:Ancient Macedonian language

{{for|the modern Eastern South Slavic language|Macedonian language}}

{{Infobox language

|name = Macedonian

|region = Macedon

|ethnicity = Ancient Macedonians

|era = 1st millennium BC

|ref = linglist

|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam2 = Hellenic

|fam3 = Ancient Greek?B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.Blažek, Václav (2005). "Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages", Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 10. pp. 15–34.{{cite book |last=van Beek |first=Lucien |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52 |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-108-49979-8 |editor-last=Olander |editor-first=Thomas |pages=173–201 |chapter=Greek |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf |s2cid=161016819 }}: "pp. 89–190, Figure 11.1 The Greek dialects {{Plain link|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/greek/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A#FIGm-fig-16 Figure 11.1}})

|fam4 = Doric?Meier-Brügger, Michael (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5.

|fam5 = Northwest Doric?

|iso3 = xmk

|linglist = xmk

|glotto = none

}}

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians which was either a dialect of Ancient Greek or a separate Hellenic language. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC and belonged to the Indo-European language family. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the Hellenistic period.{{Cite book |last=Borza |first=Eugene N. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA94 |title=In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon |chapter=Who Were the Macedonians? |date=28 September 1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00880-6 |orig-date=1990 |publication-date=1992 |page=94 |language=en |quote=One can only speculate that that [Ancient Macedonian] dialect declined with the rise in use of standard koinē Greek. The main language of formal discourse and official communication became Greek by the fourth century [BC]. Whether the dialect(s) were eventually replaced by standard Greek, or were preserved as part of a two–tiered system of speech—one for official use, the other idiomatic for traditional ceremonies, rituals, or rough soldiers' talk—is problematic and requires more evidence and further study.}} It became extinct during either the Hellenistic or Roman imperial period, and was entirely replaced by Koine Greek.{{Cite book |last=Engels |first=Johannes |title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2 |editor-last1=Roisman |editor-first1=Joseph |editor-last2=Worthington |editor-first2=Ian |chapter=Macedonians and Greeks |page=94 |language=en |quote=However, with respect to the discussion in this chapter it seems to be quite clear that (a) ancient Macedonian at some date during the Hellenistic or Roman imperial era was completely replaced by koine Greek and died out, and (b) that ancient Macedonian has no relationship with modern Macedonian which together with Bulgarian belongs to the eastern branch of southern Slavonic languages. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&pg=PA94}}

While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),{{cite book|author1=Joseph Roisman|author2=Ian Worthington|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA94|date=7 July 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7|page=94|quote=Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.}}{{cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|page=730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=RA7-PA831 | first1=D. M. | last1=Lewis | first2=John | last2=Boardman | isbn=978-0-521-23348-4}} fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet.Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289{{cite book | last = Crespo | first = Emilio | chapter = The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 329 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}{{cite book | last = Hornblower | first = Simon | chapter = Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia | title = The Greek World, 479-323 BC | publisher = Routledge | date = 2002 | edition = Third | page = 90 | isbn = 0-415-16326-9 }} This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek, and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect or a distinct sister language of Greek.

Classification

Due to the fragmentary attestation of this dialect or language, various interpretations are possible.{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Brian D. |editor-last=Garry |editor-first=Jane |editor-last2=Rubino |editor-first2=Carl |editor-last3=Bodomo |editor-first3=Adams B. |editor-last4=Faber |editor-first4=Alice |editor-last5=French |editor-first5=Robert |title=Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present |chapter=Ancient Greek |chapter-url=https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/joseph.1/articles/gancient.htm |page=256 |date=2001 |publisher=H. W. Wilson Company |isbn=9780824209704 |language=en |editor-link3=Adams Bodomo |quote=Family: Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (...) or a sibling language to all of the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic. Related Languages: As noted above, Ancient Macedonian might be the language most closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible; but most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic (...). |access-date=2022-06-06 |archive-date=2016-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm |url-status=dead }}J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. {{ISBN|1-884964-98-2}} Suggested classifications of ancient Macedonian include:{{cite book| last= Mallory |first= J.P.| author-link= JP Mallory| editor =Mallory, J.P. |editor2=Adams, D.Q. | year= 1997| title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |location= Chicago-London|publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn= 1-884964-98-2|page = 361}}{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | page=299 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}

A Greek dialect, part of the Northwest Doric group of dialects; pioneered by {{ill|Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz|de|Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz}} (1808),{{Cite book |last=Hatzopoulos |first=Miltiades B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Macedonia |chapter=The speech of the ancient Macedonians |date=2020 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-071876-8 |pages=64, 77 |language=en}} and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=[Ancient] Macedonian language |encyclopedia=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Masson |first=Olivier |editor=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |edition=revised 3rd |pages=905–906 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-860641-3 |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first2=Antony}} Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,[https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&q=Macedonian+Doric on Google books] Johannes Engels (2010),Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),{{cite book | last = Dosuna | first = J. Méndez | chapter = Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text) | title = Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture | editor-last = Giannakis | editor-first = Georgios K. | date = 2012 | publisher = Centre for Greek Language | page = 145 | isbn = 978-960-7779-52-6}} Georgios Babiniotis (2014),{{Cite journal |last=Babiniotis |first=Georgios |date=2014 |title=Ancient Macedonian: A case study |url=https://ojs.aims.edu.au/index.php/msj/article/view/11 |journal=Macedonian Studies Journal |language=en |location=Australia |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=7 |quote=On all levels (phonological, grammatical and lexical) common structural features of Macedonian and Doric lead us to classify Macedonian within the Doric, especially the Northwestern group of Doric dialects.}} Joachim Matzinger (2016),{{cite speech|last=Matzinger|first=Joachim|date=2016|title=Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen|publisher=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|page=39|language=de|url=https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/matzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf}} Emilio Crespo (2017), Claude Brixhe (2018),{{cite book |last=Brixhe |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-054243-1 |editor1-last=Klein |editor1-first=Jared |volume=3 |pages=1862–1867 |language=en |chapter=Macedonian |author-link=Claude Brixhe |editor2-last=Joseph |editor2-first=Brian |editor3-last=Fritz |editor3-first=Matthias}} and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).
A Greek dialect related to, or a version of, Aeolic Greek; suggested by August Fick (1874), Otto Hoffmann (1906), N. G. L. Hammond (1997){{Cite book|last=Hammond|first=N.G.L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwiAQAAIAAJ|title=Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics|date=1997|publisher=A.M. Hakkert|pages=79|language=en}} and Ian Worthington (2012).{{Cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSOpAgAAQBAJ|title=Alexander the Great: A Reader|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64003-2|pages=71|language=en}}
A sister language of Greek, according to a scheme in which Macedonian and Greek are the two branches of a Greco-Macedonian subgroup (sometimes called "Hellenic"); suggested by Georgiev (1966),Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
"Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian." Joseph (2001) and Hamp (2013).Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.

Properties

Because of the fragmentary sources of Ancient Macedonian, only a little is understood about the special features of the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) sometimes appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written {{lang|xmk|β, δ, γ}}), whereas they were generally unvoiced as /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ ({{lang|grc|φ, θ, χ}}) elsewhere in Ancient Greek.Exceptions to the rule:

{{lang|xmk|ἀρφύς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315825 arhphys] Macedonian (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315433 ἁρπεδών] {{transl|grc|harpedôn}} cord, yarn)
{{lang|xmk|βάγαρον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318973 bagaron] (Attic χλιαρόν {{transl|grc|chliaron}}' 'warm') (cf. Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112798 phôgô] 'roast') (Laconian)
{{lang|xmk|βώνημα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321339 bônêma] speech (Homeric, Ionic {{transl|grc|eirêma}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331179 eireo]) (cf. Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112836 phônêma] sound, speech) (Laconian)
{{lang|xmk|κεβλὴ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356335 keblê] Callimachus Fr.140 Macedonian {{lang|xmk|κεβ(α)λή}} {{transl|xmk|keb(a)lē}} versus Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|κεφαλή}} {{transl|grc|kephalē}} ('head')
{{lang|xmk|κεβλήπυρις}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2317647 keblēpyris] ('red-cap bird'), (Aristophanes Birds)
{{lang|xmk|κεβλήγονος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356336 keblêgonos] born from the head, Euphorion 108 for Athena, with its seed in its head Nicander Alexipharmaca 433.
{{lang|xmk|πέχαρι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382860 pechari] deer (Laconian [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 berkios]) Amerias
{{lang|xmk|Ὑπερβέρετος}} Hyperberetos Cretan month June, Macedonian September Hyperberetaios (Hellenic Calendars) (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107933 hyperpheretês] supreme, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107935 hyperpherô] transfer,excel)
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|δάνος}} dánοs ('death', from PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*d^henh₂-}} 'to leave'), compared to Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|θάνατος}} {{transl|grc|thánatos}}
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|ἀβροῦτες}} abroûtes or {{lang|xmk|ἀβροῦϝες}} abroûwes, compared to Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|ὀφρῦς}} {{transl|grc|ophrûs}} for 'eyebrows'
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|Βερενίκη}} Bereníkē, compared to Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|Φερενίκη}} {{transl|grc|Phereníkē}}, 'bearing victory' (Personal name)
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|ἄδραια}} adraia ('bright weather'), compared to Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|αἰθρία}} {{transl|grc|aithría}}, from PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₂aid^h-}}
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|βάσκιοι}} báskioi ('fasces'), compared to Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|φάσκωλος}} {{transl|grc|pháskōlos}} 'leather sack', from PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*b^hasko}}
According to Herodotus 7.73 ({{circa|440 BC}}), the Macedonians claimed that the Phryges were called Bryges before they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia (around 8th–7th century BC).
According to Plutarch, MoraliaGreek Questions 292e – Question 9 – Why do Delphians call one of their months Bysios [https://books.google.com/books?id=NL_WAAAAMAAJ]. Macedonians use 'b' instead of 'ph', while Delphians use 'b' in the place of 'p'.
Macedonian {{lang|xmk|μάγειρος}} mágeiros ('butcher') was a loan from Doric into Attic. Vittore Pisani has suggested an ultimately Macedonian origin for the word, which could then be cognate to {{lang|grc|μάχαιρα}} {{transl|grc|mákhaira}} ('knife', < PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*mag^h-}}, 'to fight')Česko-jihoslovenská revue, [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrvAAAAMAAJ Volume 4], 1934, p. 187.

If {{lang|xmk|γοτάν}} gotán ('pig') is related to Proto-Hellenic noun *gʷous, and hence to PIE noun *gʷṓws ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|βοῦς}} {{transl|grc|boûs}}). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Laconian Doric (the dialect of Sparta) {{lang|grc-x-doric|γλεπ-}} {{transl|grc|glep-}} for common Greek {{lang|grc-x-koine|βλεπ-}} {{transl|grc|blep-}}, as well as Doric {{lang|grc-x-doric|γλάχων}} {{transl|grc|gláchōn}} and Ionic {{lang|grc-x-ionic|γλήχων}} {{transl|grc|glēchōn}} for common Greek {{lang|grc-x-koine|βλήχων}} {{transl|grc|blēchōn}}.Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930, 21.

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: {{lang|xmk|κάναδοι}} kánadoi, 'jaws' (< PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*genu-}}); {{lang|xmk|κόμβους}} {{transl|xmk|kómbous}}, 'molars' (< PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*gombh-}}); within words: {{lang|xmk|ἀρκόν}} arkón (Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|ἀργός}} {{transl|grc|argós}}); the Macedonian toponym {{transl|xmk|Akesamenai}}, from the Pierian name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek {{transl|grc|agassomai}}, {{transl|grc|agamai}}, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name {{transl|txh|Agassamenos}}).

In Aristophanes' The Birds, the form {{lang|grc|κεβλήπυρις}} {{transl|grc|keblēpyris}} ('red head', the name of a bird, perhaps the goldfinch or redpoll) is found,[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2317647 Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, κεβλήπυρις]. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: {{lang|xmk|κεβ(α)λή}} {{transl|xmk|keb(a)lē}} versus {{lang|grc|κεφαλή}} {{transl|grc|kephalē}} ('head'). Emilio Crespo, a researcher at the Autonomous University of Madrid, wrote that "the voicing of voiceless stops and the development of aspirates into voiced fricatives turns out to be the outcome of an internal development of Macedonian as a dialect of Greek" without excluding "the presence of interference from other languages or of any linguistic substrate or adstrate", as also argued by M. Hatzopoulos.{{cite book | last = Crespo | first = Emilio | chapter = The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 344 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius of Alexandria' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as {{transl|xmk|abrouwes}} ({{lang|xmk|αβρουϝες}}), with tau ({{lang|xmk|Τ}}) replacing a digamma.Olivier Masson, "Sur la notation occasionnelle du digamma grec par d'autres consonnes et la glose macédonienne abroutes", Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, 90 (1995) 231–239. Also proposed by O. Hoffmann and J. Kalleris. If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

A. Panayotou summarizes some features generally identified through ancient texts and epigraphy:A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 439–441

=Phonology=

Occasional development of voiced aspirates (*b^h, *d^h, *g^h) into voiced stops (b, d, g) (e.g. Βερενίκα, Attic Φερενίκη)
Retention of */aː/ (e.g. Μαχάτας), also present in Epirotic[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions//main Packard Institute epigraphic database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121221117/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main |date=2007-11-21 }}
[aː] as a result of contraction between [aː] and [ɔː]
Apocope of short vowels in prepositions in synthesis ({{lang|xmk|παρκαττίθεμαι}}, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|παρακατατίθεμαι}})
Syncope (hyphairesis) and diphthongization are used to avoid hiatus (e.g. {{lang|xmk|Θετίμα}}, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|Θεοτίμη}}; compare with Epirotic {{lang|grc|Λαγέτα}}, Doric {{lang|grc-x-doric|Λαογἐτα}}).
Occasional retention of the pronunciation [u] of /u(ː)/ in local cult epithets or nicknames ({{lang|xmk|Κουναγίδας}} = {{lang|xmk|Κυναγίδας}})
Raising of /ɔː/ to /uː/ in proximity to nasal (e.g. {{lang|xmk|Κάνουν}}, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|Κανών}})
Simplification of the sequence /ign/ to /iːn/ (γίνομαι, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|γίγνομαι}})
Loss of aspiration of the consonant cluster /st^h/ (> /st/) ({{lang|xmk|γενέσται}}, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|γενέσθαι}})

= Morphology =

Ancient Macedonian morphology is shared with ancient Epirus, including some of the oldest inscriptions from Dodona.Eric Lhote (2006) Les lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone. Droz, Geneve. The morphology of the first declension nouns with an -ας ending is also shared with Thessalian (e.g. Epitaph for Pyrrhiadas, KierionRoberts, E.S., An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy vol. 1 no. 237).

First-declension masculine and feminine in -ας and -α respectively (e.g. {{lang|xmk|Πεύκεστας}}, {{lang|xmk|Λαομάγα}})
First-declension masculine genitive singular in -α (e.g. {{lang|xmk|Μαχάτα}})
First-declension genitive plural in -ᾶν
First person personal pronoun dative singular {{lang|xmk|ἐμίν}}
Temporal conjunction {{lang|xmk|ὁπόκα}}
Possibly, a non-sigmatic nominative masculine singular in the first declension ({{lang|xmk|ἱππότα}}, Attic {{lang|grc-x-attic|ἱππότης}})

Onomastics

= Anthroponymy =

M. Hatzopoulos and Johannes Engels summarize the Macedonian anthroponymy (that is names borne by people from Macedonia before the expansion beyond the Axios or people undoubtedly hailing from this area after the expansion) as follows:Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Elaine Matthews, Simon Hornblower, Peter Marshall Fraser, British Academy, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 103{{Cite book |last=Engels |first=Johannes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA94 |title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7 |editor-last=Roisman |editor-first=Joseph |language=en |chapter=Macedonians and Greeks |editor-last2=Worthington |editor-first2=Ian}}

Epichoric (local) Greek names that either differ from the phonology of the introduced Attic or that remained almost confined to Macedonians throughout antiquity
Panhellenic (common) Greek names
Identifiable non-Greek (Thracian and Illyrian) names
Names without a clear Greek etymology that can't however be ascribed to any identifiable non-Greek linguistic group.

Common in the creation of ethnics is the use of -έστης, -εστός especially when derived from sigmatic nouns (ὄρος > Ὀρέστης but also Δῖον > Διασταί).

Per Engels, the above material supports that Macedonian anthroponymy was predominantly Greek in character.

= Toponymy =

The toponyms of Macedonia proper are generally Greek, though some of them show a particular phonology and a few others are non-Greek.

Calendar

The Macedonian calendar's origins go back to Greek prehistory. The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods.{{Cite book|last=Hatzopoulos|first=Miltiades B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ|title=Ancient Macedonia|date=2020|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-071876-8|pages=78|language=en}} Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well. According to Martin P. Nilsson, the Macedonian calendar is formed like a regular Greek one and the names of the months attest the Greek nationality of the Macedonians.

Epigraphy

Macedonian onomastics: the earliest epigraphical documents attesting substantial numbers of Macedonian proper names are the second Athenian alliance decree with Perdiccas II (~417–413 BC), the decree of Kalindoia (~335–300 BC) and seven curse tablets of the 4th century BC bearing mostly names.Athens, bottom-[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=91&bookid=4®ion=1&subregion=71 IG I³ 89] – Kalindoia-[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=152454&bookid=152411®ion=4&subregion=11 Meletemata 11 K31] – Pydna-[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=313283&bookid=172®ion=4&subregion=11 SEG 52:617,I] (6) till SEG 52:617,VI – Mygdonia-[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=312708&bookid=172®ion=4&subregion=11 SEG 49:750]{{Cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Elaine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbVJvfu7EzsC&dq=Eulandros&pg=PA114 |title=Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence |last2=Hornblower |first2=Simon |last3=Academy |first3=British |date=2000-12-14 |publisher=OUP/British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-726216-0 |language=en}}

Oktadrachm of Alexander I 498 – 454 BCE.jpg|Octadrachm of Alexander I of Macedon, early 5th century B.C.

Coin of Perdikas II - 451-413 BCE.jpg|Stater of Perdiccas II of Macedon, mid to late 5th century B.C.

Pellatab.jpg|The Pella curse tablet, 4th century B.C.

Ancient Greek binding spell, 4th century B.C., Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.jpg|Binding spell, 4th century B.C., Oraiokastro[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/seg-49-750-oraiokastro-defixio-classical-period-a49_750 SEG 49-750. Oraiokastro. Defixio, Classical period – Brill Reference]

Relief inscribed stele, mid 4th century B.C., Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.jpg|Funerary stele, with an epigram on the top, mid 4th century B.C., Vergina

About 99% of the roughly 6,300 inscriptions discovered by archaeologists within the confines of ancient Macedonia were written in the Greek language, using the Greek alphabet.{{cite book|last=Anson|first=Edward M.|chapter=Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=17, n. 57, n. 58|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&q=macedonians+greeks+ethnic+identity+political&pg=PA14| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}} The legends in all currently discovered coins also in Greek. The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek dialect, found in 1986 and dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialect group."...but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.

Hesychius' glossary

A body of idiomatic words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names, though the number of considered words sometimes differs from scholar to scholar. The majority of these words can be confidently assigned to Greek albeit some words would appear to reflect a dialectal form of Greek. There are, however, a number of words that are not easily identifiable as Greek and reveal, for example, voiced stops where Greek shows voiceless aspirates.J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. {{ISBN|1-884964-98-2}}

{{angbr|†}} marked words which have been corrupted.

{{lang|grc|ἄβαγνα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2334 abagna] 'roses amaranta (unwithered)' (Attic {{lang|grc|ῥόδα}} rhoda, Aeolic {{lang|grc|βρόδα}} broda roses). (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234949 amarantos] unfading. Amaranth flower. (Aeolic {{lang|grc|ἄβα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2346582;loc=h%28ba%2Fw aba] 'youthful prime' + {{lang|grc|ἁγνός}} hagnos 'pure, chaste, unsullied) or epithet aphagna from [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318088 aphagnizo] 'purify'.{{lang|fr|Les anciens Macedoniens. Etude linguistique et historique|italic=yes}} by J. N. Kalleris If abagnon is the proper name for rhodon rose, then it is cognate to Persian {{lang|fa|باغ}} {{lang|fa-Latn|bāġ}}, 'garden', Gothic {{lang|got|𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃}} {{lang|got-Latn|bagms}} 'tree' and Greek [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319142 bakanon] 'cabbage-seed'. Finally, a Phrygian borrowing is highly possible if we think of the famous Gardens of Midas, where roses grow of themselves (see Herodotus 8.138.2, Athenaeus 15.683)
{{lang|grc|ἀβαρκνᾷ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357 abarknai] {{lang|grc|κομᾷ † τὲ Μακεδόνες}} ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358772 komai]? {{lang|grc|ἄβαρκνα}} abarkna hunger, famine).
{{lang|grc|ἀβαρύ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357 abarú] 'oregano' (Hes. {{lang|grc|ὀρίγανον}} origanon) (LSJ: {{lang|grc|βαρύ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319386 barú] perfume used in incense, Attic {{lang|grc|βαρύ}} barú 'heavy') (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234946 amarakon] sweet Origanum Majorana) (Hes. for origanon {{lang|grc|ἀγριβρόξ}} agribrox, {{lang|grc|ἄβρομον}} abromon, {{lang|grc|ἄρτιφος}} artiphos, {{lang|grc|κεβλήνη}} keblênê)
{{lang|grc|ἀβλόη}}, {{lang|grc|ἀλογεῖ}} abloē, alogei Text Corrupted {{lang|grc|†ἀβλόη σπένδε Μακεδόνες [ἀλογεῖ σπεῖσον Μακεδόνες]}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395850 spendô])
{{lang|grc|ἀβροῦτες}} or {{lang|grc|ἀβροῦϜες}} abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|ὀφρῦς}} ophrûs acc. pl., {{lang|grc|ὀφρύες}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376180 ophrúes] nom., PIE *{{PIE|bʰru-}}) (Serbian {{lang|sr|obrve}}, Lithuanian {{lang|lt|bruvis}}, Persian {{lang|fa|ابرو}} {{lang|fa-Latn|abru}}) (Koine Greek [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376174 ophrudia], Modern Greek {{lang|el|φρύδια}} {{lang|el-Latn|frydia}})
{{lang|grc|ἀγκαλίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23545;layout=;loc=a%29gka%5Eli%3Dnai ankalis] Attic 'weight, burden, load' Macedonian 'sickle' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|ἄχθος}} ákhthos, {{lang|grc|δρέπανον}} drépanon, LSJ Attic {{lang|grc|ἀγκαλίς}} ankalís 'bundle', or in pl. {{lang|grc|ἀγκάλαι}} ankálai 'arms' (body parts), {{lang|grc|ἄγκαλος}} ánkalos 'armful, bundle', {{lang|grc|ἀγκάλη}} ankálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *{{PIE|ank}} 'to bend') ({{lang|grc|ἀγκυλίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23583;layout=;loc=a%29gku%2Flion ankylis] 'barb' Oppianus.C.1.155.)
{{lang|grc|ἄδδαι}} addai poles of a chariot or car, logs (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392804 ῥυμοὶ] rhumoi) (Aeolic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372144 usdoi], Attic ozoi, branches, twigs) PIE {{PIE|*H₂ó-sd-o- }}, branch
{{lang|grc|ἀδῆ}} adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. {{lang|grc|οὐρανός}} ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny Attic {{lang|grc|αἰθήρ}} aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
{{lang|grc|ἄδισκον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231417 adiskon] potion, cocktail (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360594 kykeôn])
{{lang|grc|ἄδραια}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231473 adraia] 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|αἰθρία}} aithría, Epirotan {{lang|grc|ἀδρία}}, PIE *aidh-)
{{lang|grc|Ἀέροπες}} Aeropes tribe (wind-faced) ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231750 aero-] +[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376336 opsis]([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231763 aerops] opos, Boeotian name for the bird merops)
{{lang|grc|ἀκόντιον}} akontion spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone: ridge of a hill or mountain (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392240 rhachis]) (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233328 akontion] spear, javelin) (Aeolic akontion part of troops)
{{lang|grc|ἀκρέα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233446 akrea] girl (Attic {{lang|grc|κόρη}} korê, Ionic kourê, Doric/Aeolic kora, Arcadian korwa, Laconian kyrsanis ({{lang|grc|Ἀκρέα}}, epithet of Aphrodite in Cyprus, instead of Akraia, of the heights). Epithet of a goddess from an archaic Corcyraic inscription ({{lang|grc|ορϝος hιαρος τας Ακριας}}).
{{lang|grc|ἀκρουνοί}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233657 akrounoi] 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. {{lang|grc|ὃροι}} hóroi, LSJ Attic {{lang|grc|ἄκρον}} ákron 'at the end or extremity', from {{lang|grc|ἀκή}} akē 'point, edge', PIE *{{PIE|ak}} 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
{{lang|grc|ἀλίη}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234191;layout=;loc=a%28li%2Fzwos alíē] 'boar or boarfish' (Attic kapros) (PIE *{{PIE|ol-}}/*{{PIE|el-}} "red, brown" (in animal and tree names){{cite web

|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elk |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-02-03}} (Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2333870 ellos] fawn, Attic elaphos 'deer', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234337;layout=;loc=a%29lkh%2F1 alkê] elk)

{{lang|grc|ἄλιζα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234186 aliza] (also alixa) 'White Poplar' (Attic {{lang|grc|λεύκη}} leúkē, Epirotan {{lang|grc|ἄλυζα}}, Thessalian alphinia, LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234695 {{lang|grc|ἄλυζα|nocat=y}}, aluza] globularia alypum) (Pokorny Attic {{lang|grc|ἐλάτη}} elátē 'fir, spruce', PIE *{{PIE|ol-}}, *{{PIE|el-}}, P.Gmc. and Span. {{lang|es|aliso}} 'alder')
{{lang|grc|ἄξος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311086 axos] 'timber' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|ὓλη}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106602 hulê]) (Cretan Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317536 ausos] Attic alsos 'grove' little forest. (PIE *{{PIE|os-}} ash tree (OE. {{lang|ang|æsc}} ash tree), (Greek οξυά oxya, Albanian {{lang|sq|ah}}, beech), (Armenian {{lang|hy|հացի}} {{lang|hy-Latn|hac’i}} ash tree)
{{lang|grc|ἀορτής}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311158 aortês], 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; Homer [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311135 {{lang|grc|ἄορ|nocat=y}}] áor 'sword'; Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311157 {{lang|grc|ἀορτήρ}}] aortēr 'swordstrap', Modern Greek {{lang|grc|αορτήρ}} aortír 'riflestrap'; hence aorta) (According to Suidas: Many now say the knapsack {{lang|grc|ἀβερτὴ}} [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=aber abertê] instead of [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311156 aortê]. Both the object and the word [are] Macedonian.
{{lang|grc|Ἀράντιδες}} Αrantides Erinyes (in dative [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314698 {{lang|grc|ἀράντισιν}}] {{lang|grc|ἐρινύσι}}) (Arae{{cite web|url=http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Arai.html |title=ARAE: Greek goddesses or spirits of curses; mythology: ARAI |publisher=Theoi.com |access-date=2013-02-03}} name for Erinyes, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2314708;layout=;loc=a%29ra_ro%2Ftws arasimos] accursed, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314703 araomai] invoke, curse, pray or [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392167 rhantizô] sprinkle, purify.
{{lang|grc|ἄργελλα}} argella 'bathing hut'. Cimmerian {{lang|grc|ἄργιλλα}} or argila 'subterranean dwelling' (Ephorus in Strb. 5.4.5) PIE *{{PIE|areg-}}; borrowed into Balkan Latin and gave Romanian {{lang|ro|argea}} (pl. {{lang|ro|argele}}), "wooden hut", dialectal (Banat) {{lang|ro|arghela}} "stud farm"); cf. Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|argalā}} 'latch, bolt', Old English {{lang|ang|reced}} "building, house", Albanian {{lang|sq|argësh}} "harrow, crude bridge of crossbars, crude raft supported by skin bladders"
{{lang|grc|ἀργι(ό)πους}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314798 argiopous] 'eagle' (LSJ Attic {{lang|grc|ἀργίπους}} argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *{{PIE|hrg'i-pods}} < PIE *{{PIE|arg}} + PIE *{{PIE|ped}})
{{lang|grc|Ἄρητος}} Arētos epithet or alternative of Herakles (Ares-like)
{{lang|grc|ἀρκόν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315184 arkon] 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic {{lang|grc|ἀργός}} argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing., {{lang|grc|ἀργόν}} acc.)
{{lang|grc|ἀρφύς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315825 arhphys] (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350437 ἱμάς] himas strap, rope), ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315433 ἁρπεδών] harpedôn cord, yarn; ἁρπεδόνα Rhodes, Lindos II 2.37).
{{lang|grc|ἄσπιλος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316398 aspilos] 'torrent' (Hes. {{lang|grc|χείμαῤῥος}} kheímarrhos, Attic {{lang|grc|ἄσπιλος}} áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
{{lang|grc|βαβρήν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318967 babrên] lees of olive-oil (LSJ: {{lang|grc|βάβρηκες}} babrêkes gums, or food in the teeth, {{lang|grc|βαβύας}} babuas mud)
{{lang|grc|βαθάρα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318998 bathara] pukliê (Macedonian), purlos (Athamanian) (unattested; maybe food, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231905 atharê] porridge, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391801 pyros] wheat)
{{lang|grc|βίῤῥοξ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319997 birrhox] dense, thick (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319754 βειρόν beiron])
{{lang|grc|γάρκα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321643 garka] rod (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113372 charax]) (EM: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321644 garkon] axle-pin) (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321648 garrha] rod)
{{lang|grc|γόλα}} gola or [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322580 goda] bowels, intestines (Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23114332 cholades]) PIE: {{PIE|ghel-ond-}}, {{PIE|ghol-n•d-}} stomach; bowels{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=ghel-ond-%2C+ghol-n%E2%80%A2d-&btnG=Google+Search |title=Pokorny |date=1967-03-27 |access-date=2013-02-03}}
{{lang|grc|γοτάν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322706 gotan] 'pig' acc. sing. (PIE *{{PIE|gʷou-}} 'cattle', (Attic {{lang|grc|βοτόν}} botón ' beast', in plural {{lang|grc|βοτά}} botá 'grazing animals') (Laconian [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322921 grôna] 'sow' female pig, and pl. grônades) (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322597 goi, goi], to imitate the sound of pigs) ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322599 goita] sheep or pig)
{{lang|grc|γυλλάς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322956 gyllas] kind of glass ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322924 gyalas] a Megarian cup)
{{lang|grc|γῶψ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323151 gôps] pl. gopes macherel (Attic koloios) (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395443 skôps] a fish) (Modern Greek gopa 'bogue' fish pl. gopes)
{{lang|grc|δαίτας}} daitas caterer waiter (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323267 daitros]
{{lang|grc|δάνος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323433 danos] 'death', (Hes. Attic thánatos {{lang|grc|θάνατος}} 'death', from root {{lang|grc|θαν-}} than-), PIE *{{PIE|dʰenh₂-}} 'to leave, {{lang|grc|δανoτής}} danotês (disaster, pain) Sophocles Lacaenae fr.338{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGYGAAAAQAAJ&q=Sophocles+fragmenta++338+herodianus&pg=RA1-PA45 |title=Poetae scenici graeci, accedunt perditarum fabularum fragmenta |access-date=2013-02-03|last1=Dindorf |first1=Wilhelm |year=1841 }}
{{lang|grc|δανῶν}} danōn 'murderer' (Attic {{lang|grc|θανών}} thanōn dead, past participle)
{{lang|grc|δάρυλλος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323484 darullos] 'oak' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|δρῦς}} drûs, PIE *{{PIE|doru-}})
{{lang|grc|δρῆες}} drêes or {{lang|grc|δρῆγες}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328381 drêges] small birds (Attic strouthoi) (Elean [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323782 δειρήτης deirêtês], strouthos, Nicander.Fr.123.) (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2326386 διγῆρες digêres] strouthoi, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328407 δρίξ drix] strouthos)
{{lang|grc|δώραξ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329787 dôrax] spleen, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395971 splên] (Attic θώραξ [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348969 thôrax] chest, corslet
{{lang|grc|ἐπιδειπνίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2339135 epideipnis] Macedonian dessert
{{lang|grc|Ζειρηνίς}} Zeirênis epithet or alternative for Aphrodite ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393562 Seirênis] Siren-like)
{{lang|grc|Ἠμαθία}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%234287 Êmathia] ex-name of Macedonia, region of Emathia from mythological Emathus (Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234862 amathos] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346954 êmathoessa], river-sandy land, PIE *{{PIE|samadh}}.{{cite web |url=http://ehl.santafe.edu/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&first=1&text_proto=madh&method_proto=substring&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&text_hitt=&method_hitt=substring&text_ind=&method_ind=substring&text_avest=&method_avest=substring&text_iran=&method_iran=substring&text_arm=&method_arm=substring&text_greek=&method_greek=substring&text_slav=&method_slav=substring&text_balt=&method_balt=substring&text_germ=&method_germ=substring&text_lat=&method_lat=substring&text_ital=&method_ital=substring&text_celt=&method_celt=substring&text_alb=&method_alb=substring&text_tokh=&method_tokh=substring&text_refer=&method_refer=substring&text_comment=&method_comment=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto |title=Pokorny Query madh |publisher=Ehl.santafe.edu |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820000419/http://ehl.santafe.edu/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&first=1&text_proto=madh&method_proto=substring&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&text_hitt=&method_hitt=substring&text_ind=&method_ind=substring&text_avest=&method_avest=substring&text_iran=&method_iran=substring&text_arm=&method_arm=substring&text_greek=&method_greek=substring&text_slav=&method_slav=substring&text_balt=&method_balt=substring&text_germ=&method_germ=substring&text_lat=&method_lat=substring&text_ital=&method_ital=substring&text_celt=&method_celt=substring&text_alb=&method_alb=substring&text_tokh=&method_tokh=substring&text_refer=&method_refer=substring&text_comment=&method_comment=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto |archive-date=2012-08-20 |url-status=dead }} Generally the coastal Lower Macedonia in contrast to mountainous Upper Macedonia. For meadow land (mē-2, m-e-t- to reap), see Pokorny.{{cite web|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=2161&root=config |title=Pokorny's Dictionary |publisher=Starling.rinet.ru |access-date=2013-02-03}}
{{lang|grc|Θαῦλος}} Thaulos epithet or alternative of Ares ({{lang|grc|Θαύλια}} Thaulia 'festival in Doric Tarentum, {{lang|grc|θαυλίζειν}} thaulizein 'to celebrate like Dorians', Thessalian {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλιος}} Zeus Thaulios, the only attested in epigraphy ten times, Athenian {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλων}} Zeus Thaulôn, Athenian family {{lang|grc|Θαυλωνίδαι}} Thaulônidai
{{lang|grc|Θούριδες}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348989 Thourides] Nymphs Muses (Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348990 thouros] rushing, impetuous.
{{lang|grc|ἰζέλα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350155 izela] wish, good luck (Attic agathêi tychêi) (Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319256 bale], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350 abale], Arcadian [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346143 zele]) (Cretan [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323981 delton] agathon){{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Otto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2cyDw2TZ8C&dq=%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD&pg=PA65 |title=Die Makedonen, ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=978-3-487-40533-9 |language=de}} or Thracian [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346141 zelas] wine.
{{lang|grc|ἴλαξ}} ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|πρῖνος}} prînos, Latin ilex)
{{lang|grc|ἰν δέᾳ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350507 in dea] midday (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2335177 endia], mesêmbria) (Arcadian also in instead of Attic en)
{{lang|grc|κἄγχαρμον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351618 kancharmon] having the lance up {{lang|grc|τὸ τὴν λόγχην ἄνω ἔχον}} (Hes. {{lang|grc|ἄγχαρμον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23998;layout=;loc=a%29gxa%2Fzw ancharmon] {{lang|grc|ἀνωφερῆ τὴν αἰχμήν ἔχων}} Ibyc? Stes?) having upwards the point of a spear)
{{lang|grc|κἄ}}, Crasis [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2316337 kai] and, together, simultaneously + [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2310924;layout=;loc=a%29%2Fnwga anô] up ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2310990;layout=;loc=a%29nw%2Fxu%5Eros anôchmon] hortatory password
{{lang|grc|κάραβος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353255 karabos]
Macedonian 'gate, door' (Cf. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353560 karphos] any small dry body,piece of wood (Hes. Attic 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence modern Greek {{lang|grc|καράβι}} karávi)
'the worms in dry wood' (Attic 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
'a sea creature' (Attic 'crayfish, prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
{{lang|grc|καρπαία}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353399 karpaia] Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353400 karpalimos] swift (for foot) eager, ravenous.
{{lang|grc|κίκεῤῥοι}} kíkerroi 'chick-peas'{{Cite journal |last=Mikić |first=Aleksandar |date=2012-09-04 |title=Origin of the Words Denoting Some of the Most Ancient Old World Pulse Crops and Their Diversity in Modern European Languages |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e44512 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044512 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3433424 |pmid=22973458|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744512M }} (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|ὦχροι}} ōkhroi, PIE *{{PIE|k̂ik̂er-}} 'pea') (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357368 kikeros] land crocodile)
{{lang|grc|κομμάραι}} kommarai or komarai crawfishes (Attic karides) (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2352987 kammaros] a kind of lobster, Epicharmus.60, Sophron.26, Rhinthon.18:-- also kammaris, idos Galen.6.735.) ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358767 komaris] a fish Epicharmus.47.)
{{lang|grc|κόμβοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358777 komboi] 'molars' (Attic {{lang|grc|γομφίοι}} gomphioi, dim. of {{lang|grc|γόμφος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322616 gomphos] 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
{{lang|grc|κυνοῦπες}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360947 kynoupes] or kynoutos bear (Hesychius kynoupeus, knoupeus, knôpeus) ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%235645 kunôpês] dog-faced) ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358251 knôps] beast esp. serpent instead of kinôpeton, blind acc. Zonar (from [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358118 knephas] dark) (if kynoutos [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358246 knôdês] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358243 knôdalon] beast)
{{lang|grc|λακεδάμα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361710 lakedáma] {{lang|grc|ὕδωρ ἁλμυρὸν ἄλικι ἐπικεχυμένον}} salty water with [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234234;layout=;loc=a%28%2Fli%5Enos alix], rice-wheat or fish-sauce.(Cf.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395139 skorodalmê] 'sauce or pickle composed of brine and garlic'). According to Albrecht von Blumenthal, -ama corresponds to Attic {{lang|grc|ἁλμυρός}} halmurós 'salty'; Cretan Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317476 hauma] for Attic halmē; laked- is cognate to Proto-Germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|lauka}}{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=leek |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-02-03}} leek, possibly related is {{lang|grc|Λακεδαίμων}} Laked-aímōn, the name of the Spartan land.
{{lang|grc|λείβηθρον}} leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|ῥεῖθρον}} rheîthron, also {{lang|grc|λιβάδιον}} libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of {{lang|grc|λιβάς}} libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); typical Greek productive suffix {{lang|grc|-θρον}} (-thron) (Macedonian toponym, Pierian Leibethra place/tomb of Orpheus)
{{lang|grc|ματτύης}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2365254 mattuês] kind of bird ({{lang|grc|ματτύη}} mattuê a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin) (verb mattuazo to prepare the mattue) (Athenaeus){{cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV3.p0247&isize=XL&pview=hide |title=Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp. 1059–1062) |publisher=Digicoll.library.wisc.edu |access-date=2013-02-03}}
{{lang|grc|παραός}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2378527 paraos] eagle or kind of eagle (Attic aetos, Pamphylian aibetos) (PIE *{{PIE|por-}} 'going, passage' + *{{PIE|awi-}} 'bird') (Greek para- 'beside' + Hes. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311161 aos] wind) (It may exist as food in Lopado...pterygon)
{{lang|grc|περιπέτεια}} peripeteia or {{lang|grc|περίτια}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382372 peritia] Macedonian festival in month Peritios. (Hesychius text {{lang|grc|περί[πε]τ[ε]ια}})
{{lang|grc|ῥάματα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392145 rhamata] bunch of grapes (Ionic rhagmata, rhages Koine rhôgmata, rhôges, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392172 rhax rhôx])
{{lang|grc|ῥοῦτο}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392730 rhouto] this (neut.) (Attic {{lang|grc|τοῦτο}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376063 touto])
{{lang|grc|ταγόναγα}} tagonaga Macedonian institution, administration (Thessalian {{lang|grc|ταγὸς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23102172 tagos] commander + {{lang|grc|ἄγω}}[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%231084;layout=;loc=a%29gwgai%3Dos agô] lead)

= Other sources =

{{lang|grc|αἰγίποψ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232176 aigipops] eagle (EM 28.19) (error for argipous? maybe goat-eater? [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232122 aix ,aigos] + [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382861 pepsis] digestion) (Cf.eagle [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113779 chelônophagos] turtle-eater)Kalleris, p. 238–240
{{lang|grc|ἀργυρὰσπιδες}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314823 argyraspides] (wiki Argyraspides) [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23114784 chrysaspides] and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113036 chalkaspides] (golden and bronze-shielded)Kalleris, p. 108
{{lang|grc|δράμις}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328313 dramis] a Macedonian bread (Thessalian bread [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323463 daratos])(Athamanian bread dramix. (Athenaeus)Athenaeus Deipnosophists [https://books.google.com/books?id=8N61u4keJX0C&dq=dramis+daratos&pg=PA41 3.114b.]
{{lang|grc|καυσία}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356243 kausia] felt hat used by Macedonians, forming part of the regalia of the kings.
{{lang|grc|κοῖος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358462 koios] number (Athenaeus{{Cite book |last=Naucratis.) |first=Athenaeus (of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T98IAAAAQAAJ&dq=koios+Athenaeus&pg=PA719 |title=The Deipnosophists, Or, Banquet of the Learned of Athenaeus |date=1854 |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |at=10.455e |language=en}} when talking about Koios, the Titan of intelligence; and the Macedonians use koios as synonymous with [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315048 arithmos] (LSJ: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358297 koeô] mark, perceive, hear [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358303 koiazô] pledge, Hes. compose s.v. {{lang|grc|κοίασον, σύνθες}}) (Laocoön, thyoskoos observer of sacrifices, akouô hear) (All from PIE root *keuPokorny [http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=\data\ie\pokorny&text_recno=949&root=leiden]{{Dead link|date=August 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Gerhard Köbler {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgK.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003070702/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgK.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-03 |access-date=2008-03-19}} to notice, observe, feel; to hear).
{{lang|grc|πεζέταιροι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380278 pezetairoi] (wiki Pezhetairoi), Hetairidia, Macedonian religious festival (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380307 {{lang|grc|πεζοί}}],[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380301 {{lang|grc|πεζομάχοι}}]) (Aeolic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382690 {{lang|grc|πέσδοι}}])Kalleris, p. 172–179, 242
{{lang|grc|Πύδνα}} Púdna, Pydna toponym (Pokorny{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=++++Maked.+ON+P%C3%9Adna+bhudhn%C6%92%29%2C+dissimil.+K%C3%9Adna%3F |title=Pokorny,Pudna |access-date=2013-02-03}} Attic {{lang|grc|πυθμήν}} puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *{{PIE|bʰudʰnā}}; Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391516 {{lang|grc|πύνδαξ}}] pýndax 'bottom of vessel') (Cretan,Pytna{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftderd32gesegoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftderd32gesegoog/page/n234 227] |quote=pytna pydna. |title=Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft |via=Internet Archive |year=1854 |publisher=Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner |access-date=2013-02-03}} Hierapytna, Sacred Pytna{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-MeAAAAMAAJ&q=pytna+pydna |title=The Dorians in Archaeology by Theodore Cressy Skeat |date=1994-06-13 |access-date=2013-02-03|last1=Skeat |first1=Theodore Cressy }})
{{lang|grc|σίγυνος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393994 sigynos] spear (Cypriotic sigynon) (Illyrian [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393952 sibyne]) (Origin: Illyrian acc. to Fest.p. 453 L., citing Ennius) (Cyprian acc. to Herodotus and AristotlePoetics (Aristotle)-XXI [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.3.3.html] Il. cc., Scythian acc. to Sch.Par.A.R.4.320 (cf. 111)
{{lang|grc|σφύραινα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101757 sphuraina], hammer-fish sphyraena (Strattis, Makedones (fr. 28) – (Attic. κέστρα, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356953 kestra]) (cestra, needle-fish (modern Greek fish σφυρίδα, sfyrida)
{{lang|grc|ὐετής}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106522 uetês] of the same year Marsyas (Attic autoetês, Poetic oietês)
{{lang|grc|χάρων}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113461 charôn] lion (Attic/Poetic fierce, for lion, eagle instead of [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113435 charopos], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113438 charops] bright-eyed)Kalleris, p. 274

= Proposed =

A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2cyDw2TZ8C&q=Otto+Hoffmann+Makedonen++Sprache |title=Otto Hoffmann, p. 270 (bottom) |isbn=9783487405339 |access-date=2013-02-03|last1=Hoffmann |first1=Otto |year=1906 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag }}

{{lang|grc|ἀγέρδα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23466 agerda] wild pear-tree (Attic {{lang|grc|ἄχερδος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318679 acherdos]).
{{lang|grc|ἀδαλός}} adalos charcoal dust (Attic {{lang|grc|αἴθαλος}} aithalos, {{lang|grc|ἄσβολος}} asbolos)
{{lang|grc|ἄδδεε}} addee imp. hurry up {{lang|grc|ἐπείγου}} (Attic thee of [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348575 theô] run)
{{lang|grc|ἄδις}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231417 adis] 'hearth' (Hes. {{lang|grc|ἐσχάρα}} eskhára, LSJ Attic {{lang|grc|αἶθος}} aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
{{lang|grc|αἰδῶσσα}} aidôssa (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%23305 aithousa] portico, corridor, verandah, a loggia leading from aulê yard to prodomos)
{{lang|grc|βάσκιοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319575 baskioi] 'fasces' (Hes. Attic {{lang|grc|δεσμοὶ φρῡγάνων}} desmoì phrūgánōn, Pokorny {{lang|grc|βασκευταί}} baskeutaí, Attic {{lang|grc|φασκίδες}} phaskídes, Attic {{lang|grc|φάσκωλος}} pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *{{PIE|bʰasko-}})
{{lang|grc|βίξ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319937 bix] sphinx (Boeotian phix), (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101705 sphinx])
{{lang|grc|δαλάγχα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323337 dalancha] sea (Attic thalatta) (Ionic thalassa)
{{lang|grc|δεδάλαι}} dedalai package, bundle (Attic dethla, desmai)
{{lang|grc|ἐσκόροδος}} eskorodos tenon (Attic tormos {{lang|grc|σκόρθος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395138 skorthos] tornos slice, lathe)
{{lang|grc|Εὐδαλαγῖνες}} Eudalagines Graces Χάριτες (Attic {{lang|grc|Εὐθαλγῖνες}} Euthalgines)
{{lang|grc|κάναδοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353047 kanadoi] 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic {{lang|grc|γνάθοι}} gnathoi, PIE *{{PIE|genu}}, 'jaw') (Laconian {{lang|grc|καναδόκα}} kanadoka notch (V) of an arrow {{lang|grc|χηλὴ ὀϊστοῦ}})
{{lang|grc|λαίβα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361627 laiba] shield (Doric {{lang|grc|λαία}} laia, {{lang|grc|λαῖφα}} laipha) (Attic aspis)
{{lang|grc|λάλαβις}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361763 lalabis] storm (Attic lailaps)
{{lang|grc|ὁμοδάλιον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2373565 homodalion] isoetes plant ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347793 θάλλω thallô] bloom)
{{lang|grc|ῥουβοτός}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392721 rhoubotos] potion (Attic rhophema) rhopheo suck, absorb [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2329158 rhoibdeô] suck with noise.

Macedonian in Classical sources

Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as {{lang|grc|ὕμμες ὡττικοί}} for {{lang|grc|ὑμεὶς ἀττικοί}} "you Athenians", {{lang|grc|ὕμμες}} being also attested in Homer, Sappho (Lesbian) and Theocritus (Doric), while {{lang|grc|ὡττικοί}} appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.Steven Colvin, Dialect in Aristophanes and the politics of language in Ancient Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 279.

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolians in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians, Acarnanians and Macedonians were "men of the same language".{{Cite web |title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 31, chapter 29 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+31+29&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0148 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |at=paragraph 15}} This has been interpreted as referring to a shared North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).A. Panayotou: The position of the Macedonian dialect. In: Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, Anastasios-Phoivos Christides (eds.), A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 433–458 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC&dq=Macedonians,+Aetolians,+and+Acarnanians+spoke+the+same+dialect+(context+dating+ca.&pg=PA434 Google Books]). In another passage, Livy states that an announcement was translated from Latin to Greek for Macedonians to understand.{{Cite web |title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 45, chapter 29 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+45+29&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0168 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Philotas's trialE. Kapetanopoulos. "Alexander’s Patrius Sermo in the Philotas Affair", The Ancient World 30 (1999), pp. 117–128. ([http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716201824/http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }} or [http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/AlexandrosPatrius.htm HTM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821205308/https://www.ccsu.edu/history/ |date=2022-08-21 }}) and the statement that the Greek-speaking Branchidae had common language with the Macedonians.Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, VII.5.33, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Curtius/7*.html (Loeb edition, Latin)],

Over time, "Macedonian" (μακεδονικός), when referring to language (and related expressions such as μακεδονίζειν; to speak in the Macedonian fashion) acquired the meaning of Koine Greek.C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, 1994, «Le Macédonien» in Langues indo-européennes, p. 208

Contributions to the Koine

As a consequence of the Macedonians' role in the formation of the Koine, Macedonian contributed considerable elements, unsurprisingly including some military terminology (διμοιρίτης, ταξίαρχος, ὑπασπισταί, etc.). Among the many contributions were the general use of the first declension grammar for male and female nouns with an -as ending, attested in the genitive of Macedonian coinage from the early 4th century BC of Amyntas III (ΑΜΥΝΤΑ in the genitive; the Attic form that fell into disuse would be ΑΜΥΝΤΟΥ). There were changes in verb conjugation such as in the Imperative δέξα attested in Macedonian sling stones found in Asiatic battlefields, that became adopted in place of the Attic forms. Koine Greek established a spirantisation of beta, gamma and delta, which has been attributed to the Macedonian influence.George Babiniotis (1992) The question of mediae in ancient Macedonian Greek reconsidered. In: Historical Philology: Greek, Latin, and Romance, Bela Brogyanyi, Reiner Lipp, 1992 John Benjamins Publishing)

Notes

{{note|OED2nd}} The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), Macedonian, Simpson J. A. & Weiner E. S. C. (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Vol. IX, {{ISBN|0-19-861186-2}} (set) {{ISBN|0-19-861221-4}} (vol. IX) p. 153
{{note|Webster3rd}}Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1976), Macedonian, USA:Merriam-Webster, G. & C. Merriam Co., vol. II (H–R) {{ISBN|0-87779-101-5}}

References

External links

[https://www.academia.edu/2342614/Ancient_Macedonian_as_a_Greek_dialect_A_critical_survey_on_recent_work_Greek_English_French_German_text_ Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)]
[http://macedonia-evidence.org/macedonian-tongue.html The speech of the ancient Macedonians, in the light of recent epigraphic discoveries]
[https://www.livius.org/articles/place/amphipolis-ennea-hodoi/ Jona Lendering, Amphipolis (Ennea Hodoi) web page on livius.org]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060827185714/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=4&subregion=11 Greek Inscriptions from ancient Macedonia (Epigraphical Database)]
[http://www.heinrich-tischner.de/22-sp/1sprach/aegaeis/mak-a.htm Heinrich Tischner on Hesychius' words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075805/http://www.heinrich-tischner.de/22-sp/1sprach/aegaeis/mak-a.htm |date=2010-11-27 }}

Category:Hellenic languages

Macedonian language (ancient)l

Language

Macedonian

Category:Varieties of Ancient Greek

Category:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC

Category:Languages extinct in the 4th century BC

Category:Doric Greek