wat

The word wat is borrowed from the Sanskrit vāṭa (Devanāgarī: वाट), meaning "enclosure".{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/wat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126004044/https://www.lexico.com/definition/wat |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2020 |title=wat |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}{{Cite Merriam-Webster|wat|access-date=11 January 2018}} The term has varying meanings in each region, sometimes referring to a specific type of government-recognised or large temple, other times referring to any Buddhist or Hindu temple.

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| image1 = Sri Maha Mariamman Koyil Bangkok (Wat Khaek Silom) 2019 03.jpg

| caption1 = Mariamman Temple, a Hindu temple in Bangkok, is more commonly called Wat Kheak

| image2 = Wat Karawah (cropped).jpg

| caption2 = Kalawar Church, a Catholic church in Bangkok, is also commonly called Wat Kalawar

| footer = Usage of the term in Thailand beyond Buddhist temples

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In Buddhism, a wat is a Buddhist sacred precinct with vihara, a temple, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha and a facility for lessons. A site without a minimum of three resident bhikkhus cannot correctly be described as a wat although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. As a transitive or intransitive verb, wat means to measure, to take measurements; compare templum, from which temple derives, having the same root as template.

In Cambodia, a wat is any place of worship. "Wat" generally refers to a Buddhist place of worship, but the precise term is vôtt pŭtthsasnéa ({{lang|km|វត្តពុទ្ធសាសនា}}) meaning "Buddhist pagoda". "Angkor Wat" ({{lang|km|អង្គរវត្ត}} {{transliteration|km|ângkôr vôtt}}) means 'city of temples'.

In everyday language in Thailand, a "wat" is any place of worship except a mosque ({{langx|th|สุเหร่า}}; {{rtgs|surao}}; or {{langx|th|มัสยิด}}; {{rtgs|matsayit}}) or a synagogue ({{langx|th|โบสถ์ยิว}}; {{rtgs|bot yio}}). Thus, a wat chin ({{lang|th|วัดจีน}}; {{lit|Chinese temple}}) or san chao ({{lang|th|ศาลเจ้า}}; {{lit|shrine}}) is a Chinese temple (either Buddhist or Taoist), wat khaek ({{lang|th|วัดแขก}}; {{lit|Indian temple}}) or thewasathan ({{lang|th|เทวสถาน}}; from {{langx|sa|devasathān}}) is a Hindu temple, wat sik ({{langx|th|วัดซิกข์}}; {{lit|Sikh temple}} is a Gurdwara, and bot khrit ({{lang|th|โบสถ์คริสต์}}) or wat farang ({{lang|th|วัดฝรั่ง}}; {{lit|Farang temple}}) is a Christian church, though Thai {{lang|th|โบสถ์}} ({{rtgs|bot}}) may be used descriptively as with mosques.

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| image1 = Nakhon Nayok - Wat Udom Thani - วัดอุดมธานี จังหวัดนครนายก - ภาพ 01.jpg

| caption1 = {{ill|Wat Udom Thani|th|วัดอุดมธานี}}, Nakhon Nayok is a royal temple

| image2 = Chiang Rai Blue Temple วัดร่องเสือเต้น.jpg

| caption2 = Wat Rong Suea Ten, Chiang Rai is a public temple

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According to Thai law, there are two types of Thai Buddhist temples:

• Wats (วัด; wat) are temples which have been endorsed by the state and have been granted wisungkhammasima (วิสุงคามสีมา), or the land for establishing central hall, by the king. These temples are divided into:ราชกิจจานุเบกษา,[https://web.archive.org/web/20111109221110/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2458/A/284.PDF ประกาศกระทรวงธรรมการ แผนกกรมสังฆการี เรื่อง จัดระเบียบพระอารามหลวง], เล่ม ๓๒, ตอน ๐ ก, ๓ ตุลาคม พ.ศ.๒๔๕๘, หน้า ๒๘๔
• Royal temples ({{langx|th|พระอารามหลวง}}; {{rtgs|phra aram luang}}): established or patronised by the king or his family members.
• Public temples ({{langx|th|วัดราษฎร์}}; {{rtgs|wat rat}}): established by private citizens. Despite the term "private", private temples are open to the public and are sites of public religious activities.
• Samnak song ({{langx|th|สำนักสงฆ์}}): are temples or monasteries without state endorsement and wisungkhamasima. For example, Wat Tham Krabok in Phra Phutthabat was established as a samnak song in 1975 and was granted a wat status in 2012.{{cite book|last=Baird|first=Ian G.|title=The monks and the Hmong: The special relationship between the Chao Fa and the Tham Krabok Buddhist Temple in Saraburi Province, Thailand. In Vladimir Tikhonov and Torkel Brekke (eds.), Violent Buddhism – Buddhism and Militarism in Asia in the Twentieth Century.|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=120–151}}

{{main|Thai temple art and architecture}}

File:Phnom Penh Stupa Kantha Bopha 03.jpg during the Angkor period in the form of temple shrine, Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh]]

Image:วัดพระมหาธาตุวรมหาวิหาร-1.jpg, Nakhon Si Thammarat]]

File:20171118 Pha That Luang in Vientiane 3176 DxO.jpg, Vientiane, Laos]]

File:Penang Malaysia Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg, George Town, Malaysia]]

A typical Buddhist wat consists of the following buildings:

• Bell tower ({{langx|km|ប៉មជួង}}, {{lang|km-Latn|pâm chuŏng}} {{IPA|km|pɑːm cuəŋ|}}; {{langx|lo|ຫໍລະຄັງ}}; {{langx|th|หอระฆัง}})
• Bot ({{langx|th|โบสถ์}}) or ubosot ({{langx|lo|ອຸໂປສົດ}}; {{langx|th|อุโบสถ}}; from Pali uposatha) or sim ({{langx|lo|ສິມ}}): the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as it is where new monks take their vows. Architecturally it is similar to the vihara. The main difference is the eight cornerstones placed around the bot to ward off evil. The bot is usually more decorated than the wihan. In Cambodia nowadays, this type of building is considered to be Vihear. It was previously called Ubaosathakea or Rorng Ubaosoth ({{langx|km|ឧបោសថាគារ ឬ រោងឧបោសថ}}).
• Chedei ({{langx|km|ចេតិយ}}) or Chedi ({{langx|th|เจดีย์}}; {{langx|lo|ເຈດີ}}) from Sanskrit: chaitya, temple or that ({{langx|lo|ທາດ}}): It is also known as a Stupa ({{langx|th|สถูป}}). Usually conical or bell-shaped buildings, but many Cambodian stupas are constructed in the style of temple shrine. They often contain relics of Buddha. The urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead are kept here and serve as memorials for those ancestors.
• Chantakhara ({{langx|th|ชันตาฆร}}): a room in which fire and water are kept.
• Drum tower ({{langx|km|រោងស្គរ}}; {{langx|lo|ຫໍກອງ}}; {{langx|th|หอกลอง}})
• Hong Song Nam ({{langx|th|ห้องสรงน้ำ}}): toilet.
• Ho trai ({{langx|km|ហោត្រ័យ}}; {{langx|lo|ຫໍໄຕ}}; {{langx|th|หอไตร}}): library where Buddhist texts are kept.
• Kappapiya Kudi ({{langx|th|กัปปิยกุฎี}}) utility and storage room.
• Kod ({{langx|km|កុដិ}}), Kut, Kutti, Kuti or Kati ({{langx|lo|ກຸຕິ, ກະຕິ}}; {{langx|th|กุฏิ}}): the living quarters of monks (bhikkhus) separated from the sacred buildings.
• Mondop ({{langx|km|មណ្ឌប}}; {{langx|th|มณฑป}}; from Sanskrit: Mandapa): usually an open, square building with four arches and a pyramidal roof, used to worship religious texts or objects.
• Pond ({{langx|km|ស្រះ}} - Srah; {{langx|lo|ສະນ້ໍາ}} Sa Nam; {{langx|th|สระน้ำ}} Sa Nam): is rectangular in shape and sometimes decorated with lotus flowers, the emblematic flower of Buddhism. In addition, some wats illustrate the figure of Buddha being sheltered by a seven headed naga, named Mucalinda ({{langx|km|មុជ្ជលិន្ទ}}), in the middle of the pond. The pond itself is called Mucalinda Pond.
• Sala ({{langx|km|សាលា}}; {{langx|lo|ສາລາ}}; {{langx|th|ศาลา}}; from the Sanskrit word {{lang|sa|शाला}} (IAST: śālā), cognate of Hindi शाल, meaning hall, large room or shed.{{cite web

|url= http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=sala&script=&direction=SE&link=y

|title= sala

|access-date= 11 June 2012

|work= Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary

}} A pavilion for relaxation and miscellaneous activities. In Cambodia, the sala also serves as the Buddhist educational center in a wat, but not every wat has one. It can be found outside the wat proper.

• Oupadthan Sala or Sala Bonn ({{langx|km|ឧបដ្ឋានសាលា ឬ សាលាបុណ្យ}}) or Sala Wat ({{langx|th|ศาลาวัด}}): a hall for people gathering together to make a donation or for ceremonies.
• Sala Baley or Sala Putthikakseksa ({{langx|km|សាលាបាលី ឬ សាលាពុទ្ធិកសិក្សា}}): literally means 'Pali school' or 'Buddhist educational school', is the place to teach Buddhist Dharma and other subjects in both Pali and Khmer languages. Sala Baley is divided into three levels. They are: Buddhist elementary school ({{langx|km|ពុទ្ធិកបឋមសិក្សា}} Putthikakpathamaseksa); Buddhist high school ({{langx|km|ពុទ្ធិកវិទ្យាល័យ}} - Putthikakvityealay); and Buddhist university ({{langx|km|ពុទ្ធិកសកលវិទ្យាល័យ}} Putthikaksakalvityealay). Beside Buddhist Dharma, Buddhist university includes subjects such as philosophy, science, information technology, Sanskrit, and other foreign languages. These schools may be constructed outside the wat and laypersons are also permitted to study there.
• Sala Chhann ({{langx|km|សាលាឆាន់}}), Sala Bat ({{langx|th|ศาลาบาตร}}), or Ho Chan ({{langx|th|หอฉัน}}): cafeteria for monks.
• Sala Chhatean ({{langx|km|សាលាឆទាន}}), Sala Klang Yan ({{langx|th|ศาลากลางย่าน}}) or Sala Rong Tham ({{langx|lo|ສາລາໂຮງທໍາ}}; {{langx|th|ศาลาโรงธรรม}}): is usually smaller than other halls and can be built outside the wat, especially along the roads or even in the center of villages. It is used to celebrate Buddhist events as well as for dining and relaxation.
• Sala Kan Parian ({{langx|th|ศาลาการเปรียญ}}) or Ho Chaek ({{langx|lo|ຫໍແຈກ}}; {{langx|th|หอแจก}}): study hall, {{citation needed span|In the past this hall was restricted to monks.|date=March 2015}}
• Sala Song ({{langx|th|ศาลาสรง}}): the room where monks receive holy water blessings.
• Sala Thormmasaphear or Thormmasala ({{langx|km|សាលាធម្មសភា ឬ ធម្មសាលា}}), Sala Fang Tham ({{langx|th|ศาลาฟังธรรม}}): Dharma assembly pavilion, however some assume this hall to be Sala Bonn.
• Sala Tha Nam ({{langx|th|ศาลาท่าน้ำ}}): pier pavilion.
• Vihear ({{langx|km|វិហារ}}) or wihan ({{langx|lo|ວິຫານ}}; {{langx|th|วิหาร}}) from Sanskrit: vihara: a meeting and prayer room.
• Wachak Kod ({{langx|km|វច្ចកុដិ}}) or Watcha Kudi ({{langx|th|วัจจกุฎี}}) or than ({{langx|lo|ຖານ}}; {{langx|th|ถาน}}): toilet.

Almost all Buddhist temples in Cambodia were built in Khmer architectural style. Most temples were finely decorated with a spiked tower (bosbok) ({{langx|km|បុស្បុក}})(some temples have three or five spiked towers; some have none) on the rooftop along with pediments, naga heads, and chovear ({{langx|km|ជហ្វា}}) (a decorative ridge-piece that is placed at each topmost edge of the roof, just above the tip of each pediment). Below the edge of the roof and at the top of external columns, garuda or kinnari figures are depicted supporting the roof. There are a pair of guardian lions and one head or several (three, five, seven, or nine). naga sculptures are beside each entrance of the temple. Inside the main temple (vihara) and the multipurpose hall (lunch hall), mural paintings depict the life of Gautama Buddha and his previous life.

The roofs of Thai temples are often adorned with chofas.

Some well-known wats include:

{{main|List of Buddhist temples in Cambodia}}

At the end of 2017, there were 4,872 wats with 69,199 Buddhist monks supporting Buddhism in Cambodia.26th annual Buddhist monk summit of Cambodia in Chaktomuk conference hall, Phnom Penh, December 2017. By 2019, it was illustrated that 97.1 percent of the Cambodian population was Buddhist,{{cite web |title=Percentage distribution of population by religion, area, and province, Cambodia, 2008-2019 (General population census of Cambodia in 2019). |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |website= National Institute of Statistics |access-date=28 January 2021 |date=2019}} making Cambodia to be one of the most predominant Buddhist nations in the world.

• Angkor Wat, Siem Reap
• Wat Preah Keo, Phnom Penh
• Wat Botum Vattey, Phnom Penh
• Wat Moha Montrey, Phnom Penh
• Wat Ounalaom, Phnom Penh
• Wat Phnom, Phnom Penh
• Wat Bakan, Pursat

• Wat Si Saket, Vientiane
• Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang
• Wat Mai Suwannaphumaham, Luang Prabang
• Wat Manorom, Luang Prabang

{{main|List of Buddhist temples in Malaysia}}

• Wat Buppharam, Penang
• Wat Chayamangkalaram, Penang
• Wat Chetawan, Selangor
• Wat Phothivihan, Kelantan

Despite having only 3.8 percent Buddhists in Kelantan, the northern Malaysian state of Kelantan has numerous Thai wats.{{cite web |title=Thai temples that can be found in The State of Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia |url=https://www.mir.com.my/leofoo/Thai-amulets/htmls/Wats/kelantan.htm |website=Malaysian Internet Resources |access-date=2 October 2018}}

{{main|List of Buddhist temples in Singapore}}

• Wat Ananda
• Wat Palelai

{{main|List of Buddhist temples in Thailand}}

{{As of|2016}} Thailand had 39,883 wats. Three hundred-ten were royal wats, the remainder were private (public). There were 298,580 Thai Buddhist monks, 264,442 of the Maha Nikaya order and 34,138 of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. There were 59,587 Buddhist novice monks.{{cite web |title=Educational Statistics 2016 |url=http://www.en.moe.go.th/enMoe2017/index.php/educational-statistics/educational-statistics-2016 |website=Ministry of Education Thailand (MOE) |access-date=29 July 2018 |page=14}}

• Wat Suthat, Bangkok
• Wat Benchamabophit (The Marble Temple)
• Wat Ratchanatdaram
• Wat Phra Kaew
• Wat Arun
• Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
• Wat Pho
• Wat Saket
• Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai
• Wat Chiang Man, Chiang Mai
• Wat Chedi Luang, Chiang Mai
• Wat Phra Singh, Chiang Mai
• Wat Phra That Lampang Luang, Lampang
• Wat Phumin, Nan
• Phra Pathommachedi, Nakhon Pathom
• Wat Pah Nanachat (International Forest Monastery), Ubon Ratchathani

{{Cleanup gallery|date=April 2017}}

Angkor Wat.jpg|Angkor Wat

VatNokor 08.jpg|Wat Nokor, Kompong Cham, Cambodia

2016 Phnom Penh, Pałac Królewski, Srebrna Pagoda (05).jpg|Silver Pagoda

Wat Peapahd.Battambang.2009.jpg|Vihear of Wat Peapet, Battambang, Cambodia

2016 Phnom Penh, Wat Botum (09).jpg|Vihear of Wat Botum Wattey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Phnom Penh Wat Unalom 01.jpg|Wat Ounalom

2016 Phnom Penh, Wat Langka (22).jpg|Wat Langka

Wat Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang, Laos).JPG|Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang

Wat Si Saket side view, Vientiane, Laos.jpg|Wat Sisaket

Wat Phra That Chang Kham, bôt, chedi et viharn, Nan.jpg|Two wihans and a chedi at Wat Phra That Chang Kham, Nan

Wat Mahathard - panoramio.jpg|Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Phitsanulok

Photo from Bangkok by Roman Kharkovski (20).jpg|Wat Phra Kaew

วัดราชนัดดารามวรวิหาร เขตพระนคร กรุงเทพมหานคร (27).JPG|Wat Ratchadatdaram

Phra That Doi Suthep 01.jpg|Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai

Bangkok Wat Arun P1130161.JPG|Mondop and Chedi of Wat Arun

Wat Niwet Thamaprawat - panoramio (3).jpg|Wat Niwet Thammaprawat, Ayutthaya

Wat Buddhapadipa, Buddhist Temple 02.jpg|Wat Buddhapadipa in Wimbledon, London, UK

Buddharama Nukari.jpg|Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in Nukari, Nurmijärvi, Finland

• [https://www.remotelands.com/remotenew1/dist/images/country/myanmar/city/13012601//b130127001.jpg Some Tai Khun monasteries in East Shan State, Myanmar are in wat-style] but may be called kyaung, while some may be called wat but in kyaung style.

{{Wiktionary}}

• Three Refuges
• Five Precepts
• Eight Precepts
• Four Noble Truths
• Noble Eightfold Path
• Pāli Canon
• Samatha & Vipassanā
• Cetiya
• Vassa
• Kathina
• Uposatha
• Patimokkha
• Upasampadā
• Bai Sema
• Ordination hall
• Theravāda Buddhism
• Buddhism in Cambodia
• Buddhism in Laos
• Buddhism in Thailand
• Kyaung, Burmese Monasteries
• Pura, Balinese Hindu temples
• Candi, Hindu-Buddha temples of ancient Indonesia, especially Java

{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Religion in Thailand}}

Category:Hindu temples

Category:Buddhist architecture