Doric Greek#Northwest Doric

File:Doric Greek Dialects.pngWhere the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

Image:GreeceLaconia.png

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies, Taras and Herakleia in Magna Graecia. Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect.

Image:GreeceArgolis.png

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos, Mycenae, Hermione, Troezen, Epidaurus, and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina. As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica. The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes.

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.

Image:GreeceCorinth.png

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth, Sicyon, Archaies Kleones, Phlius, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra, Leucas, Anactorium, Ambracia and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse, Sicily and Ancona, and the colonies of Corcyra: Dyrrachium, and Apollonia. The earliest inscriptions at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC.{{cite web | url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SDG/is_3_73/ai_n13493402/pg_6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011033627/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SDG/is_3_73/ai_n13493402/pg_6 | archive-date=11 October 2008 | title=Apollo and the Archaic temple at Corinth | Hesperia | Find Articles at BNET }} They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek.)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.

The Northwest Doric (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper.{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston | page=227|quote=The North-West group together with Doric (proper) formed the so-called 'West Greek' major dialectal group (or simply 'Doric' […]). However, the term 'North-West Doric' is considered more accurate nowadays […] since there is more emphasis on the many features that are common to both groups rather than on their less numerous and largely secondary differences.}} Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence.

While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group, dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence.{{cite book|title=Los dialectos dorios del Noroeste. Gramática y estudio dialectal|place=Salamanca|language=es|page=508|date=1985}} Throughout the Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary.{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston |page=230}}

The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC. These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it. The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features:Mendez Dosuna, Doric dialects, p. 452 [https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC&pg=PA444 online] at Google Books).

1. Dative plural of the third declension in {{lang|grc|-οις}} (-ois) (instead of {{lang|grc|-σι}} (-si)): {{lang|grc|Ἀκαρνάνοις ἱππέοις}} Akarnanois hippeois for {{lang|grc|Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἱππεῦσιν}} Akarnasin hippeusin (to the Acarnanian knights).
2. {{lang|grc|ἐν}} (en) + accusative (instead of {{lang|grc|εἰς}} (eis)): en Naupakton (into Naupactus).
3. {{lang|grc|-στ}} (-st) for {{lang|grc|-σθ}} (-sth): {{lang|grc|γενέσται}} genestai for genesthai (to become), {{lang|grc|μίστωμα}} mistôma for misthôma (payment for hiring).
4. ar for er: amara /Dor. amera/Att. hêmera (day), Elean wargon for Doric wergon and Attic ergon (work)
5. Dative singular in -oi instead of -ôi: {{lang|grc|τοῖ Ἀσκλαπιοῖ}}, Doric {{lang|grc|τῷ Ἀσκλαπιῷ}}, Attic {{lang|grc|Ἀσκληπιῷ}} (to Asclepius)
6. Middle participle in -eimenos instead of -oumenos

Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised.

This dialect was spoken in Phocis and in its main settlement, Delphi. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Plutarch says that Delphians pronounce b in the place of p ({{lang|grc|βικρὸν}} for {{lang|grc|πικρὸν}}){{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William Watson|author-link=William Watson Goodwin|title=Plutarch's Morals, tr. by several hands. Corrected and revised by W.W. Goodwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ugIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1|year=1874}} Greek questions 9.

Locrian Greek is attested in two locations:

• Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the Gulf of Corinth around Amfissa (earliest {{Circa|500 BC}});IG IX,1² 3:609
• Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea, around Opus.

The dialect of Elis (earliest {{Circa|600 BC}})Die Inschriften von Olympia, IvO 1. is considered, after Aeolic Greek, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts.Sophie Minon, Les Inscriptions Éléennes Dialectale, reviewed by Stephen Colvin ([http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2007/2007-11-07.html online]).

{{main|Epirote Greek}}

Spoken at the Dodona oracle, (earliest {{Circa|550}}–500 BC)Lamelles Oraculaires 77. firstly under control of the Thesprotians;{{cite book|author=John Potter|title=Archaeologia Graeca Or the Antiquities of Greece|publisher=C. Strahan|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologiagrae01pottiala|year=1751}} later organized in the Epirote League (since {{Circa|370 BC}}).Cabanes, L'Épire de la mort de Pyrrhos a la conquête romaine (272–167 av. J.C.). Paris 1976, p. 534,1.

Most scholars maintain that ancient Macedonian was a Greek dialect,{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | page=299 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }} probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular.{{cite book| last= Hammond| first= Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière |author-link= Nicholas Hammond (historian)|title= The Macedonian State. Origins, Institutions and History| orig-year = 1989| edition = reprint |publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford |year= 1993|isbn=0-19-814927-1}}Michael Meier-Brügger: Indo-European linguistics. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2003, p. 28 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&pg=PA28 online] on Google books): "The Macedonian of the ancient kingdom of northern Greece is probably nothing other than a northern Greek dialect of Doric".{{cite book | last = Crespo | first = Emilio | chapter = The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 329 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }} Olivier Masson, in his article for The Oxford Classical Dictionary, talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976).{{cite encyclopedia | author = Olivier Masson | title=Macedonian language|editor = Simon Hornblower |editor2=Antony Spawforth| encyclopedia = The Oxford Classical Dictionary | orig-year = 1996 | edition = revised 3rd | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn =0-19-860641-9 | pages =905–906 | url=http://www.ucc.ie/staff/jprodr/macedonia/macanclan.html}}

Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian onomastics and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of the Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible".Brian D. Joseph: "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.): Facts about the world's major languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm Online paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm |date=2016-10-01 }}, 2001. Johannes Engels has pointed to the Pella curse tablet, written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".Johannes Engels: "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95. In: Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Chapter 5. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2011. Miltiades Hatzopoulos has suggested that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the 'Aeolic'-speaking populations around Mount Olympus and the Pierian Mountains with the Northwest Greek-speaking Argead Macedonians hailing from Argos Orestikon, who founded the kingdom of Lower Macedonia.{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | pages=321–322 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }} However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)'Achaean' substratum extending as far north as the head of the Thermaic Gulf, which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in Thessaly and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the Pindus mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from Orestis to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC. According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian Greek dialect of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from the interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North-Achaean substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the Argead Macedonians, and the Thracian and Phrygian adstrata.

Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group.{{Cite book |editor-last=Woodard |editor-first=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C |title=The Ancient Languages of Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46932-6 |at=between pages 49 and 50 |language=en}} It was spoken in Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including Sybaris and Crotone). This strict Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of mild Doric spoken in Corinthia. It survived until 350 BC.Classification of the West Greek dialects at the time about 350 B.C. by Antonín Bartoněk, Amsterdam, Adolf M. Hakkert, 1972, p. 186.

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.

File:Macedonia_and_the_Aegean_World_c.200.png

The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the Aetolian League.{{cite encyclopedia |author= Vit Bubenik| title= Variety of speech in Greek linguistics: The dialects and the koinè|editor=Sylvain Auroux |display-editors=etal| encyclopedia=Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Entwicklung der Sprachforschung von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.|volume= Band 1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mL9erLJ5afUC&pg=RA1-PA439|year=2000|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|place=Berlin and New York|page=441 f| isbn=978-3-11-011103-3}}{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston |pages=230–233}} Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites.{{cite book|author=Vit Bubenik|title=Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a Sociolinguistic Area|place=Amsterdam|year=1989|pages=193–213}} It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms.{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Sowa|editor1=Matthias Fritz |editor2=Brian Joseph |editor3=Jared Klein |page=715|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-054036-9 |chapter=The dialectology of Greek|quote=In different regions of Greece, however, different sorts of koinai emerged, of which the best known was the Doric Koinē, preserving general Doric features, but without local differences, and with an admixture of Attic forms. As in the case of the Doric Koinē, the Northwest Koinē (connected with the so-called Aetolian League) displayed the same mixture of native dialectal elements with Attic elements.}} It was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits.{{cite book|author=S. Minon|date=2014|chapter=Diffusion de l'attique et expansion des koinai dans le Péloponnèse et en Grèce centrale|title=Actes de la journée internationale de dialectologie grecque du 18 mars 2011, université Paris-Ouest Nanterre|place=Geneva|pages=1–18}}

Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and the state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine.

Proto-Greek long *ā is retained as ā, in contrast to Attic developing a long open ē (eta) in at least some positions.

• Doric gā mātēr ~ Attic gē mētēr 'earth mother'

In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to eta or omega, in contrast to Attic ei and ou (spurious diphthongs).

• Severe Doric -ō ~ Attic -ou (second-declension genitive singular)
• -ōs ~ -ous (second-declension accusative plural)
• -ēn ~ -ein (present, second aorist infinitive active)

Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ē (eta) ~ Attic ā.

Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' io, ia.

Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short a ~ Attic e in certain words.

• Doric hiaros, Artamis ~ Attic hieros 'holy', Artemis

Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to -si in Attic).

• Doric phāti ~ Attic phēsi 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
• legonti ~ legousi 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
• wīkati ~ eikosi 'twenty'
• triākatioi ~ triākosioi 'three hundred'

Proto-Greek *ts > -ss- between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to -s-.)

• Proto-Greek *métsos > Doric messos ~ Attic mesos 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos, compare Latin medius)

Initial *w (ϝ) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).

• Doric woikos ~ Attic oikos 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-, *woyḱ-, compare Latin vīcus 'village')

Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.

For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see {{section link|Ancient Greek accent|Doric}}.

{{confusing|date=April 2019}}

Numeral tetores ~ Attic tettares, Ionic tesseres "four".

Ordinal prātos ~ Attic–Ionic prōtos "first".

Demonstrative pronoun tēnos "this" ~ Attic–Ionic (e)keinos

t for h (from Proto-Indo-European s) in article and demonstrative pronoun.

• Doric toi, tai; toutoi, tautai
• ~ Attic-Ionic hoi, hai; houtoi, hautai.

Third person plural, athematic or root aorist -n ~ Attic -san.

• Doric edon ~ Attic–Ionic edosan

First person plural active -mes ~ Attic–Ionic -men.

Future -se-ō ~ Attic -s-ō.

• prāxētai (prāk-se-etai) ~ Attic–Ionic prāxetai

Modal particle ka ~ Attic–Ionic an.

• Doric ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka ~ ean, ean de, ean tis

Temporal adverbs in -ka ~ Attic–Ionic -te.

• hoka, toka

Locative adverbs in -ei ~ Attic/Koine -ou.

• teide, pei.

The aorist and future of verbs in -izō, -azō has x (versus Attic/Koine s).

• Doric agōnixato ~ Attic agōnisato "he contended"

Similarly k before suffixes beginning with t.

{{cleanup|reason= 1. inconsequent transcription, cp.: "Ἐλωός Elôos", "κάρρων karrōn", "μυρμηδόνες myrmēdônes". 2. missing greek terms, cp.: "(Attic gignôskô)"|date=October 2017}}

• {{lang|grc|αἰγάδες}} aigades (Attic {{lang|grc|αἶγες}} aiges) "goats"
• {{lang|grc|αἶγες}} aiges (Attic {{lang|grc|κύματα}} kymata) "waves"
• {{lang|grc|ἁλία}} halia (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}} ekklēsia) "assembly" (Cf. Heliaia){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234136 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|βρύκαιναι}} brykainai (Attic {{lang|grc|ἱέρειαι}} hiereiai) "priestesses"{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321102 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|βρυκετός}} bryketos (Attic {{lang|grc|βρυγμός}} brygmos, {{lang|grc|βρυκηθμός }} brykēthmos) "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"
• {{lang|grc| δαμιοργοί}} damiorgoi (Attic {{lang|grc|ἄρχοντες}} archontes) "high officials". Cf. Attic {{lang|grc|δημιουργός}} dēmiourgos "public worker for the people (dēmos), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius {{lang|grc|δαμιουργοί· αἱ πόρναι}} "prostitutes". Zamiourgoi Elean.{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2324395 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|Ἐλωός}} Elôos Hephaestus {{lang|grc|Ἥφαιστος παρὰ Δωριεῦσιν}}{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2333929;layout=;loc=e%28%2Flwma | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }}
• {{lang|grc|κάρρων}} karrōn (Attic {{lang|grc|κρείττων}} kreittōn) "stronger" (Ionic kreissōn, Cretan kartōn ){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359795 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|κορύγης}} korygēs (Attic {{lang|grc|κῆρυξ}} kēryx) "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359184 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|λαιός}} laios (Homeric, Attic and Modern Greek {{lang|grc|ἀριστερός}} aristeros) "left".Cretan: {{lang|grc|λαία}} laia, Attic aspis shield, Hesych. {{lang|grc|λαῖφα}} laipha {{lang|grc|λαίβα}} laiba, because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:laevus{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2361678;loc=laiosta%2Fths | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }}
• {{lang|grc|λαία}} laia (Attic, Modern Greek {{lang|grc|λεία}} leia) "prey"
• {{lang|grc|λέω (λείω)}} le(i)ō (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐθέλω}} ethelō) "will"
• {{lang|grc|οἴνωτρος}} oinōtros "vine pole" (: Greek {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} oinos "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
• {{lang|grc|μογίοντι}} mogionti (Ionic {{lang|grc|πυρέσσουσι}} pyressousi) "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic {{lang|grc|μογοῦσι}} mogousi "they suffer, take pains to")
• {{lang|grc|μυρμηδόνες}} myrmēdônes (Attic {{lang|grc|μύρμηκες}} myrmēkes) "ants". Cf. Myrmidons{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369319 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ὄπτιλλος}} optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (Latin oculus) (Attic optikos of sight, Optics){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374673 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|πάομαι}} paomai (Attic {{lang|grc|κτάομαι}} ktaomai) "acquire"{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377724 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ῥαπιδοποιός}} rhapidopoios poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392180 | title=No document found }} (rhapis needle for Attic rhaphis{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392230 | title=No document found }})
• {{lang|grc|σκανά}} skana (Attic skênê) tent, stage, scene) (Homeric klisiê) (Doric skanama encampment)
• {{lang|grc|τανθαλύζειν}} tanthalyzein (Attic {{lang|grc|τρέμειν}} tremein) "to tremble"
• {{lang|grc|τύνη}} tunē or tounē 'you nominative' (Attic συ) dative {{lang|grc|τέειν}} teein (Attic {{lang|grc|σοί}} soi)
• {{lang|grc|χανάκτιον}} chanaktion (Attic {{lang|grc|μωρόν}} mōron)(chan goose{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113314 | title=No document found }})

• {{lang|grc|Βαλλακράδες}} Ballacrades title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)Plutarch Greek question [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Ballacrades&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=pw 51]
• {{lang|grc|Δαυλὶς}} Daulis mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323551 | title=No document found }}Dionysism and Comedy [https://books.google.com/books?id=wob1UszzkZwC&pg=PA157] by Xavier Riu (Hes.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323552 daulon] fire log)
• {{lang|grc|δροόν}} droon strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328438 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|κέστερ}} kester youngman (Attic neanias){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356950 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|κυλλάραβις}} kyllarabis discus and gymnasium at Argos{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360721 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|σεμαλία}} semalia ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē, cf. himatia clothes){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393679 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ὤβεα}} ôbea eggs (Attic {{lang|grc|ὠά}} ôa )

• {{lang|grc|ἀγέλα}} agela "group of boys in the Cretan agōgē". Cf. Homeric Greek {{lang|grc|ἀγέλη}} agelē "herd"{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D%2340 | title=No document found }} (Cretan apagelos not yet received in agelê, boy under 17{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311183 | title=No document found }})
• {{lang|grc|ἀδνός}} adnos holy, pure (Attic {{lang|grc|ἁγνός}} hagnos) (Ariadne){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3D%231432 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἀϝτὸς}} aWtos (Attic autos) Hsch. aus {{lang|grc|αὐς - αὐτός. Κρῆτες καὶ Λάκωνες}}{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317908 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἄκαρα}} akara legs{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232940 | title=No document found }} (Attic skelê){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394678 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἁμάκις}} hamakis once (Attic hapax){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234868 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἄργετος}} argetos juniper, cedar (Attic arkeuthos){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314771 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|αὐκά}} auka power (Attic alkê){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317393 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἀφραττίας}} aphrattias strong
• {{lang|grc|βαλικιῶται}} balikiôtai Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age hêlikia){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319263 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|βριτύ}} britu sweet (Attic glyku){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321003 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|δαμιόω}} damioô, Cretan and Boeotian. for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323393 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|δαμπόν}} dampon first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
• {{lang|grc|δῶλα}} dôla ears (Attic ôta){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329773 | title=No document found }} (Tarentine ata{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316936 | title=No document found }})
• {{lang|grc|Ϝέλχανος}} Welchanos{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2333926;loc=e%29%2Flfos | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }} for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios, Belchanios, Gelchanos{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321810 | title=No document found }} (Elchanios Cnossian month)
• {{lang|grc|ϝεργάδδομαι}} wergaddomai I work (Attic ergazomai)
• {{lang|grc|ϝῆμα}} Wêma garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331120 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἰβῆν}} ibên wine (Dialectal {{lang|grc|Ϝοἶνος}} Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative {{lang|grc|ἰβῆνα}} ibêna){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2349785 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ἴττον}} itton one (Attic hen {{lang|grc|ἕν}}){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351404 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|καρανώ}} karanô goat{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353271 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|ϟόσμος}} kosmos{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359340 | title=No document found }} and kormos{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359140 | title=No document found }} archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic {{lang|grc|κόσμος}} order, ornament, honour, world – kormos trunk of a tree)
• {{lang|grc|κύφερον, κυφή}} kypheron, kuphê head (Attic kephalê){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361154 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|λάκος}} lakos rag, tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged'){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361719 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|μαλκενίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364857 malkenis] (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
• {{lang|grc|ὄθρυν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372180 othrun] mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.Othrys)
• {{lang|grc|ῥυστόν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392873 rhyston] spear
• {{lang|grc|σεῖφα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393600 seipha] darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
• {{lang|grc|σπεῦσδος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395900 speusdos] title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
• {{lang|grc|τάγανα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23102143 tagana] (Attic tauta) these things
• {{lang|grc|τίρος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23104049 tiros] summer (Homeric, Attic theros)
• {{lang|grc|τρέ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23104654 tre] you, accusative ( Attic se )

• {{lang|grc|ἀβήρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2383;loc=a%29be%2Frbhlon abêr] storeroom {{lang|grc|οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον, ταμεῖον Λάκωνες}}
• {{lang|grc|ἀϝώρ}} awôr dawn (Attic ἠώς êôs) (Latin aurora)
• {{lang|grc|ἄδδα}} adda need, deficiency (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2335108 endeia]) Aristophanes of Byzantium(fr. 33)
• {{lang|grc|ἀδδαυόν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231163 addauon] dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
• {{lang|grc|αἴκουδα}} aikouda (Attic aischunē) {{lang|grc|αἰσχύνη. Λάκωνες}}
• {{lang|grc|αἵματία}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232415 haimatia] blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
• {{lang|grc|ἀΐτας}} aïtas (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐρώμενος}} erōmenos) "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
• {{lang|grc|ἀκκόρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233197 akkor] tube, bag (Attic askos)
• {{lang|grc|ἀκχαλίβαρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233792 akchalibar] bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
• {{lang|grc|ἀμβροτίξας}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235083 ambrotixas] having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
• {{lang|grc|ἀμπέσσαι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235516 ampesai] (Attic amphiesai) to dress
• {{lang|grc|ἀπαβοίδωρ}} apaboidôr out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos) / emmelôs, aboidôr in tune
• {{lang|grc|Ἀπέλλα}} apella (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}} ekklēsia) "assembly in Sparta" (verb apellazein)
• {{lang|grc|ἀρβυλίς}} arbylis (Attic {{lang|grc|ἀρύβαλλος}} aryballos) (Hesychius: ἀρβυλίδα λήκυθον. Λάκωνες)
• {{lang|grc|ἄττασι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317266 attasi] wake up, get up (Attic anastêthi)
• {{lang|grc|βάβαλον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318960 babalon] imperative of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
• {{lang|grc|βάγαρον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318973 bagaron] (Attic χλιαρόν chliaron 'warm') (Cf. Attic φώγω phōgō 'roast') (Laconian word)
• {{lang|grc|βαφά}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319681 bapha] broth (Attic zômos) (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319684 {{lang|grc|βαφή}} baphê] dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek βαφή vafi dyeing)
• {{lang|grc|ϝείκατι}} weikati twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
• {{lang|grc|βέλα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319758 bela] sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios Cretan [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2375 abelios])
• {{lang|grc|βερνώμεθα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 bernômetha] Attic klêrôsômetha we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. berreai) (Cf.Attic meiresthai receive portion, Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2365756 bebramena] for heimarmenê, allotted by Moirai)
• {{lang|grc|βέσκερος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 beskeros] bread (Attic artos)
• {{lang|grc|βήλημα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319837 bêlêma] hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
• {{lang|grc|βηρίχαλκον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319852 bêrichalkon] fennel (Attic marathos) ({{lang|grc-Latn|chalkos}} bronze)
• {{lang|grc|βίβασις}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319895 bibasis] Spartan dance for boys and girls
• {{lang|grc|βίδυοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319930 bidyoi] bideoi, bidiaioi also "officers in charge of the ephebes at Sparta"
• {{lang|grc|βίὡρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320011 biôr] almost, maybe (Attic {{lang|grc|ἴσως}} {{lang|grc-Latn|isôs}}, {{lang|grc|σχεδόν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|schedon}}) wihôr (ϝίὡρ)
• {{lang|grc|βλαγίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320025 blagis] spot (Attic kêlis)
• {{lang|grc|βοῦα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320475 boua] "group of boys in the Spartan agōgē"
• {{lang|grc|βο(υ)αγός}} bo(u)agos "leader of a boua at Sparta"
• {{lang|grc|βυλλίχης}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321217 bullichês] Laconian dancer (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|orchêstês}})
• {{lang|grc|βώνημα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321339 bônêma] speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331179 eireo]) (Cf.Attic phônêma sound, speech)
• {{lang|grc|γαβεργόρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321362 gabergor] labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
• {{lang|grc|γαιάδας}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321403 gaiadas] citizens, people (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|dêmos}})
• {{lang|grc|γονάρ}} gonar mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
• {{lang|grc|δαβελός}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323155 dabelos] torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusan [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323187 daelos, dawelos])(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian {{lang|grc|δαβῇ}} {{lang|grc-Latn|dabêi}} (Attic kauthêi) it should be burnt)
• {{lang|grc|δίζα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2326745 diza] goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
• {{lang|grc|εἴρην}} eirēn (Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφηβος}} ephēbos) "Spartan youth who has completed his 12th year"
• {{lang|grc|εἰσπνήλας}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%239884 eispnēlas] (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐραστής}} erastēs) one who inspires love, a lover (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331503 eispneô] inhale, breathe)
• {{lang|grc|ἐξωβάδια}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2337723 exôbadia] (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|enôtia}}; {{lang|grc-Latn|ôta}} ears)
• {{lang|grc|ἔφοροι}} ephoroi (Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφοροι ἄρχοντες}} archontes) "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφορος}} ephoros "overseer, guardian"
• {{lang|grc|Θοράτης}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348957 Thoratês] Apollon [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348968 thoraios] containing the semen, god of growth and increase
• {{lang|grc|θρῶναξ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2349249 thrônax] drone (Attic kêphên)
• {{lang|grc|κάφα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356281 kapha] washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394619 skaphê] basin, bowl)
• {{lang|grc|κελοῖα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356521 keloia] (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta"
• {{lang|grc|κίρα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357519 kira]fox (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|alôpêx}}) (Hsch kiraphos).
• {{lang|grc|μεσόδμα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366430 mesodma, messodoma] woman and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%238921 {{lang|grc|ἀνθρωπώ}} {{lang|grc-Latn|anthrôpô}}] (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|gunê}})
• {{lang|grc|μυρταλίς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369398 myrtalis] Butcher's broom (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
• {{lang|grc|πάσορ}} pasor passion (Attic pathos)
• {{lang|grc|πόρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2385719 por] leg, foot (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|pous}})
• {{lang|grc|πούρδαιν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2386103 pourdain] restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391620 purdalon], purodansion (from pyr fire hence pyre)
• {{lang|grc|σαλαβάρ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393117 salabar] cook (Common Doric/Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|mageiros}})
• {{lang|grc|σίκα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394092 sika] 'pig' (Attic hus) and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322921 grôna] female pig.
• {{lang|grc|σιρία}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394279 siria] safeness (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|asphaleia}})
• {{lang|grc|ψιθωμίας}} psithômias ill, sick (Attic asthenês) {{lang|grc|Λάκωνες τὸν ἀσθενῆ}}
• {{lang|grc|ψιλάκερ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115719 psilaker] first dancer
• {{lang|grc|ὠβά}} ôba (Attic {{lang|grc|κώμη}} kōmē) "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

• {{lang|grc|ἀστύξενοι}} astyxenoi Metics, Tarentine
• {{lang|grc|βάννας}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319313 bannas] king basileus, wanax, anaxRaphael Kühner, Friedrich Blass, Ausführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bannas+%28italiot.%29+%3D+anax%2C+&btnG=Search]
• {{lang|grc|βειλαρμοσταὶ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319753 beilarmostai] cavalry officers Tarentine (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350342 ilarchai]) (ilē, squadron + Laconian harmost-)
• {{lang|grc|δόστορε}} dostore 'you make' Tarentine (Attic {{lang|grc|ποιεῖτε}})
• {{lang|grc|Θαύλια}} Thaulia "festival of Tarentum", {{lang|grc|θαυλακίζειν}} thaulakizein 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine, {{lang|grc|θαυλίζειν}} thaulizein "to celebrate like Dorians", {{lang|grc|Θαῦλος}} Thaulos "Macedonian Ares", Thessalian {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλιος}} Zeus Thaulios, Athenian {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλων}} Zeus Thaulon, Athenian family {{lang|grc|Θαυλωνίδαι}} Thaulonidai
• {{lang|grc|ῥάγανον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392055 rhaganon] easy Thuriian (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|rhaidion}}) (Aeolic {{lang|grc-Latn|braidion}})
• {{lang|grc|σκύτας}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395366 skytas] 'back-side of neck' (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|trachēlos}})
• {{lang|grc|τήνης}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23103860 tênês] till Tarentine (Attic {{lang|grc|ἕως}} {{lang|grc-Latn|heôs}})
• {{lang|grc|τρυφώματα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23105762 tryphômata] whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
• {{lang|grc|ὑετίς}} huetis jug, amphora Tarentine (Attic hydris, hydria)([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106530 huetos] rain)

• {{lang|grc|ἀγρίδιον}} agridion 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: {{lang|grc|*ἀγρίδιον κωμάριον, χωρίον vA [παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς]}} dim. of [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23851 agros] countryside, field)
• {{lang|grc|ἀερία}} aeria fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê, aêr air)(Hsch.{{lang|grc|ἀερία ὀμίχλη, παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς.}})
• {{lang|grc|κίββα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357306 kibba] wallet, bag Aetolian (Attic {{lang|grc|πήρα}} pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic {{lang|grc|κιβωτός}} kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. cites kibos)
• {{lang|grc|πλήτομον}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2383874 plêtomon] Acarnanian old, ancient (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376766 palaion],palaiotaton very old)

• {{lang|grc|δείλομαι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320622 deilomai] will, want Locrian, Delphian(Attic boulomai) (Coan dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
• {{lang|grc|ϝαργάνα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342167 Wargana] female worker epithet for Athena (Delphic) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elean [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342215 {{lang|grc|ϝάργον}} Wargon]
• {{lang|grc|ϝέρρω}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342711 Werrô] go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 berrês] fugitive, berreuô escape)
• {{lang|grc|Ϝεσπάριοι Λοϟροὶ}} Wesparioi Lokroi Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic hesperios of evening, western, Doric wesperios) (cf. Latin Vesper)
• {{lang|grc|ὀπλίαι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374535 opliai] places where the Locrians counted their cattle

• {{lang|grc|ἀϝλανέο̄ς}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231802 aWlaneôs] without fraud, honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233864 alanes] true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
• {{lang|grc|ἀμίλλυξ}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235284 amillux] scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. {{lang|grc|ἀμίλλυκα}} (Boeotian amillakas wine)
• {{lang|grc|ἀττάμιος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317263 attamios] unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest addamios (cf.Cretan, Boeotian damioô punish)
• {{lang|grc|βάβακοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318958 babakoi] cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus babakoi frogs)
• {{lang|grc|βαίδειος}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319122 baideios] ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
• {{lang|grc|βενέοι}} beneoi EleanElis — Olympia — bef. c. 500–450 BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=213810&bookid=224®ion=2&subregion=5 IvO 7]
• {{lang|grc|βορσός}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320399 borsos] pole, stake (Attic stauros)
• {{lang|grc|βρα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320740 bra] brothers, brotherhood (Cf.Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112241 phratra])
• {{lang|grc|βρατάνα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320827 bratana] ladle (Attic torune) (Doric rhatana) (cf. Aeolic bradanizô brandish, shake off)
• {{lang|grc|δειρῆται}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323782 deirêtai] small birds (Macedonian {{lang|grc|δρῆες}} drêes or {{lang|grc|δρῆγες}} drêges) (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. trikkos small bird and king by Eleans)
• {{lang|grc|ϝράτρα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392206 Wratra] law, contract (Attic rhetra)
• {{lang|grc|σερός}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393740 seros] yesterday (Attic chthes)
• {{lang|grc|στερχανά}} sterchana funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
• {{lang|grc|φίλαξ}} philax young oak (Macedonian ilax, Latin ilex (Laconian dilax ariocarpus, sorbus)(Modern Cretan azilakas Quercus ilex)
• {{lang|grc|φόρβυτα}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112090 phorbuta] gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)

• {{lang|grc|ἀγχωρίξαντας}} anchôrixantasEpeiros — Dodona — 4th c. BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=194109&bookid=172®ion=4&subregion=10 SEG 15:397] having transferred, postponedThe Oracles of Zeus: Dodona, Olympia, Ammon – Page 261 by Herbert William Parke Chaonian (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo anchi near +horizô define and Doric x instead of Attic s) (Cf. Ionic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%231075;layout=;loc=a%29gxou%2Frhs anchouros] neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237833 anchôreô] Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
• {{lang|grc|ἀκαθαρτία}} akathartia impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
• {{lang|grc|ἀποτράχω}} apotrachô run away (Attic/Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314104 apotrechô])Epeiros — Dodona — ~340 BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=308176&bookid=778®ion=4 SEG 26.700] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=9EjhoUU_U0cC&pg=PA250 Trans.]
• {{lang|grc|ἄσπαλοι}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316353 aspaloi] fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) (Ionic chlossoi) (Cf.LSJ [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316348 aspalia] angling, aspalieus fisherman, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316349 aspalieuomai] I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234672 hals] sea)
• {{lang|grc|Ἄσπετος}} Aspetos divine epithet of Achilles in Epirus (Homeric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316371 aspetos] 'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)Alexander the Great: A Reader

[https://books.google.com/books?id=OiM51I7_A1gC&pg=PA22] by Ian WorthingGreek Mythography in the Roman World [https://books.google.com/books?id=ac4ta6tkT1YC&pg=PA141]

By Alan Cameron (Aspetides)[http://www.google.com/search?tab=sw&sa=N&hl=en&lr=&q=Aspetides&btnG=Search](cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from Kytheros ~340 BC)[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Aspetos+Demostratos&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=pw]Pokorny – [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/pokorny&text_number=1670&root=config aspetos]

• {{lang|grc|γνώσκω}} gnôskô know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref.Orion p. 42.17)
• {{lang|grc|διαιτός}} diaitos (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
• {{lang|grc|ἐσκιχρέμεν}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342910 eskichremen] lend out {{lang|grc|πὲρ τοῖ ἀργύρροι}} (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
• {{lang|grc|Ϝεῖδυς}} Weidus knowing (Doric {{lang|grc|Ϝειδώς}}) weidôs) (Elean {{lang|grc|ϝειζός}} weizos) (Attic {{lang|grc|εἰδώς}}) eidôs) (PIE *weid- "to know, to see", Sanskrit veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
• {{lang|grc|κάστον}} kaston{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353631 | title=No document found }} wood Athamanian (Attic xylon{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2322565 | title=No document found }} from [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371881 xyô] scrape, hence xyston); Sanskrit kāṣṭham ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectical kalon{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2352825 | title=No document found }} wood, traditionally derived from kaiô{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2316584 | title=No document found }} burn kauston{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356259 | title=No document found }} sth that can be burnt, kausimon fuel)
• {{lang|grc|λῃτῆρες}} lêïtêres Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text {{lang|grc|ἱεροὶ στεφανοφόροι. Ἀθαμᾶνες}}(LSJ: lêitarchoi{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2362875 | title=No document found }} public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
• {{lang|grc|μανύ}} manu{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364968 | title=No document found }} small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf. manon{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364937 | title=No document found }} rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. banon thin) ( manosporos thinly sown manophullos with small leaves Thphr.HP7.6.2–6.3)
• {{lang|grc|Νάϊος}} Naios or Naos epithet of Dodonaean Zeus (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Naiades and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homeric naô{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369926 | title=No document found }} flow, Attic nama spring) (PIE *sna-)
• {{lang|grc|παγάομαι}} pagaomai 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric paga Attic pêgê running water, fountain){{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376402 | title=No document found }}
• {{lang|grc|παμπασία}} pampasia (to ask peri pampasias cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic pampêsia{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377107 | title=No document found }} full property) (Doric paomai obtain)
• {{lang|grc|Πελιγᾶνες}} Peliganes or Peligones (Epirotan, Macedonian senators)
• {{lang|grc|πρᾶμι}} prami do optative (Attic {{lang|grc|πράττοιμι}} prattoimi) Syncope (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
• {{lang|grc|τίνε}} tine (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
• {{lang|grc|τριθυτικόν}} trithutikon triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

• {{lang|grc|καιρότερον}} kairoteron (Attic: ἐνωρότερον enôroteron) "earlier" (kairos time, enôros early cf. Horae)
• {{lang|grc|κεφαλίδας}} kephalidas (Attic: κόρσαι korsai) "sideburns" (kephalides was also an alternative for epalxeis 'bastions' in Greek proper)
• {{lang|grc|σιαλίς}} sialis (Attic: βλέννος blennos) (cf. blennorrhea) slime, mud (Greek sialon or sielon saliva, modern Greek σάλιο salio)

• Griko language

{{reflist|30em}}

• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In The language of Greek comedy. Edited by Anton Willi, 51–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |about=yes |label=Doric Greek

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• [https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-169483/Doric-dialect Doric Greek] in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Grammar of the Greek Language ([https://archive.org/details/grammargreeklan00fiskgoog/page/n254 M1 Doric] by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
• The Elements of Greek Grammar [https://archive.org/details/elementsgreekgr00anthgoog/page/n335 Doric] by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)
• [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e323450 Doric/Northwest Greek] Brill's New Pauly Online

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