voiceless bilabial nasal

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨m̥⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=m̥

|ipa number=114+402A

|xsampa=m_0

|braille=134

|braille2=6

|braille3=ed

}}

The voiceless bilabial nasal (stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨{{IPA|m̥}}⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced bilabial nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m_0.

Features

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Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal:

Occurrence

class="wikitable" ! colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Aleut{{sfnp\|Bergsland\|1997}} \|{{lang\|ale\|quhmax̂}} \|{{IPA\|[qum̥aχ]}} \|'white' \|Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.
colspan="2" \|Alutiiq \|{{lang\|ems\|keghmarluku}} \|{{IPA\|[kəɡm̥aχluku]}} \|'bite it repeatedly' \|Contrasts with voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}.
colspan=2\| Burmese{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=111}}	{{lang\|my\|မှား}}/{{transl\|my\|hma:}}	{{IPA\|[m̥á]}}	'false' \|
colspan=2\| Central Alaskan Yup'ik{{sfnp\|Jacobson\|1995\|p=3}}	{{lang\|esu\|pisteḿun}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpistəm̥un]}}	'to the servant'
English \|RP{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=282}} \|stop me \|[{{IPA\|ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ}}] \|stop me \|
colspan=2\| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}	{{lang\|et\|lehm}}	{{IPA\|[ˈlehm̥]}}	'cow'	Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/m/}} after {{IPA\|/t, s, h/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
colspan=2\| French	{{lang\|fr\|prisme}}	{{IPA\|[pχism̥]}}	'prism'	Allophone of word-final {{IPA\|/m/}} after voiceless consonants.{{sfnp\|Walter\|1977\|p=35}} See French phonology
Hmong \| White Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬌𖬣𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmv-Latn\|Hmoob}}	{{IPA\|[m̥ɔ̃́]}}	'Hmong'	Contrasts with voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.{{sfnp\|Ratliff\|2003\|p=24}}
colspan=2\| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|kempa}}	{{IPA\|[cʰɛm̥pa]}}	'hero'	Allophonic variation of {{IPA\|/m/}} before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: {{lang\|is\|kemba}} {{IPA\|[cʰɛmpa]}} 'to comb'.{{sfnp\|Jessen\|Pétursson\|1998\|p=44}} See Icelandic phonology
colspan=2\| Jalapa Mazatec{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=107}}	{{lang\|maj\|hma}}	{{IPA\|[m̥a]}}	'black'	Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal.
colspan=2\| Kildin Sami{{Harvcoltxt\|Kuruch\|1985\|p=529}}	{{lang\|sjd\|лēӎӎьк}}/{{transl\|sjd\|ljeehmhmk}}	{{IPA\|[lʲeːm̥ʲːk]}}	'strap'
colspan=2\| Muscogee	{{lang\|mus\|camhcá:ka}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]}}	'bell'	Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.{{sfnp\|Martin\|2011\|p=64}}
colspan="2" \|Northern Sámi \|čáihmi \|[ˈt͡ʃaːjːm̥iː] \|'freckle' \|
colspan=2 \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=6}}	{{lang\|uk\|ритм}}/{{transl\|uk\|rytm}}	{{IPA\|[rɪt̪m̥]}}	'rhythm'	Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/m/}} after voiceless consonants.{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=6}} See Ukrainian phonology
colspan=2\| Washo{{sfnp\|Jacobsen\|1964\|p=54}}	{{lang\|was\|Mášdɨmmi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi]}}	'he's hiding'
colspan=2\| Welsh{{Harvcoltxt\|Jones\|1984\|p=51}}	{{lang\|cy\|fy mhen}}	{{IPA\|[və m̥ɛn]}}	'my head'	Occurs as the nasal mutation of {{IPA\|/p/}}. See Welsh phonology
rowspan=2 \| Xumi	Lower{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365, 367}}	colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[m̥ɛ̃˦]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'medicine'	rowspan="2" \| Contrasts with the voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365, 367}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=382–383}}
Upper{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=382–383}}
colspan=2\| Yi{{sfnp\|Gerner\|2013\|p=21, 25}}	{{lang\|ii\|ꂓ}} {{transl\|ii\|hmi}}	{{IPA\|[m̥i]}}	'name'

Notes

References

{{cite journal |last1=Asu |first1=Eva Liina |last2=Teras |first2=Pire |year=2009 |title=Estonian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=367–372 |doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x |doi-access=free}}
{{Cite book |last=Bergsland |first=Knut |title=Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂ |date=1997 |publisher=Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska |isbn=978-1-55500-064-6 |series=Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center |location=Fairbanks}}
{{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=363–379 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157 |doi-access=free |jstor=26347850 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-07}}
{{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |last3=Kocjančič Antolík |first3=Tanja |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=381–396 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-23 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169 |doi-access=free}}
{{cite book |last1=Danyenko |first1=Andrii |last2=Vakulenko |first2=Serhii |year=1995 |title=Ukrainian |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=9783929075083 |location=München |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ}}
{{cite book |editor-last1= Bossong |editor-first1=Georg |editor-last2=Comrie |editor-first2=Bernar |editor-last3=Epps |editor-first3=Patiencce L. |editor-last4=Nikolaeva |editor-first4=Irina |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |date=14 October 2013 |volume=64 |title=A Grammar of Nuosu |chapter=Phonology |isbn=9783110308679 |issn=0933-7636 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110308679}}
{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Jacobsen |first=William Horton |date=15 August 1964 |title=A grammar of the Washo language |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/52c6q7hg |via=eScholarship}}
{{cite book |last=Jacobson |first=Steven |year=1995 |title=A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language |location=Fairbanks |publisher=Alaska Native Language Center |isbn=978-1-55500-050-9}}
{{cite journal |last1=Jessen |first1=Michael |last2=Pétursson |first2=Magnús |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=28 |issue=1/2 |year=1998 |pages=43–53 |title=Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S002510030000623X |jstor=44526855 |s2cid=143745742}}
{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Glyn E. |year=1984 |title=Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings |chapter=The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh |editor-first1=Martin J. |editor-last1=Ball |editor-first2=Glyn E. |editor-last2=Jones |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages=40–64 |isbn=0-7083-0861-9}}
{{cite web |last=Kuruch |first=Rimma |script-title=ru:Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка |trans-title=Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language |orig-year=1985 |year=2006 |language=ru |url=http://saamruss.narod.ru/grammatika_saamskogo_jazyka_ver_1_0.pdf}}
{{SOWL}}
{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Jack B. |year=2011 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |title=A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee) |chapter=General phonological processes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEcqDwAAQBAJ |isbn=9780803211063 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |year=2003 |editor-last1=Bradley |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=LaPolla |editor-first2=Randy |editor-last3=Michialovsky |editor-first3=Boyd |editor-last4=Thurgood |editor-first4=Graham |publisher=Australian National University |title=Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff |last=Ratliff |first=Martha |editor-link1=David Bradley (linguist) |editor-link2=Randy LaPolla |editor-link4=Graham Thurgood |author-link=Martha Ratliff |chapter=Hmong secret languages: themes and variations |pages=21–34 |isbn=0-85883-540-1 |doi=10.15144/PL-555.21 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/146727}}
{{cite book |last=Walter |first=Henriette |author-link=Henriette Walter |year=1977 |title=La phonologie du français |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDlcAAAAMAAJ |via=Google Books |quote=Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde}}
{{Cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC |title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-521-24224-X |location=Cambridge |author-link=John C. Wells}}

External links

{{phoible|m̥}}

Category:Bilabial consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless consonants

Category:Nasal consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Aleut{{sfnp\|Bergsland\|1997}} \|{{lang\|ale\|quhmax̂}} \|{{IPA\|[qum̥aχ]}} \|'white' \|Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.
colspan="2" \|Alutiiq \|{{lang\|ems\|keghmarluku}} \|{{IPA\|[kəɡm̥aχluku]}} \|'bite it repeatedly' \|Contrasts with voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}.
colspan=2\| Burmese{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=111}}	{{lang\|my\|မှား}}/{{transl\|my\|hma:}}	{{IPA\|[m̥á]}}	'false' \|
colspan=2\| Central Alaskan Yup'ik{{sfnp\|Jacobson\|1995\|p=3}}	{{lang\|esu\|pisteḿun}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpistəm̥un]}}	'to the servant'
English \|RP{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=282}} \|stop me \|[{{IPA\|ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ}}] \|stop me \|
colspan=2\| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}	{{lang\|et\|lehm}}	{{IPA\|[ˈlehm̥]}}	'cow'	Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/m/}} after {{IPA\|/t, s, h/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
colspan=2\| French	{{lang\|fr\|prisme}}	{{IPA\|[pχism̥]}}	'prism'	Allophone of word-final {{IPA\|/m/}} after voiceless consonants.{{sfnp\|Walter\|1977\|p=35}} See French phonology
Hmong \| White Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬌𖬣𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmv-Latn\|Hmoob}}	{{IPA\|[m̥ɔ̃́]}}	'Hmong'	Contrasts with voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.{{sfnp\|Ratliff\|2003\|p=24}}
colspan=2\| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|kempa}}	{{IPA\|[cʰɛm̥pa]}}	'hero'	Allophonic variation of {{IPA\|/m/}} before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: {{lang\|is\|kemba}} {{IPA\|[cʰɛmpa]}} 'to comb'.{{sfnp\|Jessen\|Pétursson\|1998\|p=44}} See Icelandic phonology
colspan=2\| Jalapa Mazatec{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=107}}	{{lang\|maj\|hma}}	{{IPA\|[m̥a]}}	'black'	Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal.
colspan=2\| Kildin Sami{{Harvcoltxt\|Kuruch\|1985\|p=529}}	{{lang\|sjd\|лēӎӎьк}}/{{transl\|sjd\|ljeehmhmk}}	{{IPA\|[lʲeːm̥ʲːk]}}	'strap'
colspan=2\| Muscogee	{{lang\|mus\|camhcá:ka}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]}}	'bell'	Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.{{sfnp\|Martin\|2011\|p=64}}
colspan="2" \|Northern Sámi \|čáihmi \|[ˈt͡ʃaːjːm̥iː] \|'freckle' \|
colspan=2 \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=6}}	{{lang\|uk\|ритм}}/{{transl\|uk\|rytm}}	{{IPA\|[rɪt̪m̥]}}	'rhythm'	Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/m/}} after voiceless consonants.{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=6}} See Ukrainian phonology
colspan=2\| Washo{{sfnp\|Jacobsen\|1964\|p=54}}	{{lang\|was\|Mášdɨmmi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi]}}	'he's hiding'
colspan=2\| Welsh{{Harvcoltxt\|Jones\|1984\|p=51}}	{{lang\|cy\|fy mhen}}	{{IPA\|[və m̥ɛn]}}	'my head'	Occurs as the nasal mutation of {{IPA\|/p/}}. See Welsh phonology
rowspan=2 \| Xumi	Lower{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365, 367}}	colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[m̥ɛ̃˦]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'medicine'	rowspan="2" \| Contrasts with the voiced {{IPA\|/m/}}.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365, 367}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=382–383}}
Upper{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=382–383}}
colspan=2\| Yi{{sfnp\|Gerner\|2013\|p=21, 25}}	{{lang\|ii\|ꂓ}} {{transl\|ii\|hmi}}	{{IPA\|[m̥i]}}	'name'