:Albuquerque, New Mexico
{{short description|City in New Mexico, United States}}
{{redirect|Albuquerque}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Albuquerque
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
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|image1 = Abqdowntown.jpg
|caption1 = Downtown Albuquerque
|image2 = Sandia Peak Tramway Car by Anna Cummings Photography.jpg
|caption2 = Sandia Peak Tramway
|image3 = Albuquerque Alvarado Transportation Building.JPG
|caption3 = Alvarado Center
|image4 = San Felipe de Neri Church-Albuquerque.jpg|
|caption4 = San Felipe de Neri Church
|image5 = Rio Grande-2.jpg
|caption5 = Rio Grande
|image6 = AIBF Mass Ascent, 2007.jpg
|caption6 = Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Albuquerque, New Mexico.svg
| seal_size = 80px
| flag_size = 120px
| flag_link = Flag of Albuquerque, New Mexico
| image_seal = Seal of Albuquerque, New Mexico.svg
| nicknames = The Duke City, ABQ, The 505, Burque, The Q.
| motto =
| image_map = {{maplink
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|frame-coord = {{coord|35.0850|-106.6500}}
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| map_caption = Interactive map of Albuquerque
| pushpin_map = New Mexico#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Mexico##Location in the United States
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q34804|region:US-NM_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = County
| subdivision_type3 = Metropolitan area
| subdivision_name1 = New Mexico
| subdivision_name2 = Bernalillo
| subdivision_name3 = Albuquerque metropolitan area
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1706 (as Alburquerque)
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1891 (as Albuquerque)
| founder = Francisco Cuervo y Valdés
| named_for = Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque
| government_type = Mayor–council government
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Tim Keller (D)
| leader_title1 = City Council
| leader_name1 = {{collapsible list
|title = Councilors
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = 5 Democrats,
4 Republicans
|2 = Louie Sánchez (D)
|3 = Joaquin Baca (D)
|4 = Klarissa J. Peña (D)
|5 = Brook Bassan (R)
|6 = Dan Lewis (R)
|7 = Nichole Rogers (D)
|8 = Tammy Fiebelkorn (D)
|9 = Dan Champine (R)
|10 = Renee Grout (R)
}}
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_km2 = 489.39
| area_total_sq_mi = 194.93
| area_land_km2 = 486.03
| area_land_sq_mi = 188.27
| area_water_km2 = 4.35
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.62
| elevation_ft = 5312
| population_total = 564559
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = 86th in North America
32nd in the United States
1st in New Mexico
| population_density_sq_mi = 3014.68
| population_density_km2 = 1163.97
| population_urban = 769,837 (US: 59th)
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,129.9
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,926.3
| population_metro = 960000 (US: 61st)
| population_blank1_title = CSA
| population_blank1 = 1162523
| population_demonym = Albuquerquean (uncommon), Burqueño, Burqueña
| pop_est_footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_est =
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = {{cite web |title=Total Gross Domestic Product for Albuquerque, NM (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP10740 |website=Federal Reserve Economic Data}}
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = $59.383 billion (2023)
| postal_code_type = ZIP Codes
| postal_code = 87101–87125, 87131,
87151, 87153, 87154,
87158, 87174, 87176,
87181, 87184, 87185,
87187, 87190–87199
| area_codes = 505
| leader_title2 = State House
| leader_name2 = {{collapsible list
|title = Representatives
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = 13 Democrats,
11 Republicans
|2 = G. Andres Romero (D)
|3 = Javier Martínez (D)
|4 = Patricio Ruiloba (D)
|5 = Eleanor Chavez (D)
|6 = Patricia Roybal Caballero (D)
|7 = Miguel Garcia (D)
|8 = Sarah Maestas Barnes (R)
|9 = Antonio Maestas (D)
|10 = Deborah Armstrong (D)
|11 = Gail Chasey (D)
|12 = Sheryl M. Williams-Stapleton (D)
|13 = Jim Dines (R)
|14 = Stephanie Maez (D)
|15 = James Smith (R)
|16 = Paul Pacheco (R)
|17 = Conrad James (R)
|18 = Christine Trujillo (D)
|19 = Georgene Louis (D)
|20 = Larry Larranaga (R)
|21 = Jimmie C. Hall (R)
|22 = David Adkins (R)
|23 = Nathaniel Gentry (R)
|24 = William Rehm (R)
|25 = Monica Youngblood (R)
}}
| leader_title3 = State Senate
| leader_name3 = {{collapsible list
|title = State senators
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = 1 Republican,
13 Democrats
|2 = Mark Moores (R)
|3 = Linda Lopez (D)
|4 = Jerry Ortiz y Pino (D)
|5 = Moe Maestas (D)
|6 = Harold Pope (D)
|7 = Katy Duhigg (D)
|8 = Antoinette Sedillo Lopez (D)
|9 = Martin Hickey (D)
|10 = Daniel Ivey-Soto (D)
|11 = Bill O'Neill (D)
|12 = Bill Tallman (D)
|13 = Michael Padilla (D)
|14 = Mimi Stewart (D)
}}
| leader_title4 = U.S. House
| leader_name4 = Melanie Stansbury (D)
Gabe Vasquez (D)
| timezone = MST
| utc_offset = −7
| timezone_DST = MDT
| utc_offset_DST = −6
| blank_name = FIPS code
| blank_info = 35-02000
| blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
| blank1_info = 2409678{{GNIS|2409678}}
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
Albuquerque ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|ə|k|ɜɹ|k|i|audio=en-us-Albuquerque.ogg}} {{respell|AL|bə|kurk|ee}}; {{IPA|es|alβuˈkeɾke|lang|Pronunciation of Albuquerque in Spanish.ogg}}),{{efn|Spanish also {{lang|es|Alburquerque}} {{IPA|es|alβuɾˈkeɾke||Alburquerque.ogg}}; {{langx|nv|Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil}} {{IPA|nv|peː˩ʔe˩ltiː˥l ta˩hsi˩ni˩l|}}; {{langx|kee|Arawageeki}}; {{langx|tow|Vakêêke}}; {{langx|zun|Alo:ke:k'ya}}; {{langx|apj|Gołgéeki'yé}}.}} also known as ABQ, Burque, the Duke City, and in the past 'the Q', is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico,{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albuquerquecitynewmexico/PST045217 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Albuquerque city, New Mexico |website=Census Bureau QuickFacts |access-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915121930/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albuquerquecitynewmexico/PST045217 |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live}} and the county seat of Bernalillo County. Founded in 1706 as {{lang|es|La Villa de Alburquerque}} by Santa Fe de Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, and named in honor of Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque and Viceroy of New Spain, it was an outpost on El Camino Real linking Mexico City to the northernmost territories of New Spain.
Located in the Albuquerque Basin, the city is flanked by the Sandia Mountains to the east and the West Mesa to the west, with the Rio Grande and bosque flowing north-to-south through the middle of the city.{{cite web |title=30 Interesting Facts About Albuquerque |url=https://www.isolatedtraveller.com/20-interesting-facts-about-albuquerque/ |website=Isolated Traveller |date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054336/https://www.isolatedtraveller.com/20-interesting-facts-about-albuquerque/ |url-status=live}} According to the 2020 census, Albuquerque had 564,559 residents,{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Albuquerque city, New Mexico |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albuquerquecitynewmexico/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610123140/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albuquerquecitynewmexico/POP010220 |url-status=live}} making it the 32nd-most populous city in the United States and the fourth-largest in the Southwest. The Albuquerque metropolitan area had 955,000 residents in 2023, and forms part of the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical area, which had a population of 1,162,523.{{cite web |title=Combined Statistical Areas – 2020 Census – Data as of January 1, 2020 |website=TIGERweb Redirect |date=January 1, 2020 |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bas22/tigerweb_bas22_csa_2020_tab20_us.html |access-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155455/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bas22/tigerweb_bas22_csa_2020_tab20_us.html |url-status=live}}
Albuquerque is a hub for technology, fine arts, and media companies.{{cite web |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |title=Intel investing $3.5B in New Mexico fab upgrade, boosting US chipmaking |website=CNET |date=May 3, 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/intel-investing-3-5b-in-new-mexico-fab-upgrade-boosting-us-chipmaking/ |access-date=May 17, 2022}}{{cite web |title=Making Movies in the 505 |website=ABQ Film Office |date=January 1, 2010 |url=https://www.abqfilmoffice.com/ |access-date=May 17, 2022}} It is home to several historic landmarks,{{cite web |title=Historic Landmarks |website=City of Albuquerque |date=March 14, 2022 |url=https://www.cabq.gov/planning/boards-commissions/landmarks-commission/historic-landmarks |access-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524100953/https://www.cabq.gov/planning/boards-commissions/landmarks-commission/historic-landmarks |url-status=live}} the University of New Mexico, the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, the Gathering of Nations, the New Mexico State Fair, and a diverse restaurant scene, which features both New Mexican and global cuisine.{{cite web |title=An Albuquerque Appetite: Where to Eat in New Mexico's Biggest City |website=Food Com |date=May 24, 2018 |url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/restaurant-guide-albuquerque |access-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517160110/https://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/restaurant-guide-albuquerque |url-status=live}}
{{toclimit|3}}
History
{{main|History of Albuquerque, New Mexico}}
{{for timeline}}
Petroglyphs carved into basalt in the western part of the city bear testimony to a Native American presence in the area dating back many centuries.{{cite web |title=What are Petroglyphs |url=https://www.nps.gov/petr/learn/historyculture/what.htm |website=National Park Service |date=March 20, 2021 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619160738/https://www.nps.gov/petr/learn/historyculture/what.htm |url-status=live}} These are preserved in the Petroglyph National Monument.
The Tanoan and Keresan peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European colonists arrived in the area that developed as Albuquerque. By the 1500s, there were around 20 Tiwa pueblos along a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of river from present-day Algodones to the Rio Puerco confluence south of Belen. Of these, 12 or 13 were densely clustered near present-day Bernalillo, and the remainder were spread out to the south.{{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Elinore M. |title=Conquest and Catastrophe: Changing Rio Grande Pueblo Settlement Patterns in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLAICgAAQBAJ |publisher=UNM Press |location=Albuquerque |date=2002 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |isbn=9780826324139 |via=Google Books}}
Two Tiwa pueblos lie on the outskirts of present-day Albuquerque. Both have been continuously inhabited for many centuries: Sandia Pueblo was founded in the 14th century,{{cite web |title=History of Sandia Pueblo |work=Sandia Pueblo website |publisher=Pueblo of Sandia |year=2006 |url=http://www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us/history.html |access-date=January 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102031937/http://www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us/history.html |archive-date=January 2, 2008}} and Pueblo of Isleta is documented in written records since the early 17th century. It was then chosen as the site of the San Agustín de la Isleta Mission, a Catholic mission.
The historic Navajo, Apache, and Comanche peoples were likely to have set camps in the Albuquerque area, as there is evidence of trade and cultural exchange among the different Native American groups going back centuries before European arrival.{{cite book |last1=Seymour |first1=Deni |title=From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest |date=2012 |publisher=University of Utah Press }}
File:Viceroyalty of New Spain Location 1819 (without Philippines).png, New Spain]]
Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as an outpost as La Villa de Alburquerque by Francisco Cuervo y Valdés in the provincial kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.{{Cite web |title=About – Albuquerque Historical Society |url=http://albuqhistsoc.org/who-we-are/ |website=Albuquerque Historical Society |access-date=January 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219010115/http://albuqhistsoc.org/who-we-are/ |archive-date=December 19, 2015 |url-status=live }} The settlement was named after the original town of Viceroy Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th duke of Alburquerque, who was from Alburquerque, Badajoz in southwest Spain.
Albuquerque developed primarily for farming and sheep herds. It was a strategically located trading and military outpost along the Camino Real. It served other Tiquex and Hispano towns settled in the area, such as Barelas, Corrales, Isleta Pueblo, Los Ranchos, and Sandia Pueblo.{{cite web |url=http://www.nmallstar.com/albuquerque_visitor_information.html |title=History |publisher=Nmallstar.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325201851/http://www.nmallstar.com/albuquerque_visitor_information.html#Albuquerques |archive-date=March 25, 2012 }}
After gaining independence in 1821, Mexico established a military presence here. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish villa pattern: a central plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes, and a church. This central plaza area has been preserved and is open to the public as a cultural area and center of commerce. It is referred to as "Old Town Albuquerque" or simply "Old Town". Historically it was sometimes referred to as "La Placita" (Little Plaza in Spanish). On the north side of Old Town Plaza is San Felipe de Neri Church. Built in 1793, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the city.{{cite web |url=http://www.stoppingpoints.com/nm/Bernalillo/San+Felipe+de+Neri+Church.html |author=New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Division |title=San Felipe de Neri Church Historical Marker |access-date=December 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010127/http://www.stoppingpoints.com/nm/Bernalillo/San+Felipe+de+Neri+Church.html |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=live }}
After the New Mexico Territory became a part of the United States in the mid-19th century, a federal garrison and quartermaster depot, the Post of Albuquerque, were established here, operating from 1846 to 1867. In Beyond the Mississippi (1867), Albert D. Richardson, traveling to California via coach, passed through Albuquerque in late October 1859—its population was 3,000 at the time—and described it as "one of the richest and pleasantest towns, with a Spanish cathedral and other buildings more than two hundred years old."{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Albert D. |title=Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean |publisher=American Publishing Co. |year=1867 |location=Hartford, Conn. |pages=249 }}
During the Civil War, Albuquerque was occupied for a month in February 1862 by Confederate troops under General Henry Hopkins Sibley. He soon afterward advanced with his main body into northern New Mexico.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} During his retreat from Union troops into Texas, he made a stand on April 8, 1862, and fought the Battle of Albuquerque against a detachment of Union soldiers commanded by Colonel Edward R. S. Canby. This daylong engagement at long range led to few casualties. The residents of Albuquerque aided the Republican Union to rid the city of the occupying Confederate troops.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
When the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad arrived in 1880, it bypassed the Plaza, locating the passenger depot and railyards about 2 miles (3 km) east in what quickly became known as New Albuquerque or New Town. The railway company built a hospital for its workers that was later used as a juvenile psychiatric facility. It has since been converted to a hotel.{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=A hospital turned hotel in New Mexico |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130520-a-hospital-turned-hotel-in-new-mexico |publisher=BBC Travel |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511180757/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130520-a-hospital-turned-hotel-in-new-mexico |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}
Many Anglo merchants, mountain men, and settlers slowly filtered into Albuquerque, creating a major mercantile commercial center in Downtown Albuquerque. From this commercial center on July 4, 1882, Park Van Tassel became the first to fly a balloon in Albuquerque with a landing at Old Town.{{Cite book |last=Fogel |first=Gary |title=Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-8263-6282-7 }} This was the first balloon flight in the New Mexico Territory.
Due to a rising rate of violent crime, gunman Milt Yarberry was appointed the town's first marshal that year. New Albuquerque was incorporated as a town in 1885, with Henry N. Jaffa its first mayor. It was incorporated as a city in 1891.{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Marc |title=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=1982 |isbn=0-8263-0627-6 }}{{Rp|232–233}}
Old Town remained a separate community until the 1920s, when it was absorbed by Albuquerque. Old Albuquerque High School, the city's first public high school, was established in 1879. Congregation Albert, a Reform synagogue established in 1897, by Henry N. Jaffa, who was also the city's first mayor, is the oldest continuing Jewish organization in the city.{{cite web |title=Our History |website=Congregation Albert |date=April 7, 1902 |url=https://www.congregationalbert.org/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526083553/https://www.congregationalbert.org/history |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |url-status=live }}
File:Old Albuquerque High School Albuquerque.jpg, built in 1914. Victorian and Gothic styles were used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.|alt=|left]]
By 1900, Albuquerque boasted a population of 8,000 and all the modern amenities, including an electric street railway connecting Old Town, New Town, and the recently established University of New Mexico campus on the East Mesa.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1902, the Alvarado Hotel was built adjacent to the new passenger depot, and it remained a famous symbol of the city for decades.{{Cite news |date=1969 |title=The Alvarado Hotel |url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1658&context=nma |work=New Mexico Architect |pages=20–23 |via=University of New Mexico |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041409/https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1658&context=nma |url-status=live }} Outdated, it was razed in 1970 and the site was converted to a parking lot.{{Cite news |date=1970 |title=The Alvarado Hotel |url=https://wheelsmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Alvarado-Hotel.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2024 |work=New Mexico Architect |pages=16–19 |via=Wheels Museum }}
In 2002, the Alvarado Transportation Center was built on the site in a style resembling the old landmark. The large metro station functions as the downtown headquarters for the city's transit department. It also is an intermodal hub for local buses, Greyhound buses, Amtrak passenger trains, and the Rail Runner commuter rail line.{{Cite web |title=ART Answers |url=https://www.cabq.gov/transit/services/art-information/art-answers |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=City of Albuquerque |language=en}}
In the early days of transcontinental air service, Albuquerque was an important stop on many transcontinental air routes, earning it the nickname "Crossroads of the Southwest".{{Cite web |url=http://kirtland.baseguide.net/history.html |title=Kirtland AFB Guide/Directory - History |website=kirtland.baseguide.net |access-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702014927/http://kirtland.baseguide.net/history.html |url-status=live }}
During the early 20th century, New Mexico's dry climate attracted many tuberculosis patients to the city in search of a cure;{{Cite web |title=Department of Health reports progress against tuberculosis in New Mexico |url=https://www.nmhealth.org/news/awareness/2021/3/?view=1420 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=www.nmhealth.org |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723045005/https://www.nmhealth.org/news/awareness/2021/3/?view=1420 |url-status=live }} this was before penicillin was found to be effective. Several sanitaria were developed on the West Mesa for TB patients. Presbyterian Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital, two of the largest hospitals in the Southwest, had their beginnings during this period. Influential New Deal–era governor Clyde Tingley and famed Southwestern architect John Gaw Meem were among those who came to New Mexico seeking recovery from TB.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
File:McCanna-Hubbell Building, Albuquerque NM.jpg, built in 1915, is one of downtown Albuquerque's many historic buildings|alt=|left]]
The first travelers on Route 66 appeared in Albuquerque in 1926. Soon dozens of motels, restaurants, and gift shops sprouted along the roadside. Route 66 originally ran through the city on a north–south alignment along Fourth Street. In 1937 it was realigned along Central Avenue, a more direct east–west route.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The intersection of Fourth and Central downtown was the principal crossroads of the city for decades. The majority of the surviving structures from the Route 66 era are on Central, though there are also some on Fourth. Signs between Bernalillo and Los Lunas along the old route now have brown, historical highway markers denoting it as Pre-1937 Route 66.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The establishment of Kirtland Air Force Base in 1939, Sandia Base in the early 1940s, and Sandia National Laboratories in 1949, would make Albuquerque a key player of the Atomic Age. Meanwhile, the city continued to expand outward into the Northeast Heights, reaching a population of 201,189 by 1960 per the U.S. Census.{{Cite book |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-and-housing-phc-1/41953654v1ch2.pdf |title=U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960. Census Tracts. |date=1961 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |series=Final Report PHC(1)-4. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=13 |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619163207/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-and-housing-phc-1/41953654v1ch2.pdf |url-status=live }}
By 1990, it was 384,736 and in 2007 it was 518,271. In June 2007, Albuquerque was listed as the sixth fastest-growing city in the United States.{{Cite news |author=Les Christie |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/27/real_estate/fastest_growing_cities/ |title=The fastest growing U.S. cities – June 28, 2007 |publisher=CNN |date=June 28, 2007 |access-date=May 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404170946/http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/27/real_estate/fastest_growing_cities/ |archive-date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=live }} In 1990, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Albuquerque's population as 34.5% Hispanic and 58.3% non-Hispanic white.{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912052919/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=September 12, 2008 }}
On April 11, 1950, a USAF B-29 bomber carrying a nuclear weapon crashed into a mountain near Manzano Base.{{cite web |author=Tiwari J, Gray CJ |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents |url=http://www.cdi.org/Issues/NukeAccidents/accidents.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423145613/http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukeaccidents/accidents.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }} On May 22, 1957, a B-36 accidentally dropped a Mark 17 nuclear bomb 4.5 miles from the control tower while landing at Kirtland Air Force Base. Only the conventional trigger detonated, as the bomb was unarmed. These incidents were not reported as they were classified as secret for decades.Adler, Les. [http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/ "Albuquerque's Near-Doomsday."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060717/http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/ |date=May 15, 2019 }} Albuquerque Tribune. January 20, 1994.
Following the end of World War II, population shifts as well as suburban development, urban sprawl and gentrification, Albuquerque's downtown entered a period of decline. Many historic buildings were razed in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for new plazas, high-rises, and parking lots as part of the city's urban renewal phase.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} {{as of|2010}}, only recently has Downtown Albuquerque come to regain much of its urban character,{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} mainly through the construction of many new loft apartment buildings and the renovation of historic structures such as the KiMo Theater.
During the 21st century, Albuquerque's population has continued to grow rapidly. The population of the city proper was estimated at 564,559 in 2020,{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Albuquerque_city,_New_Mexico?g=160XX00US3502000 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=data.census.gov |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108214453/https://data.census.gov/profile/Albuquerque_city,_New_Mexico?g=160XX00US3502000 |url-status=live }} 528,497 in 2009, and 448,607 in the 2000 census.{{Cite news |first=Erick |last=Siermers |title=Managing Albuquerque's growth |url=http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/sep/17/albuquerque-metro-area-population-projected-reach-/ |date=September 17, 2007 |access-date=September 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222005227/http://abqtrib.com/news/2007/sep/17/albuquerque-metro-area-population-projected-reach-/ |archive-date=February 22, 2010 }} During 2005 and 2006, the city celebrated its tricentennial with a diverse program of cultural events.
The passage of the Planned Growth Strategy in 2002–2004 was the community's strongest effort to create a framework for a more balanced and sustainable approach to urban growth.{{cite web |url=http://www.cabq.gov/council/pgs.html |title=Planned Growth Strategy |publisher=Cabq.gov |date=March 19, 2007 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517213447/http://www.cabq.gov/council/pgs.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}
Urban sprawl is limited on three sides—by the Sandia Pueblo to the north, the Isleta Pueblo and Kirtland Air Force Base to the south, and the Sandia Mountains to the east. Suburban growth continues at a strong pace to the west, beyond the Petroglyph National Monument, once thought to be a natural boundary to sprawl development.{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/petr/ |title=Petroglyph National Monument |publisher=Nps.gov |date=June 10, 2010 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828110802/http://www.nps.gov/petr/ |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}
Because of less-costly land and lower taxes, much of the growth in the metropolitan area is taking place outside of the city of Albuquerque itself. In Rio Rancho to the northwest, the communities east of the mountains, and the incorporated parts of Valencia County, population growth rates approach twice that of Albuquerque. The primary cities in Valencia County are Los Lunas and Belen, both of which are home to growing industrial complexes and new residential subdivisions. The mountain towns of Tijeras, Edgewood, and Moriarty, while close enough to Albuquerque to be considered suburbs, have experienced much less growth compared to Rio Rancho, Bernalillo, Los Lunas, and Belen. Limited water supply and rugged terrain are the main limiting factors for development in these towns. The Mid Region Council of Governments (MRCOG), which includes constituents from throughout the Albuquerque area, was formed to ensure that these governments along the middle Rio Grande would be able to meet the needs of their rapidly rising populations. MRCOG's cornerstone project is currently the New Mexico Rail Runner Express.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
Geography
File:Albuquerque by Sentinel-2 2023-05-06.jpg
File:Rio Grande looking south, west of ABQ.jpg
Albuquerque is located in north-central New Mexico. To its east are the Sandia–Manzano Mountains. The Rio Grande flows north to south through its center, while the West Mesa and Petroglyph National Monument make up the western part of the city. Albuquerque has one of the highest elevations of any major city in the U.S., ranging from {{convert|4,900|ft|m}} above sea level near the Rio Grande to over {{convert|6,700|ft|m}} in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights and Glenwood Hills. The civic apex is found in an undeveloped area within the Albuquerque Open Space; there, the terrain rises to an elevation of approximately {{convert|6,880|ft|m}}, and the metropolitan area's highest point is Sandia Crest at an altitude of {{convert|10,678|ft|m}}.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Albuquerque has a total area of {{convert|490.9|sqkm|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|486.2|km2|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|4.7|km2|order=flip}}, or 0.96%, is water.{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3502000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212191210/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3502000 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Albuquerque city, New Mexico |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder |access-date=January 27, 2014 }}
Albuquerque lies within the fertile Rio Grande Valley with its Bosque forest, in the center of the Albuquerque Basin, flanked on the eastern side by the Sandia Mountains and to the west by the West Mesa.
{{cite web |title=Vegetation & The Environment in NM |url=http://www.unm.edu/~lcalabre/project/ |author=Laura Calabrese |publisher=University of New Mexico |access-date=July 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211155214/http://www.unm.edu/~lcalabre/project/ |archive-date=December 11, 2013 }}{{cite book |title=60 Hikes Within 60 Miles: Albuquerque: Including Santa Fe, Mount Taylor, and San Lorenzo Canyon |edition=2nd |author=Stephen Ausherman |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780897326001 |page=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MGAAynl9q0kC&pg=PA288 |access-date=November 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204194401/https://books.google.com/books?id=MGAAynl9q0kC&pg=PA288&lpg=PA288 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |url-status=live }} Located in central New Mexico, the city also has noticeable influences from the adjacent Colorado Plateau semi-desert, New Mexico Mountains forested with juniper and pine, and Southwest plateaus and plains steppe ecoregions, depending on where one is located.
=Landforms and drainage=
Albuquerque has one of the highest and most varied elevations of any major city in the United States, though the effects of this are greatly tempered by its southwesterly continental position.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024|reason=Specifically for effect of southwestern continental position.}} The elevation of the city ranges from 4,949 feet (1,508 m) above sea level near the Rio Grande{{Cite web |title=Rio Grande at Albuquerque, NM - USGS Water Data for the Nation |url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/08330000/all-graphs/#period=P7D |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=waterdata.usgs.gov |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619162242/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/08330000/all-graphs/#period=P7D |url-status=live }} (in the Valley) to 6,165 feet (1,879 m) in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights.{{Cite web |title=Geographic Names Information System |url=https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/2584202 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=edits.nationalmap.gov |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619162241/https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/2584202 |url-status=live }} At the Albuquerque International Sunport, the elevation is 5,355 feet (1,632 m) above sea level.{{Cite web |title=Facts & Figures |url=https://www.abqsunport.com/facts-figures/#:~:text=sunport%20facilities&text=ABQ's%20elevation%20is%205%2C355%20feet,106%20degrees%2C%2037%20minutes%20West. |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Albuquerque International Sunport |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619162251/https://www.abqsunport.com/facts-figures/#:~:text=sunport%20facilities&text=ABQ's%20elevation%20is%205%2C355%20feet,106%20degrees%2C%2037%20minutes%20West. |url-status=live }}
The Rio Grande is classified, like the Nile, as an "exotic" river. The New Mexico portion of the Rio Grande lies within the Rio Grande Rift Valley, bordered by a system of faults, including those that lifted up the adjacent Sandia and Manzano Mountains, while lowering the area where the life-sustaining Rio Grande now flows.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
=Geology and ecology=
{{main|Albuquerque Basin}}
Albuquerque lies in the Albuquerque Basin, a portion of the Rio Grande rift.{{cite web |url=http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/water/projects/Albuquerque_basin.html |title=Albuquerque Basin |publisher=The New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources |access-date=September 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124156/http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/water/projects/Albuquerque_basin.html |archive-date=November 7, 2012 }}
The Sandia Mountains are the predominant geographic feature visible in Albuquerque. Sandía is Spanish for "watermelon", and is popularly believed to be a reference to the brilliant pink and green coloration of the mountains at sunset. The pink is due to large exposures of granodiorite cliffs, and the green is due to large swaths of conifer forests. However, Robert Julyan notes in The Place Names of New Mexico, "the most likely explanation is the one believed by the Sandia Pueblo Indians: the Spaniards, when they encountered the Pueblo in 1540, called it Sandia, because they thought the squash growing there were watermelons, and the name Sandia soon was transferred to the mountains east of the pueblo."Robert Julyan, The Place Names of New Mexico (revised edition), UNM Press, 1998. He also notes that the Sandia Pueblo Indians call the mountain Bien Mur, "Big Mountain."
Albuquerque lies at the northern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert transitioning into the Colorado Plateau. The Sandia Mountains represent the northern edge of the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains ecoregion.
The environments of Albuquerque include the Rio Grande bosque, (floodplain cottonwood forest), arid scrub, and mesas that turn into the Sandia foothills in the east. The Rio Grande's bosque has been significantly reduced and its natural flood cycle disrupted by dams built further upstream. A corridor of bosque surrounding the river within the city has been preserved as Rio Grande Valley State Park.
File:South Diversion Channel, Albuquerque.jpg
A few remaining natural arroyos provide riparian habitat within the city, though natural arroyos draining into the Rio Grande have largely been replaced with concrete channels. After a series of floods in the 1950s, passage of the "Arroyo Flood Control Act of 1963" provided for the construction of a series of concrete diversion channels.{{cite book |last=Swinburne |first=Bernard H. |title=Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority |date=July 1974 |publisher=Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority |location=Albuquerque |pages=6–8 |url=https://amafca.org/documents/AMAFCABrochureweb.pdf |access-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001005353/https://amafca.org/documents/AMAFCABrochureweb.pdf |url-status=live}} The network of channels was built by the Army Corps of Engineers during the 1960s and early 1970s.
Iconic urban wildlife includes the roadrunner, Gunnison's prairie dog, coyote, and New Mexico whiptail lizard. The bosque is a popular destination for wildlife viewing, with opportunities to see porcupines and sandhill cranes in the winter.{{cite web |title=City of Albuquerque Critters |url=https://www.cabq.gov/parksandrecreation/open-space/city-of-albuquerque-critters |access-date=March 20, 2024 |website=City of Albuquerque |archive-date=March 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320052718/https://www.cabq.gov/parksandrecreation/open-space/city-of-albuquerque-critters |url-status=live}} Cooper's hawks are common in city parks.{{cite web |date=August 6, 2019 |title=Cooper's hawk population booming in Albuquerque |url=https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/coopers-hawk-population-booming-in-albuquerque/ |access-date=March 20, 2024 |website=KRQE NEWS 13 – Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos |language=en-US}}
Iconic vegetation includes the Rio Grande cottonwood in the bosque, and tree cholla, prickly pear, yucca, chamisa, and oneseed juniper in upland areas. The foothill open space at the eastern border also features Sonoran scrub oak and piñon pine. Desert willows are commonly planted throughout the city. Tumbleweeds are a common weed in disturbed areas, and are used by the city to make an annual holiday snowman.{{cite web |title=AMAFCA Tumbleweed Snowman |url=https://amafca.org/snowman-tumbleweed/ |access-date=March 20, 2024 |website=AMAFCA |language=en-US |archive-date=March 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320052719/https://amafca.org/snowman-tumbleweed/ |url-status=live}}
=Cityscape=
{{wide image|Albuquerque_pano_sunset.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the city of Albuquerque looking east}}
File:Albuquerque-nighttime-cityscape-from-Sandia-Crest (cropped).jpg upper terminal