:Geography of Andorra

File:Andorra la Vella view2.jpg with mountains]]

All of Andorra is mountainous, and in total, there are 65 mountain peaks.Andorra – The Principality in Figures (2007), p.16, Andorra Turisme / Department of Studies and Statistics

The highest mountain is Coma Pedrosa, which rises to {{convert|2942|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the northwest of Andorra near the French and Spanish borders.

Along the border with France, from west to east, the highest mountains are Pic de Médécourbe ({{convert|2914|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), which is the western tripoint international boundary of Andorra, France, and Spain, Pic de Cataperdis ({{convert|2805|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and Pic de Tristaina ({{convert|2878|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Pic de Font Blanca ({{convert|2903|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the northwest; Pic de Siguer ({{convert|2903|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Pic de la Serrera ({{convert|2914|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and Pic d'Anrodat ({{convert|2730|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the north; and Pic de Noé ({{convert|2737|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Pic de la Cabaneta ({{convert|2818|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and Roc Mélé ({{convert|2811|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the east.

Along the border with Spain, from west to east, the highest mountains are Pic de Médécourbe ({{convert|2914|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Pic de Coma Pedrosa ({{convert|2942|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Port de Cabús ({{convert|2301|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and Pic dels Llacs ({{convert|2692|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the west; Pic Negre ({{convert|2665|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Torre dels Soldats ({{convert|2761|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), and Pic de la Portelleta ({{convert|2905|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the south.

In the east, near where the borders of the two countries meet, lies Pic d’Envalira ({{convert|2825|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and Pic dels Pessons ({{convert|2865|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). A lake, Estany de l'Estanyó, and a mountain, Pic de l’Estanyó ({{convert|2915|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) lie just east of El Serrat and are accessible only by hiking trail.

Andorra is drained almost entirely by a single basin whose main river, the Gran Valira, exits the country in the south near the Spain–Andorra road border crossing.

The Valira del Nord is the northwest tributary, flowing from near El Serrat through the settlements of Les Salines, Arans, La Cortinada, Sornàs, Ordino, and La Massana — where it meets the Tristaina River — and eventually through Les Escaldes where it meets the Valira d'Orient forming the Gran Valira.

The Valira d'Orient is the northeast tributary, flowing from near Grau Roig through Soldeu, Canillo, Encamp, and Les Escaldes where it meets the Madriu River and then the Valira del Nord, becoming the Gran Valira.

There are also several much smaller drainage basins that span Andorra's borders with France and Spain. The most notable of these is the Pic de Maià basin whose main river, the Sant Josep, flows easterly out of the country into France and is a tributary of the Ariège, which is in the Garonne basin (Atlantic).

Andorra has 172 lakes, of which the largest is Estanys de Juclar ({{convert|23|ha|acre|0|disp=or}}) near Pic de Noé in the north east.

The climate in Andorra varies greatly with elevation. The valleys have an oceanic climate that is similar to the temperate climate of Andorra's neighbours, but because of the higher elevation, winters tend to be more severe, the humidity lower, and summers slightly cooler. Regions above the Alpine tree line at about {{convert|2100|–|2400|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} have an alpine climate and alpine tundra. Snow completely covers the northern valleys for several months. There are, on average, 300 days per year of sunshine. Average daily peak insolation varies from 1150 W/m² in June to 280 W/m² in December.[http://www.wunderground.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?query=42.511%2C1.543 Andorra – Escaldes,Weather Underground]Atles climàtic de Catalunya. Periode 1961–1990. Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya. {{in lang|ca}}

The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|11|C|F}} in Sant Julià de Lòria in the south, to {{convert|8|C|F}} in La Massana in the centre, and to {{convert|2|C|F}} in Arcalis in the north. The average daily high and low temperatures in Escaldes-Engordany are, respectively, {{convert|28|C|F}} and {{convert|15|C|F}} in July, and {{convert|11|C|F}} and {{convert|-2|C|F}} in January.

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|1071.9|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} for the whole country, but it varies across the country, increasing with elevation and from south to north. The driest parish is Sant Julià de Lòria ({{convert|800|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} per year) in the south, and the wettest is Canillo ({{convert|1100|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} per year) in the north. Annual precipitation can exceed {{convert|1220|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} the highest mountainous areas. The driest months tend to be January and February, and the wettest, May, June, and November. During the summer months, there are very few rainy days, but the rainfall can be very heavy because it is associated with thunderstorms.

{{Weather box|location = Andorra La Vella (Roc de Sant Pere), elevation: 1,075m (1971–2000, extremes 1934–present)

|collapsed =

|metric first = y

|single line = y

|Jan record high C = 18.0

|Feb record high C = 20.0

|Mar record high C = 24.8

|Apr record high C = 29.0

|May record high C = 29.2

|Jun record high C = 37.4

|Jul record high C = 39.0

|Aug record high C = 35.9

|Sep record high C = 32.0

|Oct record high C = 31.0

|Nov record high C = 21.2

|Dec record high C = 19.0

|year record high C = 39.0

|Jan high C = 6.9

|Feb high C = 8.9

|Mar high C = 11.7

|Apr high C = 13.3

|May high C = 17.6

|Jun high C = 21.9

|Jul high C = 26.2

|Aug high C = 25.4

|Sep high C = 21.4

|Oct high C = 16.0

|Nov high C = 10.7

|Dec high C = 7.5

|year high C = 15.6

|Jan mean C = 2.2

|Feb mean C = 3.5

|Mar mean C = 5.8

|Apr mean C = 7.5

|May mean C = 11.5

|Jun mean C = 15.4

|Jul mean C = 18.8

|Aug mean C = 18.5

|Sep mean C = 14.9

|Oct mean C = 10.3

|Nov mean C = 5.7

|Dec mean C = 3.0

|year mean C = 9.8

|Jan low C = -2.5

|Feb low C = -1.8

|Mar low C = -0.2

|Apr low C = 1.7

|May low C = 5.3

|Jun low C = 8.8

|Jul low C = 11.4

|Aug low C = 11.4

|Sep low C = 8.5

|Oct low C = 4.7

|Nov low C = 0.6

|Dec low C = -1.4

|year low C = 3.9

|Jan record low C = −15.0

|Feb record low C = −16.0

|Mar record low C = −11.0

|Apr record low C = −7.0

|May record low C = −2.0

|Jun record low C = 0.0

|Jul record low C = 3.0

|Aug record low C = 2.0

|Sep record low C = 0.0

|Oct record low C = −6.0

|Nov record low C = −10.5

|Dec record low C = −13.0

|year record low C = −19.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 53.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 37.9

|Mar precipitation mm = 40.5

|Apr precipitation mm = 71.2

|May precipitation mm = 89.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 84.2

|Jul precipitation mm = 60.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 85.6

|Sep precipitation mm = 80.9

|Oct precipitation mm = 72.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 68.4

|Dec precipitation mm = 67.9

|year precipitation mm = 812.3

|source 1 = ACDA{{cite web

|url=http://opengis.uab.cat/wms/ACDA/index.htm

|title=Andorra La Vella 1971-2000 averages

|publisher=ACDA

|access-date=3 January 2016

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114053905/http://opengis.uab.cat/wms/ACDA/index.htm

|archive-date=14 January 2016

}}

|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)

{{cite web

| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=308

| title = Station Andorra la Vella

| publisher = Meteo Climat

|language = fr

| access-date = 14 October 2016}}

|date=June 2015}}

There is a risk of avalanches from mid winter to early summer. Avalanche control methods such as snow clearing by controlled blast charges, snow nets, snow fences, deflectors, rigid barriers, and snow compaction are used in Andorra to prevent dangerous avalanches.JF Meffre (2001), [http://www.cenma.ad/webcenma/1%20JORNADES/MEFFRE.pdf La Predicció local del perill d'allaus a Andorra]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, La Gestió dels Riscos Naturals, Jornades del CRECIT, pp.100–106, 13/14 September 2001. {{in lang|ca}}G Furdada, JM Vilaplana, E Tomàs, D Mas (1998). The avalanche of La tartera de la Pica, Andorra. Procs. conference on 25 years of snow avalanche research, 203(I):104–107, Ed: E Hestnes, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo.

The 1996 Arinsal avalanche was an exceptionally powerful powder-snow avalanche that followed several days of very heavy snowfalls and high winds.Bon Dia newspaper, February 1996 At 19:00 on 8 February 1996, the avalanche fell on the village of Arinsal destroying or severely damaging many cars and buildings and hotels including the crest hotel the rocky mountain bar and above apartments the asterics bar and little damage to three blocks of flats that were under construction by a Russian company and still are under construction; evacuation of the residents and tourists in the village had been completed 1½ hours before the avalanche, and consequently there were no deaths, but the material and economic damages were large.[http://www.avalanches.fr/construire/risque_2.htm Avalanche d'Arinsal en Andorre du 8 février 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323040051/http://www.avalanches.fr/construire/risque_2.htm |date=2009-03-23 }}, JF Meffre (Consellet tècnic en allaus, Servei de predicció d'allaus d'Andorra). {{in lang|fr}} Afterwards, the government ordered the construction of a snow dam across the Arinsal valley to stop future avalanches. The Arinsal snow dam, which is {{convert|16|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|320|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide, cost 52 million francs and used {{convert|115000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} of soil and {{convert|11000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} of rock.

The 1970 Pas de la Casa avalanche was a powder-snow avalanche that happened after a severe snowstorm left {{convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=3}} of new snow atop the existing snow pack on the mountain slopes above Pas de la Casa. The avalanche began at an elevation of {{convert|2640|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} on the upper slopes of the Pic d'Envalira ({{convert|2825|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), accelerated down the 35° slope and spilled over six bends of the old CG-2 road that winds its way down the mountain to the village of Pas de la Casa, which is at {{convert|2100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It then hit the village, damaging several buildings including a dispensary and killing a nurse. In 1970, Pas de la Casa had far fewer buildings than it does now, so the damage was relatively limited. In later years as development of the ski resort continued, plans for avalanche control measures were studied, but it was not until 1985 that strong protective features including {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of windbreaks and {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of snow fences were installed. The new CG-2 goes through the Envalira Tunnel, thus avoiding Pas de la Casa and the risk of avalanches.

Landslides are a frequent occurrence in Andorra; they have tended to follow periods of heavy rainfall.R Capons-Llorens (2005), [http://www.cenma.ad/webcenma/HORITZO/Horitz%C3%B3%208/H8article5.pdf El relleu postglacial al Principat d'Andorra – Les dinàmiques de vessants i fluviotorrencials]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Jornades del CRECIT – Horitzó, 8(2):25–33. {{in lang|ca}}

A landslide during the evening rush hour on 25 January 2008 deposited {{convert|4000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} of loosely bound soil and rocks from the mountain slope above onto the main road CG-3 (Avinguda del Través de la Massana) between La Massana and Ordino, blocking it for three days, as well as completely covering an open-air car park and several parked cars. The only damage was to property, and nobody was injured, but the residents of a block of flats adjacent to the landslide were evacuated as the building was deemed unsafe and it remains vacant. The cause of the landslide was determined to be settlement of the earth due to inadequate ground reinforcement in the construction and excavation of the car park 30 years previously.[http://www.diariandorra.ad/media/upload//pdf/obrir.php?file=da26a01_editora_17_505.pdf L'esllavissada prové del desgast natural i l'excavació al pàrquing]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Diari d'Andorra, No.5735, pp.1,3–4, 27 January 2008[http://www.3cat24.cat/noticia/247731/societat/Una-esllavissada-talla-la-carretera-de-la-Massana-a-Ordino-i-obliga-a-desallotjar-els-veins Una esllavissada talla la carretera de la Massana a Ordino i obliga a desallotjar els veïns], 3cat24, 26 January 2008, {{in lang|ca}}

On 7 July 2009, a rock landslide fell {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} onto the CG-3 main road between La Massana and Andorra La Vella, blocking the road near the entrance to the Pont Pla Tunnel for three hours. Protective nets on the mountain side caught most of the rockfall, but {{convert|4|m3|cuyd|2|abbr=on}} went over the nets and fell onto the road and pavement.M Miño (2009), [http://www.bondia.ad/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6384%3Auna-esllavissada-aquesta-matinada-obliga-a-tallar-tres-hores-la-carretera-de-la-massana&catid=87%3Asuccessos&Itemid=28 Una esllavissada obliga a tallar tres hores la carretera de la Massana], Bon Dia newspaper, 7 July 2009. {{in lang|ca}}

The Pyrenees and Catalonia have frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes — the largest in recorded history being the Catalan earthquake of 1428 with an estimated magnitude of IX on the MSK scale, equivalent to 6.0–6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale.[http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/en/sismologia/igc_sismologia_sismicitat_seglexx.html Maximum felt intensities in Catalonia during the XX century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708134429/http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/en/sismologia/igc_sismologia_sismicitat_seglexx.html |date=2007-07-08 }}, Table I: Approximative correspondence between the magnitude (Richter) and the intensity (MSK) felt in the epicentral area.[http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/en/sismologia/igc_sismologia_sismicitat_mapa400m.html Sismicitat a Catalunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708134151/http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/en/sismologia/igc_sismologia_sismicitat_mapa400m.html |date=2007-07-08 }}, Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, 1999. {{in lang|ca}} However, earthquakes whose epicentres are inside Andorra tend to be smaller than magnitude 2.[http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/ca/sismologia/sismescomact/llistats/locals/2001/juliol/locals.html Terratrèmols locals de Juliol de 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607205626/http://www.igc.cat/web/gcontent/ca/sismologia/sismescomact/llistats/locals/2001/juliol/locals.html |date=2008-06-07 }}, Institut Geològic de Catalunya. {{in lang|ca}} An earthquake of magnitude 4.2 on 5 October 1999 in nearby Bagnères-de-Luchon (France) was widely felt in Andorra, causing public alarm.[https://archive.today/20130115233329/http://www.vilaweb.cat/www/noticia?p_idcmp=1114585 El terratremol espanta tot Andorra, pero no causa danys], VilaWeb.cat, Maresma i Associats, SL. 1999-10-05. {{in lang|ca}} The Andorran Government has studied the possibility of a damaging earthquake in Andorra.

File:Andorra2021OSM.png

;Latitude and longitude{{cite web |url=http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |title=Archived copy |website=www.estadistica.ad |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113203301/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |archive-date=13 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}

• North : Basers de Font Blanca ({{coord|42|39|17|N|1|33|4|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=Pic d'Arial (North)}})
• South : Conangle – Riu Runer ({{coord|42|25|43|N|1|31|2|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=Conangle (South)}})
• West : Coll de l'Aquell ({{coord|42|29|11|N|1|24|32|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=Coll de l'Aquell (West)}})
• East : Riu de la Palomera – Riu Arièja ({{coord|42|34|26|N|1|47|10|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=La Palomera (East)}})

;Elevation

• Maximum : Pic del Comapedrosa, {{convert|2942|m|2|abbr=on}} ({{coord|42|35|N|01|27|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=Coma Pedrosa (highest)}})
• Minimum : Conflent del riu Runer, {{convert|840|m|2|abbr=on}} ({{coord|42|26|N|01|29|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name= Riu Runer (lowest)}})

;Centre

• Geographical centre : near Encamp, {{coord|42|32|30|N|01|35|51|E|type:landmark_region:AD|name=Geographical centre of Andorra}}

• {{wikiatlas|Andorra}}

{{Commonscat|Geography of Andorra|Geography of Andorra}}

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