:A Portuguesa

File:A Portuguesa sheet music.jpg

On 11 January 1890, the United Kingdom issued an ultimatum demanding that Portugal refrain from colonizing land lying between the Portuguese colonies of Angola, on the west coast of Africa, and Mozambique, on the east coast, thereby forming one contiguous polity (as proposed on the Pink Map). Despite a popular uproar, the Portuguese government accepted their demands. This contributed to the unpopularity of King Carlos I and the monarchy, and it garnered support for the increasingly popular republican movement in Portugal.{{cite web |url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC17/Portugal/SimbolosNacionais/AntecedenteshistoricosdoHinoNacional/Pages/HinoNacional2.aspx |title=Antecedentes históricos do Hino Nacional |publisher=Governo da República Portuguesa |language=pt |access-date=2009-07-31}}

The night after the ultimatum was accepted, composer Alfredo Keil, at the suggestion of a group of friends that included Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro and Teófilo Braga, wrote the melody for "A Portuguesa" as a patriotic protest march. Inspired by the outrage felt by the Portuguese people, the lyricist, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, accepted Keil's request to create words to suit his melody. Mendonça said "A Portuguesa" was a song "in which the fatherland's wounded soul would merge with its ambitions of freedom and revival"; he hoped it would be an anthem, embraced by the people, that could express their yearning for national vindication. Such expressions are epitomized by "La Marseillaise", the Portuguese fado, and "Hino da Maria da Fonte".{{cite web |url=http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |title=Hino Nacional |work=Simbolos Nacionais |publisher=Museu da Presidência da República |language=pt |access-date=2008-10-02 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224223937/http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |url-status=dead }} The march was quickly disseminated; several thousands of copies of the sheet music were freely distributed, together with fliers and posters. The song's popularity also spread across national borders, and verses were translated into other languages.

On several stages in Lisbon, "A Portuguesa" drew special attention. On 29 March 1890, the march was performed at the Great Patriotic Concert, held at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos (Saint Charles National Theatre), as well as at every other theatre in the capital. Beyond its use in cultural displays, "A Portuguesa" was also exploited for commercial gain. Several food products, including canned sardines and cookies, were named for this song.

However, the song was perceived as a political weapon, and it was soon converted into a republican hymn. This political co-option of the theme's original meaning forced both authors to disavow this vision and stress its purely non-partisan sentiments. On 31 January 1891, a republican rebellion broke out in the northern city of Porto and "A Portuguesa" was adopted by the rebels as their marching song. The rebellion was crushed, and the song was banned. However, it was never forgotten, and, on 5 October 1910, a new and stronger rebellion developed as "A Portuguesa" played in the background. A year later, the first session of the Constituent Assembly officially proclaimed it as the national anthem.

In 1956, the emergence of melodic variants of the anthem forced the government to create a committee whose aim was to define an official version. On 16 July 1957, the current version was proposed, and it was approved by the Council of Ministers.

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The anthem's official version consists of the first verse and the chorus from Mendonça's poem.{{cite web|title=Hino Nacional|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=43|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111082037/http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=43|archive-date=2020-11-11|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Presidência da República Portuguesa|language=pt}}

Within Portugal, the anthem is played at both civilian and military ceremonies where the country, flag, or head of state (the President of the Republic) is honoured. It is also played at receptions for foreign heads of state, following that of the visitor, and in ceremonies during official presidential visits to other countries.

• "Angola Avante"
• "Cântico da Liberdade"
• "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada"
• "Hino da Carta"
• "Hino da Maria da Fonte"
• "Hino da Póvoa"
• "Hino da Região Autónoma da Madeira"
• "Hino dos Açores"
• "Hino Nacional Brasileiro"
• "Independência total"
• "La Marseillaise"
• "Marcha Real"
• "March of the Volunteers"
• "Pátria"
• "Pátria Amada"
• "Poland Is Not Yet Lost"
• "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished"

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{{Wikisource|A Portuguesa}}

• [http://users.atw.hu/szbszig/portugal.mp3 Sung audio]
• [https://www.presidencia.pt/en/president-of-the-republic/the-presidency/national-symbols/national-anthem/ National Anthem] from the President of Portugal
• [https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/hino-nacional/ Hino Nacional] by Museum of the Presidency of the Republic {{in lang|pt}}
• {{YouTube|1=DHvpP1SLs5M|2=Daily end of transmission}}, by RTP1, 1980

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Category:European anthems

Category:National symbols of Portugal

Category:Portuguese anthems

Category:Portuguese patriotic songs

Category:Songs about Portugal

Category:1890 songs

Category:Songs in Portuguese

Category:Compositions by Alfredo Keil

Category:National anthems

Category:Compositions in E-flat major