawali, and K. M. Khaleel, "Jokha (Umma): The Excavation Results of the Third and Fourth Seasons (2001–2002)", Sumer 56, pp. 49-92, 2011Almamori, H. O., "Gišša (Umm Al-Aqarib), Umma (Jokha), and Lagaš in the Early Dynastic III Period", Al-Rafidan 35, pp. 1–37, 2014Al-Mutawalli, N.. "Administrative Cuneiform Texts from Umma in the Iraq Museum Excavation of Shara Temple (1999–2000)", Sumer 55, pp. 45–86, 2010{{Cite book|last1=Mutawalli|first1=Nawala Ahmed al-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1101969238|title=Bullae from the Shara Temple = Wuṣūlāt at-tasallum (bulla) min maʻbad aš-Šārā|last2=Ismaʻel|first2=Khalid Salim|last3=Sallaberger|first3=Walther|last4=Harbi|first4=Hamza Shahad al-|last5=Otto|first5=Adelheid|date=2019|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-11159-1|oclc=1101969238}} In 2016, a team from the Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute led by Drahoslav Hulínek began excavations at Tell Jokha focusing on the Temple of Shara. A trench (Trench 1) excavated in 2016 showed the temple had two construction phases (Level 3 and 4). Level 4 is thought to date from the Old Akkadian period. In 2017 a square at the top (Trench 2) of the tell was opened, amidst numerous looter holes, and at Level 5 found Early Dynastic construction. In 2019 and 2020 eighteen cuneiform tablets from the Old Babylonian, Ur III, Old Akkadian and Early Dynastic periods were found in Trench 2, three in situ. A topographic survey showed that in the Early Dynastic period Umma reached an area of 400 hectares, with a 40 hectare city center.Drahoslav Hulínek and Tibor Lieskovský, "Report Archaeological project SAHI - Tell Jokha, 2016", Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute, 2016Hulínek, Drahoslav, et al., eds., "Preliminary Report Archaeological Project SAHI-Tell Jokha, 2019: Season 3", Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute-SAHI, 2020

File:Map Umma Louvre AO5677.jpg

The site of Umm al-Aqarib (located at 45.80°E longitude and 31.60°N latitude) lies about 6 kilometers southeast of Tell Jokha, covers about 5 square kilometers and is made up of 21 mounds the largest of which is 20 meters above the level of the plain. It is thought to be the ancient city of Gišša and was abandoned after the Early Dynastic period. The location was first visited by John Punnett Peters in the late 1800s, finding it relatively free from sand and featuring two prominent elevations of baked bricks set with bitumen. It was excavated for a total of 7 seasons in 1999–2002 (led by Donny George Youkhanna and Haider A. Urebi) and 2008–2010 (led by Taha Kerim Abod) under difficult conditions.Almamori, H. A., "The Excavation Results of the Third and Fourth Seasons at Umm al-Aqarib (2001–2002)", Sumer 52, pp. 242–93, 2003-2004 (Arabic)Ławecka, Dorota, "Bent or Straight Axis? Temple Plans in Early Dynastic Southern Babylonia", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 206-228, 2014 At Umm al-Aqarib, archaeologists uncovered levels from the Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900–2300 BC), including residences, palaces, and several monumental buildings, including two Early Dynastic temples (the White Temple and Temple H). About 70 "cuneiform sources" were also excavated.{{Cite journal|last=Almamori|first=Haider Oraibi|title=The Early Dynastic Monumental Buildings at Umm Al-Aqarib|date=2014|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307193|journal=Iraq|volume=76|pages=149–187|doi=10.1017/irq.2014.10|jstor=43307193|s2cid=232251022 |issn=0021-0889|url-access=subscription}}Abid, Ameer Najim, "The architecture of white temples in the cities of ancient central and southern Mesopotamia (Uruk-Umm Al-Aqarib-Tal Al-Uqair) A comparative study", ISIN Journal 5, pp. 53-79, 2023Youkhanna, Donny George, H. O. Al-Mamori, and L. Werr, "Temple ‘H’ at Umm al Aqarib", Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria presented to David Oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday. London: Nabu, pp. 379-385, 2002Oraibi, Almamori Haider Abdollwahed, "Umm al-Aqarib: an architectural and textual study of a Sumerian City", Dissertation, 2013 The tutelary god is thought to be Ama-usum-ga/Usumgal-ana.Frayne, Douglas R., "The Struggle for Hegemony in ‘Early Dynastic II’Sumer", The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal 4, pp. 37-75, 2009 Uruk period clay cone mosaics have also been found at the site.[https://commons.library.stonybrook.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=amar]Adams, Robert McCormick, "The Uruk countryside: The natural setting of urban societies", 2024

File:Stone tablet re Il, king of Umma, c. 2400 BC - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07155.JPG

The site of Tell Shmet (also Tell Schmidt and Tell Shmid) also lies nearby, around 10 kilometers to the northwest of Umma and within visual distance of Zabala. It is on the banks of the eastern branch of the Euphrates river just above the canal leading to Zabala. It was part of the Umma province in the Ur III period. The site measures 990 by 720 meters (712,800 square meters). The main Sargonic and Ur III remains of the site were destroyed by a Ministry of Agriculture program to plant trees so as to prevent sand dunes. In response to looting which began in 1994 the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted salvage excavations in 2001 and 2002 under Mohammad Sabri Abdulraheem.Abdulraheem, M. S., "The final report of the excavations in Shmet – 1st season 2001", SBAH, Ministry of Culture, Rep. of Iraq (in Arabic), 2001Abdulraheem, M. S., "Prospecting at the site of Shmeet 2001–2002", Sumer 52, pp. 201–241 (in Arabic) 2003Abdulraheem, M. S., "The site of Shmet in the light of archaeological excavations", Unpublished Ph. D. thesis submitted to the Dept. of Archhaeology, College of Arts, University of Baghdad (in Arabic), 2014Abdulraheem, M. S. and B. K. Abboodi, "The final report of the excavations in Shmet – 2nd season 2002", SBAH, Ministry of Culture, Rep. of Iraq (in Arabic), 2002 All of the paper records of the excavation were lost in looting of residential areas after the 2003 war. Plano-convex bricks and a residential area of the Early Dynastic III and Akkadian periods were uncovered. Finds included 67 clay cuneiform tablets, dozens of cylinder seals, and a number of stone and metal objects. The tablets mostly date ED III with the latest being Ur III. The tablets support the proposal that the ancient name of the site was Ki.an^ki. They mention the names of the gods Ninazu and Dumuzi-Maru. Only six of the tablets have been published.Salman Fahad, Sa’ad and Abdul-Qadir Abbas, Raghad., "Cuneiform Tablets from Shmet from the Excavation Season of 2001", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2020 Uruk period clay cone mosaics have also been found at the site.

Previous textual analysis had indicated that KI.AN was very near to Zabala.[https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/245570/1/2021-Two_cuneiform_tablets_Four_Seasons_Museum_Arak.pdf]Molina Martos, Manuel, Amir Zamani, and Sina Abaslou. "Two cuneiform tablets in the Four Seasons Museum of Arak, Iran", in Sentido de un empeño. Homenatge a Gregorio del Olmo Lete, pp, 369-373, 2021 During the reign of Rimush, second ruler of the Akkadian Empire, KI.AN, under its governor Lugal-KA, joined a regional revolt and was defeated.[https://archive.org/details/sargonic-and-gutian-periods-2334-2113-bc] Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8020-0593-4}} In the Ur III period KI.AN had an ensi (governor). In that period it is known to have had a temple to the deified ruler Shulgi (called "e-^dSulgi-ra") as well as temples to the gods Šara, Ninurra, Amarsuena, Geštinanna, Dumuzi, Gula, Ninlagaša, and Nine'e.[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/uruk_countryside.pdf] R. McC. Adams and H. Nissen, "The Uruk Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972 {{ISBN|0-226-00500-3}}Steinkeller, Piotr, "Babylonian priesthood during the third millennium BCE: between sacred and profane", Journal of ancient near eastern religions 19.1-2, pp. 112-151, 2019[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/40/0/40_3/_pdf] Maeda, Tohru, "Royal Inscriptions of Lugalzagesi and Sargon", Orient 40, pp. 3-30, 2005

During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, after Coalition bombing began, looters descended upon the site which is now pockmarked with hundreds of ditches and pits. The prospects for future official excavation and research were seriously compromised in the process.{{Cite web|date=2007-06-07|title=Simon Jenkins: In Iraq's four-year looting frenzy, allies the vandals|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/08/comment.iraq|access-date=2021-07-23|website=the Guardian|language=en}} In 2011, Global Heritage Network, which monitors threats to cultural heritage sites in developing nations, released aerial images comparing Umma in 2003 and 2010, showing a landscape devastated by looters' trenches during that time—approximately 1.12 square km in total.{{Cite web|title=Satellite Imagery Briefing: Monitoring Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/images/uploads/docs/GHNBriefingDocument.pdf|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Global Heritage Fund}} Confiscated Umma area cuneiform tablets continue to make their way to the Museum of Iraq, including a group of 1500 in 2009.Saadoon, Abather Rahi, "Sumerian Texts from the Archive of the Princess Šāt-Eštar in the Collections of the Iraq Museum", Iraq 80, pp. 213-231, 2018

Although the first dynasty of Umma has become well-known based on mentions in inscriptions contemporaneous with other dynasties from the Early Dynastic (ED) III period; it was not inscribed onto the Sumerian King List (SKL). The first dynasty of Umma preceded the dynasty of Akkad in a time in which Umma exercised considerable influence in the region. Only a single ruler (Lugal-zage-si) from Umma was named on the SKL; however, his name appears as the sole ruler for the third dynasty of Uruk. The following list should not be considered complete:

File:Stele of Ushumgal MET DT849.jpg|Stele of Ushumgal, 2900-2700 BC. Probably from Umma.{{cite web|title=Stele of Ushumgal|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329079|website=www.metmuseum.org}}

File:This cuneiform text gives the city of Umma's account of its long-running border dispute with Lagash. Circa 2350 BCE. From Umma, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg|Vase of King Gishakidu, king of Umma, and son of Ur-Lumma. This cuneiform text gives the city of Umma's account of its long-running border dispute with Lagash. {{Circa|2350 BC}}. From Umma, Iraq. The British Museum, London.

File:Votive plaque of a beard-IMG 6857.JPG|Votive plaque offered by Bara-irnun, queen of Umma, to God Šara in gratitude for sparing her life. Date {{Circa|2370 BC}}.{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=11850 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}

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| header = An official of Umma, {{Circa|2400 BC}}

| image1 = Diorite statue of Lupad, official in town of Umma, Early Dynastic Period III, c. 2400 BC.jpg

| image2 = Upad of Umma.jpg

| footer = Diorite statue of Lupad, an official of the city of Umma, with inscriptions recording the purchase of land in Lagash. Early Dynastic Period III, {{Circa|2400 BC}}.I. J. Gelb, P. Steinkeller, and R. M. Whiting Jr, "OIP 104. Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus", Oriental Institute Publications 104 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1989, 1991 ISBN 978-0-91-898656-6 [https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip104_text.pdf Text] [https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip104_part_2.pdf Plates]

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{{Commons category|Umma}}

• Cities of the Ancient Near East
• List of Mesopotamian dynasties

{{Reflist}}

• Adams, R., "Shepherds at Umma in the Third Dynasty of Ur: Interlocutors with a World beyond the Scribal Field of Ordered Vision", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49(2), pp. 133-169, 2006
• B. Alster, "Geštinanna as Singer and the Chorus of Uruk and Zabalam", UET 6/1 22, JCS, vol. 37, pp. 219–28, 1985
• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026822902] Bedale, Charles Lees, "Sumerian Tablets from Umma in the John Rylands Library, Manchester", The University Press, 1915
• B. R. Foster, "Umma in the Sargonic Period", Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 20, Hamden, 1982
• Georges Contenau, "Umma sous la Dynastie d'Ur", Librarie Paul Geuthner, 1916
• Jacob L. Dahl, "The Ruling Family of Ur III Umma: A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago", Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten/Netherlands Institute for the Near East (NINO), 2007, {{ISBN|90-6258-319-9}}
• [https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc62.pdf] Romina Laurito, Alessandra Mezzasalma, Lorenzo Verderame, "Texts and Labels: A Case Study from Neo-Sumerian Umma", Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Held at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, July 18–22, 2005 Robert D. Biggs, Jennie Myers, and Martha T. Roth, eds., Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 62, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-885923-54-7}}
• Lambert, Maurice, "L’occupation Du Girsu Par Urlumma Roi d’Umma", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 81–84, 1965
• T. Maeda, "Ruler’s Family of Umma and Control over the Circulation of Silver", ASJ 18, pp. 254–260, 1996
• Molina, Manuel, "Court Officials at Umma in Ur III Times", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 125–148, 2013
• P. Notizia, "More on the Pre-Sargonic Tablets from the Umma Region in the Rosen Collection. Collations and Remarks", Orientalia NS 88, pp. 94–117, 2019
• [https://cdnx.uobabylon.edu.iq/research/VD8pcLP8Q0ikcjqwcW03w.pdf] Notizia, Palmiro, and Haider Oraibi Almamori, "The city-state of Umma in the Pre-Sargonic period. New tablets from the Iraq Museum", Akkadica 142, pp. 1–30, 2021
• Notizia, P. and Visicato, G., "Early Dynastic and Early Sargonic Administrative Texts Mainly from the Umma Region in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections", CUSAS 33. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2016
• F. Pomponio, "Lukalla of Umma", ZA 82, pp. 169–179, 1992
• Rost, Stephanie, and Angelo Di Michele, "Systematic Versus Random Sampling in Approaches to Landscape Archaeology: The Umma Survey Project in Southern Mesopotamia", Journal of Field Archaeology 47.5, pp. 285–304, 2022
• [https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/OIS/ois13.pdf] Stephanie Rost, "Written Sources in the Empirical Investigation of Ancient Irrigation: The Operation of the I-sala Irrigation System in the Umma Province in Late Third-Millennium BCE Southern Mesopotamia", in Irrigation in Early States: New Directions, Oriental Institute Seminars 13, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 137–174, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-61491-071-8}}
• Shin T. Kang, "Sumerian economic texts from the Umma archive", University of Illinois Press, 1973 {{ISBN|0-252-00425-6}}
• Tonia M. Sharlach, "Provincial taxation and the Ur III State", Brill, 2003 {{ISBN|90-04-13581-2}}
• Steinkeller, Piotr, "An Estimate of the Population of the City of Umma in Ur III Times", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 535–566, 2017
• van Driel, G., "The Size of Institutional Umma", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 46/47, pp. 80–91, 1999

• [https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?provenience=Gi%C5%A1%C5%A1a+%28mod.+Umm+al-Aqarib%29 Artifacts found at Umm al-Aqarib - CDLI]
• [https://iaassyriology.com/in-the-field-the-project-sahi-tell-jokha/ “In the field”: The Project SAHI-Tell Jokha]
• [https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=the_ur_iii_province_of_umma The Province of Umma - CDLI]

{{Rulers of Sumer}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Archaeological sites in Iraq

Category:Populated places in Dhi Qar Province

Category:Former populated places in Iraq

Category:Sumerian cities

Category:Former kingdoms