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voiced retroflex lateral approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɭ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɭ

|ipa number=156

|decimal=621

|x-sampa=l`

|braille=256

|braille2=l

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x026D.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɭ }}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`.

The retroflex lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/ɭ̊ /}} in Iaai and Toda.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=198}} In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|l̥}}, {{IPAplink|l}}/}}, which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=198}}

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex lateral approximant:

{{approximant}}

{{retroflex}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{IPA|[ɭ̺]}} and laminal {{IPA|[ɭ̻]}}.

class="wikitable"

!colspan=2| Language

! Word

! IPA

! Meaning

! Notes

colspan=2| Bashkir

| {{lang|ba|ел}}

|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ел.ogg|[jɪ̞ɭ]}}

| 'wind'

| Apical retroflex lateral; occurs in front vowel contexts.

colspan="2" |Dhivehi

|ފަޅޯ / falhoa

|align=center| [{{IPA|faɭoː}}]

|'papaya'

Represented by the Thaana letter ޅ (lhaviyani).
colspan=2| Enindhilyagwa

| {{lang|aoi-Latn|marluwiya}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[maɭuwija]}}

| 'emu'

|

colspan=2| Faroese

| {{lang|aoi-Latn|árla}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[ɔɻɭa]}}

| 'early'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} after {{IPA|/ɹ/}}. See Faroese phonology

French

|Standard{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}}

| {{lang|fr|belle jambe}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[bɛɭ ʒɑ̃b]}}

| 'beautiful leg'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}} See French phonology

colspan="2" | Gujarati

| {{lang|gu|નળ}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[nəɭə]}}

| 'tap'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|gu|ળ}}}}. Pronounced as {{IPA|/ɭə/}}.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=97}}

colspan=2| Kannada

| {{lang|kn|ಎಳ್ಳು}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈeɭːu]}}

| 'sesame'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|kn|ಳ}}}}

colspan="2" |Katukina-Kanamari{{Sfnp|Anjos|2012|p=128}}

|

|align=center|{{IPA|[ɭuːˈbɯ]}}

| 'to go'

|

rowspan=2 | Khanty

| Eastern dialects

| rowspan=2 | {{lang|kca|пуӆ}}

| rowspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[puɭ]}}

| rowspan=2 | 'bit'

| rowspan=2 |

Some northern dialects
colspan="2" |Korean

| {{lang|ko|솔}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|sol}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[soɭ]}}

|'pine'

|Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|ko|ㄹ}}}}. May also be pronounced as {{IPA|/l/}}.

rowspan=2| Malayalam

| Malayalam script

| {{lang|ml|മലയാളം}}

|align=center rowspan=2| {{Audio-IPA|Malayalam.ogg|[mɐlɐjäːɭɐm]}}

|rowspan=2| 'Malayalam'

| Represented by the letter {{angbr|{{lang|ml|ള}}}}. Sub apical retroflex. Long and short forms are contrastive word-medially{{sfnp|Jiang|2010|pp=16–17}}{{cite web| url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530070321/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf | archive-date=2018-05-30 | title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text | access-date=2023-12-10}}

Arabi Malayalam (Mapilla)

| {{lang|ml-Arab|مَلَیٰاۻَمْ‎}}

colspan=2| Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}

| {{lang|arn|mara}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈmɜɭɜ]}}

| 'hare'

| Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʐ/}}; may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ɻ}} instead.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}

colspan="2" |Marathi

|{{lang|mr|बाळ}}

|align=center| {{Ipa|[baːɭ]}}

|'baby/child'

|Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|mr|ळ}}}}. Pronounced as {{IPA|/ɭə/}}. See Marathi phonology.

Miyako

|Irabu dialect

|{{lang|mvi|昼間
ピィルマ}}

|align=center| {{Ipa|[pɭːma]}}

|'daytime'

|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} used everywhere except syllable-initially.

Norwegian

|Eastern and central dialects

| {{lang|no|farlig}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈfɑːɭi]}}

| 'dangerous'

| See Norwegian phonology

colspan="2" | Odia

| {{lang|or|ଫଳ}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[pʰɔɭɔ]}}

| 'fruit'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|or|ଳ}}}}. Pronounced as {{IPA|/ɭɔ/}}.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=97}}

colspan="2" | Parkari Koli{{lang|kvx-Arab|rtl=yes|واۮۯون}}align=center|{{IPA|[vaːɗaɭuːn]}}' clouds
colspan=2| Rajasthani

| {{lang|raj|फळ}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[pʰəɭ]}}

| 'fruit'

| Represented by a ⟨ळ⟩.

colspan=2| Paiwan{{cite web|url=https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/pwn/terms/192352.htm|title=ladjap|publisher=Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation|website=Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary|language=zh-tw|access-date=2022-09-04}}

| {{lang|pwn|ladjap}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɭaɖap]}}

| 'lightning' or 'flash'

| See Paiwan phonology

rowspan="2" | Punjabi

| Gurmukhi

| {{lang|pa|ਤ੍ਰੇਲ਼}}

| align=center rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[t̪ɾeɭ]}}

| rowspan="2" | 'dew'

| rowspan="2" | Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|pa|ਲ਼}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|pa|{{nastaliq|لؕ}}}}}}. Font support may be required to see the letter in Shahmukhi.

Shahmukhi

| {{lang|pa|Shahmukhi alphabet|rtl=yes}}

Sanskrit

|Vedic

| {{lang|sa|गरुळ}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[gɐruɭɐ]}}

| 'the mythological bird who Is the vahana of Lord Vishnu'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|sa|ळ}}}}. Pronounced as {{IPA|/ɭɐ/}}.This consonant was present in Vedic Sanskrit but had become /ɖ/ ⟨ड⟩ in classical Sanskrit. See Vedic Sanskrit and Sanskrit phonology.

colspan=2| Swedish

| {{lang|sv|sorl}}

|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|sv-sorl.ogg|[soːɭ]}}

| 'murmur' (noun)

| See Swedish phonology

colspan=2| Tamil{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=111}}

| {{lang|ta|ஆள்}} / {{lang|ta-Arab|اٰۻْ}}

|align=center| {{IPA|[äːɭ]}}

| 'person'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|ta|ள்}}}}. See Tamil phonology

colspan=2| Telugu

| {{lang|te|నీళ్ళు}}

|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Niillu Water Telugu.ogg|[niːɭːu]}}

| 'water'

| Represented by a {{angbr|{{lang|te|ళ}}}}

Wu ChineseNorthern Wu (Linping variety){{lang|zh|而}}/er2align=center|{{IPA|[eɭ˩˧]}}'conjunction (literary)'A rhotic consonant (cf. Changzhounese {{IPA|/ɦər˨˩˧/}})

See also

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite journal |last=Anjos |first=Zoraide dos |date=2012 |title=Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari |journal=LIAMES |language=pt-BR |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–156 |doi=10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486 |doi-access=free}}
  • {{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Haowen |date=April 2010 |title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911225521/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-11 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, Rice University }}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Keane |first=Elinor |year=2004 |title=Tamil |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=111–116 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549 |doi-access=free}}
  • {{SOWL}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |location=Cambridge}}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Sadowsky |first1=Scott |last2=Painequeo |first2=Héctor |last3=Salamanca |first3=Gastón |last4=Avelino |first4=Heriberto |year=2013 |title=Mapudungun |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{Cite thesis |last=Shimoji |first=Michinori |title=A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language |date=December 2008 |degree=PhD |publisher=The Australian National University |chapter=Phonology |hdl=1885/150638}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • {{phoible|ɭ}}

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Category:Lateral consonants

Category:Retroflex consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Oral consonants