:Geography of Toronto

{{climate chart

| Toronto

| -6.8 | -0.3 | 62

| -6.0 | 0.6 | 55

| -1.8 | 5.0 | 54

| 3.8 | 11.7 | 68

| 10.0 | 18.8 | 82

| 15.2 | 24.2 | 71

| 18.1 | 27.0 | 64

| 17.7 | 26.1 | 81

| 13.8 | 22.0 | 85

| 7.7 | 14.6 | 64

| 2.3 | 8.1 | 84

| -2.7 | 2.6 | 61

|float=right

|source= Environment and Climate Change Canada}}

File:High_Park,_Toronto_DSC_0129_(17207727609).jpg (sakura) trees in High Park in 2015]]

Toronto's continental climate is moderated by Lake Ontario; its climate is among the mildest in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, given Toronto's southerly latitude within the country. Downtown Toronto sits in a pocket of the humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) zone found at the southwestern end of Lake Ontario covering the southern part of the city — including downtown (but excluding the Toronto Islands), where the annual average temperature exceeds {{cvt|9|C}}. Some of Toronto, outside of the pre-1998 city limits, some suburban areas, and the Toronto Islands, fall within the Dfb climate regimen. This difference partly results from the urban heat island effect. Toronto is located in hardiness zone 7a, with decreasing hardiness further away from the downtown core (5b in the suburbs).{{cite web | url = http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Ontario&val=T |title = Plant Hardiness Data | publisher = Natural Resources Canada |date = January 14, 2015 |access-date = May 18, 2015}} There is a high degree of variability from year to year and sometimes over a period of days, particularly during the winter months. Though not native to North America, cherry blossom (sakura) trees bloom in Toronto during late April and early May.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/high-park-reopening-1.5564309|title=Toronto reopens High Park after temporary closure during cherry blossom bloom|work=CBC Toronto News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|location=Toronto|date=May 11, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020}}

Lake Ontario's water temperature varies due to upwelling of colder water or warmer pools of surface water creating very localized thermal contrast; the deeper waters of the lake, far from the shore, remain at a near-constant water temperature of {{cvt|4|C}}, the effect of which is either cooling or warming (in winter). This creates generally warmer nights through the colder season than would otherwise occur. When offshore winds blow in summer, they warm as they near the lakeshore in the evening; conversely, the cooling effect by the lake is most pronounced on spring afternoons, which can affect Toronto even more than other cities on the Great Lakes due its exposure to onshore winds from the east to southeast, on some days, the temperatures can be as much as {{cvt|10|C-change}} cooler than areas far removed from Lake Ontario, an effect that wanes by summer when the dominant windflow becomes more southwesterly and the lake surface temperature warms.

File:Downtown from Ward's Island (11741567236).jpg frozen over in 2014. Contrasting deeper areas of the lake, situated further away from the waterfront, waters near the shoreline may occasionally freeze over.]]

Springs and autumns are shorter seasons than summers and winters, and they feature varied weather with alternating periods of dry, sunny weather and rain. Many days in these seasons are sunny with pleasant rather than warm or cold temperatures. Nights are generally cool, but frosts are rare. Snow can fall in early spring or late fall but usually melt quickly after contact with the ground. At these changeable times of the year, temperature contrasts (up to {{cvt|30|C-change}} in extreme cases) can occur within short time frames due to rapidly changing air masses that sweep across the continent, often accompanied by high winds. Due to these airmass changes, temperatures of {{cvt|30|C}} or above have been recorded as early as April 16 and as late as October 8. Conversely, temperatures of {{cvt|-10|C}} or below at night have been recorded as early as November 6 and as late as April 18. Snowfall has been reported as early as October 1 and as late as May 28. Toronto's weather is affected by the relative position of the polar jet stream and continental storm track, both of which pass over or near to the area with some frequency. This is determined by a number of complex global weather drivers, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic oscillation (NOA) / Arctic oscillation (AO) and the polar vortex.

There is no "dry season" as precipitation falls in all months with regularity (but mainly snow during the winter), but summer rains result mostly from thunderstorms, which make for higher average amounts as a general rule with occasional dry periods. February and March rank as the driest months on average. According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, from 1991 to 2020, annual average precipitation is {{cvt|831|mm|2}}.https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=toronto&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=207000000&dispBack=1

File:April 2018 ice storm in Toronto6.jpg, a residential Scarborough neighbourhood, during an ice storm, on April 15, 2018.]]

Despite being cold, extended snow-free periods occur in most winter seasons and precipitation can fall as rain with temperatures sometimes climbing above {{cvt|10|C}}. Average winter snowfall is {{cvt|121.5|cm|2}} at the weather station in Downtown Toronto{{cite web

| url = http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=5051&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Search&month1=0&month2=12

| title = Toronto, Ontario

| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| language = en, fr

| access-date = June 22, 2013

| archive-date = May 9, 2013

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509153037/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=5051&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Search&month1=0&month2=12

| url-status = dead

}} and {{cvt|108.5|cm|2}} at Toronto Pearson International Airport.{{cite web

| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5097&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12

| title = Toronto Lester B. Pearson INT'L A

| work = 1981–2010 Canadian Climate Normals

| date = October 31, 2011

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| access-date = June 3, 2014}}

The average January maximum / minimum is between {{cvt|−1|and|−7|C}} in the city. There are usually a few colder periods where temperatures remain below {{cvt|−10|C}} and less frequently below {{cvt|−20|C}} at night (especially in the northern suburbs), with wind chills making it feel like {{cvt|−30|C|0}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/air/wintersevere/windchill.en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011127041727/http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/air/wintersevere/windchill.en.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2001 |title=Canada's Wind Chill Index |access-date=February 16, 2009 |date=January 4, 2005 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |quote=The wind chill is expressed in temperature-like units, but because it is not the actual air temperature, it is given without the degree sign. }}

Due to its position on the northwest shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is not a direct target of heavy, wind−whipped lake-effect snow squalls that hit other Great Lake cities on the south/east shorelines of the lakes, in areas where prevailing winds amplify lake effect. Despite this, there are usually two or more heavy snowfalls each winter which deposit at least {{cvt|15|cm|2}} accumulation, usually from powerful winter storms known as "Colorado Lows" or panhandle hooks that pick up moisture en route to the Great Lakes. These storms can produce strong easterly driven winds that fetch additional moisture from Lake Ontario. They frequently come with a volatile mix of snow, ice pellets, freezing rain and sometimes just ordinary rain, all of which can disrupt transportation, and in severe cases, interrupt power supply. Alberta clippers are less impactful, usually crossing the area quickly, bringing widespread but lighter snowfall. A sustained freezing rain event occurred on December 22, 2013, plunging 30 percent of the city into darkness, some until after Christmas Day.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/12/22/toronto-power-down-outage-ice-storm-2013_n_4488773.html |title=Toronto Power Down as Ice Storm Hits GTA, Massive Outages Reported (PHOTOS, LIVE UPDATES) |date=December 22, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082635/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/12/22/toronto-power-down-outage-ice-storm-2013_n_4488773.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}

File:The City of Toronto snowplough.jpg.]]

On January 13, 1999, after a series of snowstorms, then-Toronto mayor Mel Lastman called in the Canadian Armed Forces to assist with snow removal and clearing streets. Within twelve days, the downtown Toronto weather station at the University of Toronto (Trinity College near Queen's Park) recorded an average season's worth of {{cvt|118.4|cm|2}} of snow, much of it lake effect from Lake Ontario and a monthly record for January, but fell short of the snowiest month overall March 1870, with {{cvt|158.5|cm|2}}, of which {{cvt|89|cm|2}} fell over five days. February 2008 set a record a snowfall record for the month with {{cvt|76.8|cm|2}} falling at the airport. The winter of 2007–08 brought accumulated seasonal snowfall totals of {{cvt|209.7|cm|2}} downtown and {{cvt|194.0|cm|1}} at the airport. The heavy winter snows, in combination with record rains during June–July of that year made 2008 the wettest year on the climate record with over {{cvt|1070|mm|2}} of total precipitation, until broken by 2024 with {{cvt|1146|mm|2}}. The largest single 24-hour and daily snowfall records occurred on December 11–12, 1944, when {{cvt|57.2|cm|1}} accumulated, with {{cvt|48.3|cm|1}} on December 11 alone. More recently on January 16–17, 2022, a blizzard dropped up to {{cvt|55|cm|1}} (in sections of Scarborough) of accumulated snow in the city, crippling public transportation, with most of it falling on the morning of January 17. The official storm total at Pearson Airport was {{cvt|34.4|cm|1}}

On the opposite extreme, the winter of 2011–12 had the lowest seasonal snowfall total with only {{cvt|41.8|cm|2}}.{{cite web | url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=51AA6ED5-1 | title = Canada Left Out of Winter's Cold | work = Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2012 | publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada | access-date = February 18, 2015}} March 2012 was the warmest March on record.{{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2012/03/22/toronto_heat_wave_comes_close_to_hottest_march_day_on_record.html | title = Toronto heat wave comes close to hottest March day on record | date = March 22, 2012 | publisher = Toronto Star | access-date = February 18, 2015}} The least snowfall in a calendar year was 2006, with only {{cvt|32.4|cm|2}}. The very mild El Niño influenced winter of 2009–10 had a low total of {{cvt|52.4|cm|2}}, March 2010 recorded no measurable snow, the first such occurrence in any March since 1946, and was followed by the warmest April ever on record.[http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=980B4916-73ED-40B2-91CD-12B0A270C7CE Ontario Weather Review] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611120549/http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=980B4916-73ED-40B2-91CD-12B0A270C7CE |date=June 11, 2011 }}

Winter weather conditions in Toronto can vary greatly from one year to another and is significantly affected by global weather patterns such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Niño winters on the weak to moderate side are generally colder or below average in terms of temperatures, with stronger ones being much milder than normal and drier, with less snowfall than average (such as the winters of 2009–2010 and 2015–2016), while La Niña winters tend have more precipitation, with more snowfall (the aforementioned 1999, 2008 and 2022 were La Niña winters), but are usually near average in terms of temperatures. ENSO Neutral years are more unpredictable, such as 2013–14, which was the coldest, longest winter in recent memory.

File:Boating in the Toronto Islands.jpg. Excursions to the islands are a popular summer activity in the city.]]

Maximum temperatures typically range from {{cvt|23|to|31|C}} with moderate to high humidity, proximity to Lake Ontario and the other lakes contribute to summer humidity but faraway sources like the Gulf of Mexico also factor in. The subtropical jet can move well north of the area in the midsummer influenced largely by the strength and position of the Bermuda-Azores High and ridging over the North American continent, in some summers, it is a dominating influence.

Lake effect cooling varies greatly depending on location within the city and strength and direction of localized winds, variation in water temperature and currents due to recent weather, the most pronounced effect on the Toronto Islands and also on the immediate lakeshore such as in The Beaches, and Scarborough Bluffs, hence the term "cooler by the lake". This is less of a factor in the west and northwest parts of the city. Temperatures over {{cvt|32|C}} occur on average seven days each year (three consecutive days of such temperatures is defined as a heat wave, which occur in most summers but maximums rarely exceed {{cvt|38|C|0}}, which last occurred on July 21, 2011). However, coupled with high humidity, the humidex value can rise well above {{cvt|40|C}} during these heat events, creating great discomfort. Nighttime temperatures generally hover close to {{cvt|20|C|0}} in the city but during hotter spells remain closer to {{cvt|25|C}}. Summer heat episodes are usually broken by cooler, drier periods that can be brief.

Thunderstorms are also a regular occurrence and can pop up quickly, especially west and north of the city in areas more prone to the "lake breeze front" or "lake breeze thunderstorms" phenomenon, in which intense, sharply defined squall lines develop quickly on summer afternoons inland, amplified by localized variation in wind patterns between the Great Lakes.[http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/lakebreezewx.htm Lake Breeze Weather] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050322/http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/lakebreezewx.htm |date=March 4, 2016 }} These storms sometimes, but not always move into the city causing localized flooding resulting from downpours with high rainfall amounts, intense lightning but less often severe winds knocking down trees and power lines.

In addition to snowstorms, ice storms, windstorms, heavy rainfall events associated with tropical storms or very severe thunderstorms, tornadoes are rare but do occur, particularly in the northern and western suburbs. That area sits on the northeastern edge of "tornado alley" where tornadoes occur with the most frequency per area in Canada. Downtown Toronto, on the other hand, generally avoids tornadic storms resulting from lake breeze inflows, which assist in breaking up the formation of tornadoes. Tornado warnings have been posted for the city on a few occasions in the early 21st century, however, no touchdowns have been confirmed within city limits since a weak tornado hit Scarborough in 1998. A pair of dangerous F2 tornadoes did touchdown in neighbouring Vaughan during a tornado outbreak on August 20, 2009. A powerful derecho affected the city on May 21, 2022.

Toronto is susceptible to flash flooding due to its various ravines and valleys that can easily flood, as well as generally poor drainage due to its large urban area. Flooding can result from remnants of tropical storms, heavy rainfall combined with snow melt, or summertime thunderstorms stalled out along lake breeze boundaries. Low-lying areas, such as the lower reaches of the Don River valley, are the most likely to flood. This often leads to the shutdown of the Don Valley Parkway and GO Transit's Richmond Hill line. A second mouth has been built for the Don River during the early 2020s to mitigate flooding in the Port Lands, creating the island of Ookwemin Minising, which will have mixed-use high-density residential development.

{{further|Effects of Hurricane Hazel in Canada}}

File:Hurricane Hazel -- Weston Golf Club.jpg was left submerged after the Humber River overflowed its banks during Hurricane Hazel in 1954.|alt=A generally flat area is completely submerged by water; trees are scattered throughout.]]

The tropical storm remnant of Hurricane Hazel caused 81 deaths in October 1954 due to flooding that swept homes along river banks into Lake Ontario. A sudden downburst during a strong thunderstorm was believed to have played a contributing factor in the Air France Flight 358 crash on August 2, 2005. Just a few weeks later on August 19, part of a tornado outbreak in Southern Ontario, record-breaking intense rainfall, the worst since Hazel, deluged north-central sections of the city within a couple of hours and destroying a section of Finch Avenue West over Black Creek in North York resulting in record insurance claims. Some rain gauges recorded {{cvt|175|mm|0}} of rain, over {{cvt|100|mm|0}} in just one hour. Another large rainstorm with intense, record rainfall amounts struck a wide swath of the city during the afternoon rush hour on July 8, 2013, flooding city streets, subway tunnels, basements and knocking out power for over two million residents, stranding commuters, some having to be rescued from a submerged train. A daily rainfall record of {{cvt|126.4|mm|2}} was set at Pearson Airport, most falling in an hour and a half. Flood insurance claims are likely to exceed the 2005 storm due to a wider area affected.{{cite web

|url=http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/infographics/toronto-flood-by-the-numbers

|title=TO Flood by the Numbers

|publisher=CTV News

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713091057/http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/infographics/toronto-flood-by-the-numbers

|archive-date=July 13, 2013

}}

In the springs of 2017 and 2019, heavy rain combined with snow melt led to the water levels of Lake Ontario to rise to record levels, flooding parts of the Toronto Islands and closing it to the public.

The most severe heat wave in Toronto occurred in 1936, during that year's heat wave, when downtown temperatures in Toronto exceeded {{cvt|40|C}} on three consecutive days ( July 8–10), with nighttime temperatures not falling below {{cvt|25|C}}.{{cite web|url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?timeframe=2&Prov=ON&StationID=5051&dlyRange=1840-03-01%7C2011-04-17&Year=1936&Month=7&Day=01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101090708/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?timeframe=2&Prov=ON&StationID=5051&dlyRange=1840-03-01%7C2011-04-17&Year=1936&Month=7&Day=01 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2013 |title=Daily Data Report for July 1936 (station in University of Toronto) |publisher=National Climate Data and Information Archive |access-date=June 21, 2012 }}{{cite web | url = http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/scorching-toronto-setting-temperature-records-1.673417 | title = Scorching Toronto setting temperature records | date = July 21, 2011 | publisher = CTV News Toronto | access-date = February 18, 2015}} The city was ill-equipped at that time to handle such a prolonged extreme heat wave, and heat stroke claimed 225 lives in the city,{{Cite encyclopedia

|title=Heat Wave

|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia

|last=Phillips

|first=David

|publisher=The Historica-Dominion Institute

|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/heat-wave

|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203225642/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/heat-wave

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=February 3, 2013

|access-date=June 21, 2012

}}

not counting indirect deaths from causes such as drowning.{{cite web

|url=http://www.heritagetoronto.org/news/story/2011/11/16/1936-heat-wave

|title=The 1936 Heat Wave

|last=Wencer

|first=David

|publisher=Heritage Toronto

|date=November 16, 2011

|access-date=June 21, 2012

}}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The hottest month recorded, however, was July 1921, when the average maximum temperature downtown was {{cvt|31.2|C}}, with a monthly mean temperature of {{cvt|25.5|C}}, this was equalled in July 2020. At Toronto Pearson International Airport, the highest monthly maximum average was {{cvt|31.2|C}} in July 1955,{{cite web |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2013-06-13&dlyRange=1937-11-01%7C2013-06-13&mlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-01&StationID=5097&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2021&selRowPerPage=25&Line=61&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=toronto&timeframe=2&Month=7&Day=1&Year=1955 |title=Monthly Data Report for 1955 for Toronto Lester B. Pearson Int'L A |date=October 31, 2011 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |accessdate=February 28, 2021}} however the highest mean of {{cvt|25.0|C}} was set in July 2020, records there began in 1937.{{cite web |first1=Tom |last1= Yun |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/07/30/hottest-july-in-84-years-environment-canada.html |title=It's official: This has been the hottest July in 84 years, according to Environment and Climate Change Canada |publisher=Toronto Star |date=July 30, 2020 |accessdate=February 28, 2021}} The highest humidex (combined feel of temperature and humidity) reached {{cvt|50.3|C}} at the airport during the heat wave of July 1995, downtown it reached {{cvt|51.2|C}} on July 21, 2011, during the 2011 North American heat wave.

The coldest minimum temperature of {{cvt|−33|C}} was recorded on January 10, 1859. The coldest temperature recorded at the airport was {{cvt|−31.3|C}} on January 4, 1981, and the coldest windchill recorded was {{cvt|−44.7|C}} on the same day. The coldest month overall was {{cvt|−12.6|C}} at the airport in February 2015 and at downtown in February 1875.{{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/starweather/2015/03/it-s-official-february-was-toronto-s-coldest-month-ever.html

| title = It's official: February was Toronto's coldest month ever | last = Colbert | first = Sam | publisher = Toronto Star | date = March 1, 2015 | access-date = March 4, 2015}} Other notable cold waves occurred in January 1994 and February 1934. Winter cold snaps pose a danger as they often come with high winds, leaving the city's homeless population very vulnerable to frostbite and hypothermia.

Based on public records provided by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the average annual temperature has increased {{cvt|1.5|C-change}} at Pearson Airport over a period of 30 years. If compared with the thirty-year normals from 1971 to 2000, more of this increase occurred at night: the average minimum temperature has been {{cvt|1.9|C-change}} higher. Average precipitation during the same period was close to the average of the previous period, snowfall totals down only marginally with slightly higher rainfall. In order from the top: December, September, July and January have seen the highest average temperature increases. Part of this warming is likely attributed to increased urban growth surrounding the airport.

An older study conducted in the 1990s analyzed the heat island effect comparing data from selected regional stations, including both Downtown Toronto and Pearson Airport, enough for a large area of the pre-1998 city limits and parts of Etobicoke to have a different Köppen climate classification from the surrounding area.[http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/uhis_gough.pdf Impact of urbanization on the climate of Toronto, Ontario, Canada] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320191833/http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/uhis_gough.pdf |date=March 20, 2012 }}

===Statistics===

{{Toronto weatherbox}}

{{Pearson Airport weatherbox}}

{{Toronto Island Airport weatherbox}}

{{Weather box

|location = Toronto Pearson International Airport (1971–2000)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

|Jan high C = −2.1

|Feb high C = −1.1

|Mar high C = 4.1

|Apr high C = 11.5

|May high C = 18.8

|Jun high C = 23.7

|Jul high C = 26.8

|Aug high C = 25.6

|Sep high C = 21.0

|Oct high C = 13.9

|Nov high C = 7.0

|Dec high C = 0.9

|year high C = 12.5

|Jan mean C = −6.3

|Feb mean C = −5.4

|Mar mean C = −0.4

|Apr mean C = 6.3

|May mean C = 12.9

|Jun mean C = 17.8

|Jul mean C = 20.8

|Aug mean C = 19.9

|Sep mean C = 15.3

|Oct mean C = 8.9

|Nov mean C = 3.2

|Dec mean C = −2.9

|year mean C = 7.5

|Jan low C = −10.5

|Feb low C = −9.7

|Mar low C = −5.0

|Apr low C = 1.0

|May low C = 6.9

|Jun low C = 11.9

|Jul low C = 14.8

|Aug low C = 14.0

|Sep low C = 9.6

|Oct low C = 3.9

|Nov low C = −0.7

|Dec low C = −6.7

|year low C = 2.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 52.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 42.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 57.1

|Apr precipitation mm = 68.4

|May precipitation mm = 72.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 74.2

|Jul precipitation mm = 74.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6

|Sep precipitation mm = 77.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 64.1

|Nov precipitation mm = 69.3

|Dec precipitation mm = 60.9

|year precipitation mm = 792.7

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 24.9

|Feb rain mm = 22.3

|Mar rain mm = 36.7

|Apr rain mm = 62.4

|May rain mm = 72.4

|Jun rain mm = 74.2

|Jul rain mm = 74.4

|Aug rain mm = 79.6

|Sep rain mm = 77.5

|Oct rain mm = 63.4

|Nov rain mm = 62.0

|Dec rain mm = 34.7

|year rain mm = 684.6

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 31.1

|Feb snow cm = 22.1

|Mar snow cm = 19.2

|Apr snow cm = 5.7

|May snow cm = 0.1

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 0.5

|Nov snow cm = 7.6

|Dec snow cm = 29.2

|year snow cm = 115.4

|Jan humidity = 81.7

|Feb humidity = 81.3

|Mar humidity = 81.2

|Apr humidity = 78.8

|May humidity = 80.0

|Jun humidity = 82.6

|Jul humidity = 84.5

|Aug humidity = 88.6

|Sep humidity = 89.5

|Oct humidity = 87.1

|Nov humidity = 84.7

|Dec humidity = 83.7

|year humidity = 83.6

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14.9

|Feb precipitation days = 11.6

|Mar precipitation days = 13.1

|Apr precipitation days = 12.1

|May precipitation days = 11.9

|Jun precipitation days = 11.0

|Jul precipitation days = 10.1

|Aug precipitation days = 10.8

|Sep precipitation days = 10.7

|Oct precipitation days = 11.5

|Nov precipitation days = 13.2

|Dec precipitation days = 14.6

|year precipitation days = 145.5

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 5.1

|Feb rain days = 4.6

|Mar rain days = 8.0

|Apr rain days = 10.7

|May rain days = 11.9

|Jun rain days = 11.0

|Jul rain days = 10.1

|Aug rain days = 10.8

|Sep rain days = 10.7

|Oct rain days = 11.5

|Nov rain days = 10.6

|Dec rain days = 6.7

|year rain days = 111.8

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 12.6

|Feb snow days = 9.4

|Mar snow days = 7.1

|Apr snow days = 2.6

|May snow days = 0.07

|Jun snow days = 0.0

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.0

|Sep snow days = 0.0

|Oct snow days = 0.40

|Nov snow days = 4.0

|Dec snow days = 10.3

|year snow days = 46.5

|Jan sun = 75

|Feb sun = 114

|Mar sun = 178

|Apr sun = 218

|May sun = 244

|Jun sun = 276

|Jul sun = 302

|Aug sun = 264

|Sep sun = 208

|Oct sun = 173

|Nov sun = 94

|Dec sun = 89

|year sun = 2235

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada{{cite web | url = http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=5097&autofwd=1

| title = Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000, Toronto Pearson International Airport | publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada}}

|source 2 = The Weather Network (sun only)[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/suncloud/cl6158733 Climate data for Toronto Lester B. Pearson Int'l, ON, Canada], accessed March 25, 2012.

|date=August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Toronto (The Annex), 1971–2000

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

| Jan high C = −1.1

| Feb high C = −0.2

| Mar high C = 4.6

| Apr high C = 11.3

| May high C = 18.5

| Jun high C = 23.5

| Jul high C = 26.4

| Aug high C = 25.3

| Sep high C = 20.7

| Oct high C = 13.8

| Nov high C = 7.4

| Dec high C = 1.8

|year high C = 12.7

| Jan mean C = −4.2

| Feb mean C = −3.2

| Mar mean C = 1.3

| Apr mean C = 7.6

| May mean C = 14.2

| Jun mean C = 19.2

| Jul mean C = 22.2

| Aug mean C = 21.3

| Sep mean C = 17.0

| Oct mean C = 10.6

| Nov mean C = 4.8

| Dec mean C = -0.9

|year mean C = 9.2

| Jan low C = −7.3

| Feb low C = −6.3

| Mar low C = −2.0

| Apr low C = 3.8

| May low C = 9.9

| Jun low C = 14.8

| Jul low C = 17.9

| Aug low C = 17.3

| Sep low C = 13.2

| Oct low C = 7.3

| Nov low C = 2.2

| Dec low C = −3.7

|year low C = 5.6

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 61.2

| Feb precipitation mm = 50.5

| Mar precipitation mm = 66.1

| Apr precipitation mm = 69.6

| May precipitation mm = 73.3

| Jun precipitation mm = 71.5

| Jul precipitation mm = 67.5

| Aug precipitation mm = 79.6

| Sep precipitation mm = 83.4

| Oct precipitation mm = 64.7

| Nov precipitation mm = 75.7

| Dec precipitation mm = 71.0

|year precipitation mm = 834.0

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 29.2

| Feb rain mm = 26.2

| Mar rain mm = 42.0

| Apr rain mm = 63.2

| May rain mm = 73.3

| Jun rain mm = 71.5

| Jul rain mm = 67.5

| Aug rain mm = 79.6

| Sep rain mm = 83.4

| Oct rain mm = 64.7

| Nov rain mm = 67.3

| Dec rain mm = 41.9

|year rain mm = 709.8

| snow colour = green

| Jan snow cm = 38.2

| Feb snow cm = 26.6

| Mar snow cm = 22.0

| Apr snow cm = 6.0

| May snow cm = 0.0

| Jun snow cm = 0.0

| Jul snow cm = 0.0

| Aug snow cm = 0.0

| Sep snow cm = 0.0

| Oct snow cm = 0.1

| Nov snow cm = 8.1

| Dec snow cm = 32.2

|year snow cm = 133.1

| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 15.3

| Feb precipitation days = 11.7

| Mar precipitation days = 12.7

| Apr precipitation days = 12.1

| May precipitation days = 12.2

| Jun precipitation days = 11.1

| Jul precipitation days = 10.3

| Aug precipitation days = 10.5

| Sep precipitation days = 10.6

| Oct precipitation days = 11.4

| Nov precipitation days = 12.7

| Dec precipitation days = 14.5

|year precipitation days = 145.1

| unit rain days = 0.2 mm

| Jan rain days = 5.2

| Feb rain days = 4.6

| Mar rain days = 8.0

| Apr rain days = 10.9

| May rain days = 12.2

| Jun rain days = 11.1

| Jul rain days = 10.3

| Aug rain days = 10.5

| Sep rain days = 10.6

| Oct rain days = 11.4

| Nov rain days = 10.6

| Dec rain days = 7.4

|year rain days = 112.8

| unit snow days = 0.2 cm

| Jan snow days = 12.0

| Feb snow days = 8.7

| Mar snow days = 6.4

| Apr snow days = 2.2

| May snow days = 0.0

| Jun snow days = 0.0

| Jul snow days = 0.0

| Aug snow days = 0.0

| Sep snow days = 0.0

| Oct snow days = 0.07

| Nov snow days = 3.2

| Dec snow days = 9.5

|year snow days = 42.0

| Jan sun = 88.3

| Feb sun = 110.3

| Mar sun = 156.3

| Apr sun = 185.4

| May sun = 229.1

| Jun sun = 256.2

| Jul sun = 276.2

| Aug sun = 241.3

| Sep sun = 188.0

| Oct sun = 148.4

| Nov sun = 83.6

| Dec sun = 74.7

|year sun = 2037.6

| Jan percentsun = 30.5

| Feb percentsun = 37.3

| Mar percentsun = 42.3

| Apr percentsun = 46.1

| May percentsun = 50.3

| Jun percentsun = 55.5

| Jul percentsun = 59.1

| Aug percentsun = 55.7

| Sep percentsun = 50.0

| Oct percentsun = 43.3

| Nov percentsun = 28.7

| Dec percentsun = 26.8

|year percentsun = 43.8

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada

|date=August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Toronto Island Airport (1971–2000)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

|Jan high C = −1.3

|Feb high C = −0.7

|Mar high C = 3.7

|Apr high C = 10.1

|May high C = 16.6

|Jun high C = 21.6

|Jul high C = 25.1

|Aug high C = 24.3

|Sep high C = 19.9

|Oct high C = 13.0

|Nov high C = 7.3

|Dec high C = 1.8

|year high C = 11.8

|Jan mean C = −4.5

|Feb mean C = −3.9

|Mar mean C = 0.4

|Apr mean C = 6.4

|May mean C = 12.3

|Jun mean C = 17.3

|Jul mean C = 20.7

|Aug mean C = 20.4

|Sep mean C = 16.2

|Oct mean C = 9.7

|Nov mean C = 4.6

|Dec mean C = −1.3

|year mean C = 8.2

|Jan low C = −7.8

|Feb low C = −7.2

|Mar low C = −2.9

|Apr low C = 2.7

|May low C = 8.0

|Jun low C = 13.0

|Jul low C = 16.3

|Aug low C = 16.6

|Sep low C = 12.4

|Oct low C = 6.5

|Nov low C = 1.8

|Dec low C = −4.3

|year low C = 4.6

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 50.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 48.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 64.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 69.0

|May precipitation mm = 71.6

|Jun precipitation mm = 67.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 67.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 80.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 83.4

|Oct precipitation mm = 64.6

|Nov precipitation mm = 74.6

|Dec precipitation mm = 72.4

|year precipitation mm = 813.8

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 23.3

|Feb rain mm = 24.1

|Mar rain mm = 45.5

|Apr rain mm = 63.2

|May rain mm = 71.6

|Jun rain mm = 67.5

|Jul rain mm = 67.2

|Aug rain mm = 80.1

|Sep rain mm = 83.4

|Oct rain mm = 64.6

|Nov rain mm = 69.3

|Dec rain mm = 45.1

|year rain mm = 705.0

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 29.5

|Feb snow cm = 26.0

|Mar snow cm = 18.4

|Apr snow cm = 6.0

|May snow cm = 0.0

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 0.0

|Nov snow cm = 5.4

|Dec snow cm = 27.6

|year snow cm = 112.8

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14.3

|Feb precipitation days = 11.8

|Mar precipitation days = 12.5

|Apr precipitation days = 12.0

|May precipitation days = 11.5

|Jun precipitation days = 11.3

|Jul precipitation days = 9.8

|Aug precipitation days = 10.3

|Sep precipitation days = 10.8

|Oct precipitation days = 11.9

|Nov precipitation days = 12.7

|Dec precipitation days = 14.3

|year precipitation days = 143.1

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 4.8

|Feb rain days = 4.8

|Mar rain days = 8.4

|Apr rain days = 10.7

|May rain days = 11.5

|Jun rain days = 11.3

|Jul rain days = 9.8

|Aug rain days = 10.3

|Sep rain days = 10.8

|Oct rain days = 11.9

|Nov rain days = 11.1

|Dec rain days = 7.6

|year rain days = 113.0

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 11.1

|Feb snow days = 8.8

|Mar snow days = 5.8

|Apr snow days = 1.8

|May snow days = 0.0

|Jun snow days = 0.0

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.0

|Sep snow days = 0.0

|Oct snow days = 0.04

|Nov snow days = 2.5

|Dec snow days = 8.9

|year snow days = 39.0

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726013108/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=5085&dispBack=0

| archive-date = July 26, 2019

| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=5085&dispBack=0

| title = Toronto Island A

| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000

| date = January 19, 2011

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| access-date = July 25, 2019}}

|date=August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Lester B. Pearson International Airport (1961–1990)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

|Jan high C = −2.5

|Feb high C = −1.6

|Mar high C = 3.7

|Apr high C = 11.5

|May high C = 18.4

|Jun high C = 23.6

|Jul high C = 26.8

|Aug high C = 25.5

|Sep high C = 20.9

|Oct high C = 14.1

|Nov high C = 7.2

|Dec high C = 0.4

|year high C = 12.3

|Jan mean C = −6.7

|Feb mean C = −6.1

|Mar mean C = −0.8

|Apr mean C = 6.0

|May mean C = 12.3

|Jun mean C = 17.4

|Jul mean C = 20.5

|Aug mean C = 19.5

|Sep mean C = 15.2

|Oct mean C = 8.9

|Nov mean C = 3.2

|Dec mean C = −3.5

|year mean C = 7.2

|Jan low C = −11.1

|Feb low C = −10.6

|Mar low C = −5.3

|Apr low C = 0.6

|May low C = 6.1

|Jun low C = 11.1

|Jul low C = 14.2

|Aug low C = 13.4

|Sep low C = 9.4

|Oct low C = 3.6

|Nov low C = −0.8

|Dec low C = −7.4

|year low C = 1.9

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 45.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 45.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 56.9

|Apr precipitation mm = 64.0

|May precipitation mm = 66.0

|Jun precipitation mm = 68.9

|Jul precipitation mm = 76.6

|Aug precipitation mm = 84.2

|Sep precipitation mm = 74.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 63.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 70.3

|Dec precipitation mm = 65.5

|year precipitation mm = 780.8

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 18.5

|Feb rain mm = 20.8

|Mar rain mm = 35.1

|Apr rain mm = 56.0

|May rain mm = 65.8

|Jun rain mm = 68.9

|Jul rain mm = 76.6

|Aug rain mm = 84.2

|Sep rain mm = 74.2

|Oct rain mm = 62.0

|Nov rain mm = 64.3

|Dec rain mm = 38.3

|year rain mm = 664.7

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 32.3

|Feb snow cm = 25.9

|Mar snow cm = 19.9

|Apr snow cm = 7.3

|May snow cm = 0.1

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 1.1

|Nov snow cm = 6.4

|Dec snow cm = 31.1

|year snow cm = 124.2

| time day = 6:00

|Jan humidity = 82

|Feb humidity = 82

|Mar humidity = 83

|Apr humidity = 81

|May humidity = 81

|Jun humidity = 84

|Jul humidity = 86

|Aug humidity = 90

|Sep humidity = 90

|Oct humidity = 88

|Nov humidity = 86

|Dec humidity = 85

|year humidity =

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14

|Feb precipitation days = 12

|Mar precipitation days = 13

|Apr precipitation days = 12

|May precipitation days = 11

|Jun precipitation days = 11

|Jul precipitation days = 10

|Aug precipitation days = 11

|Sep precipitation days = 10

|Oct precipitation days = 12

|Nov precipitation days = 13

|Dec precipitation days = 15

|year precipitation days = 141

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 4

|Mar rain days = 8

|Apr rain days = 10

|May rain days = 11

|Jun rain days = 11

|Jul rain days = 10

|Aug rain days = 11

|Sep rain days = 10

|Oct rain days = 11

|Nov rain days = 11

|Dec rain days = 7

|year rain days = 107

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 12

|Feb snow days = 10

|Mar snow days = 7

|Apr snow days = 3

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 4

|Dec snow days = 11

|year snow days = 47

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190617155231/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C39%7C79%7C23%7CToronto&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1015&dispBack=0

| archive-date = June 17, 2019

| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C39%7C79%7C23%7CToronto&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1015&dispBack=0

| title = Toronto Pearson International Airport

| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990

| date = October 31, 2011

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| access-date = June 17, 2019}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Toronto (The Annex) 1961–1990

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

|Jan high C = −1.3

|Feb high C = −0.6

|Mar high C = 4.4

|Apr high C = 11.5

|May high C = 18.2

|Jun high C = 23.5

|Jul high C = 26.5

|Aug high C = 25.3

|Sep high C = 20.9

|Oct high C = 14.2

|Nov high C = 7.7

|Dec high C = 1.4

|year high C = 12.6

|Jan mean C = −4.5

|Feb mean C = −3.8

|Mar mean C = 1.0

|Apr mean C = 7.5

|May mean C = 13.8

|Jun mean C = 18.9

|Jul mean C = 22.1

|Aug mean C = 21.1

|Sep mean C = 16.9

|Oct mean C = 10.7

|Nov mean C = 4.9

|Dec mean C = −1.5

|year mean C = 8.9

|Jan low C = −7.9

|Feb low C = −7.2

|Mar low C = −2.4

|Apr low C = 3.5

|May low C = 9.3

|Jun low C = 14.3

|Jul low C = 17.6

|Aug low C = 16.9

|Sep low C = 13.0

|Oct low C = 7.2

|Nov low C = 2.1

|Dec low C = −4.4

|year low C = 5.2

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 55.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 52.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 65.2

|Apr precipitation mm = 65.4

|May precipitation mm = 68.0

|Jun precipitation mm = 67.0

|Jul precipitation mm = 71.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 82.5

|Sep precipitation mm = 76.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 63.3

|Nov precipitation mm = 76.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 76.5

|year precipitation mm = 818.9

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 22.7

|Feb rain mm = 25.2

|Mar rain mm = 41.0

|Apr rain mm = 58.1

|May rain mm = 67.8

|Jun rain mm = 67.0

|Jul rain mm = 71.0

|Aug rain mm = 82.5

|Sep rain mm = 76.2

|Oct rain mm = 62.7

|Nov rain mm = 70.2

|Dec rain mm = 44.8

|year rain mm = 689.3

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 35.5

|Feb snow cm = 28.6

|Mar snow cm = 22.7

|Apr snow cm = 7.3

|May snow cm = 0.1

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 0.5

|Nov snow cm = 6.1

|Dec snow cm = 34.1

|year snow cm = 135.0

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14

|Feb precipitation days = 12

|Mar precipitation days = 12

|Apr precipitation days = 12

|May precipitation days = 12

|Jun precipitation days = 11

|Jul precipitation days = 10

|Aug precipitation days = 10

|Sep precipitation days = 10

|Oct precipitation days = 11

|Nov precipitation days = 13

|Dec precipitation days = 15

|year precipitation days = 139

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 4

|Mar rain days = 8

|Apr rain days = 11

|May rain days = 12

|Jun rain days = 11

|Jul rain days = 10

|Aug rain days = 10

|Sep rain days = 10

|Oct rain days = 11

|Nov rain days = 11

|Dec rain days = 7

|year rain days = 108

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 11

|Feb snow days = 9

|Mar snow days = 6

|Apr snow days = 2

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 3

|Dec snow days = 10

|year snow days = 40

| Jan sun = 95.5

| Feb sun = 112.6

| Mar sun = 150.5

| Apr sun = 187.7

| May sun = 229.7

| Jun sun = 254.9

| Jul sun = 278.0

| Aug sun = 244.0

| Sep sun = 184.7

| Oct sun = 145.7

| Nov sun = 82.3

| Dec sun = 72.6

|year sun = 2038.3

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726013531/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1006&dispBack=0

| archive-date = July 26, 2019

| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1006&dispBack=0

| title = Toronto, Ontario

| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990

| date = February 9, 2011

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| access-date = July 25, 2019}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Toronto Island Airport (1961–1990)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|width=100%

|Jan high C = −1.4

|Feb high C = −0.9

|Mar high C = 3.6

|Apr high C = 10.0

|May high C = 16.2

|Jun high C = 21.7

|Jul high C = 25.0

|Aug high C = 24.2

|Sep high C = 20.0

|Oct high C = 13.4

|Nov high C = 7.4

|Dec high C = 1.4

|year high C = 11.7

|Jan mean C = −4.6

|Feb mean C = −4.1

|Mar mean C = 0.5

|Apr mean C = 6.3

|May mean C = 12.0

|Jun mean C = 17.2

|Jul mean C = 20.6

|Aug mean C = 20.3

|Sep mean C = 16.3

|Oct mean C = 10.1

|Nov mean C = 4.7

|Dec mean C = −1.5

|year mean C = 8.1

|Jan low C = −7.9

|Feb low C = −7.4

|Mar low C = −2.8

|Apr low C = 2.5

|May low C = 7.7

|Jun low C = 12.8

|Jul low C = 16.2

|Aug low C = 16.4

|Sep low C = 12.6

|Oct low C = 6.8

|Nov low C = 1.9

|Dec low C = −4.5

|year low C = 4.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 51.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 49.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 59.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 62.8

|May precipitation mm = 66.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 68.0

|Jul precipitation mm = 68.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 79.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 75.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 60.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 71.2

|Dec precipitation mm = 73.2

|year precipitation mm = 786.8

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 22.5

|Feb rain mm = 25.5

|Mar rain mm = 40.2

|Apr rain mm = 57.0

|May rain mm = 66.8

|Jun rain mm = 68.0

|Jul rain mm = 68.5

|Aug rain mm = 79.9

|Sep rain mm = 75.5

|Oct rain mm = 60.3

|Nov rain mm = 66.6

|Dec rain mm = 44.8

|year rain mm = 675.5

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 29.3

|Feb snow cm = 24.7

|Mar snow cm = 19.1

|Apr snow cm = 5.8

|May snow cm = 0.0

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 0.2

|Nov snow cm = 4.8

|Dec snow cm = 27.3

|year snow cm = 111.2

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14

|Feb precipitation days = 11

|Mar precipitation days = 11

|Apr precipitation days = 11

|May precipitation days = 11

|Jun precipitation days = 11

|Jul precipitation days = 9

|Aug precipitation days = 10

|Sep precipitation days = 10

|Oct precipitation days = 11

|Nov precipitation days = 12

|Dec precipitation days = 14

|year precipitation days = 134

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 4

|Mar rain days = 7

|Apr rain days = 10

|May rain days = 11

|Jun rain days = 11

|Jul rain days = 9

|Aug rain days = 10

|Sep rain days = 10

|Oct rain days = 11

|Nov rain days = 11

|Dec rain days = 7

|year rain days = 105

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 11

|Feb snow days = 8

|Mar snow days = 6

|Apr snow days = 2

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 2

|Dec snow days = 9

|year snow days = 38

|source 1 = Environment and Climate Change Canada

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726014209/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1011&dispBack=0

| archive-date = July 26, 2019

| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1011&dispBack=0

| title = Toronto Island A, Ontario

| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990

| date = February 9, 2011

| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada

| access-date = July 25, 2019}}

}}

File:Topographical Map of Toronto.png of Toronto with grid north at the top]]

File:Rouge NUP Little Rouge Creek5.jpg and its valley at Rouge National Urban Park in 2014. The Rouge Valley is one of many hills and valleys in the area that was carved out during the Last Glacial Period.]]

File:GrenadierPondSkaters2015.jpg frozen over in January 2015]]

{{main|Toronto ravine system|Toronto waterway system}}

Toronto has numerous hills and valleys that were carved out during the last Ice Age. The ravines are largely undeveloped, primarily as the result of Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and subsequent laws prohibiting development on the floodplains.

A significant topographical feature is the old shoreline of the Glacial Lake Iroquois, known as the Iroquois Plain. The plain consists mostly of sand deposits and eroded shale and gently slopes about {{cvt|3|-|4|km}} north from Lake Ontario. Davenport Road mostly runs along the bottom of the old shoreline between Dupont Street and Symington Avenue. The Iroquois Plain joins Lake Ontario at the Scarborough Bluffs where erosion and the currents of Lake Ontario have carried sand deposits into Toronto Harbour to form the Toronto Islands. Above the Iroquois Plain, the topography includes two features: the South Slope and the Peel Plain. The South Slope is the southern part of an interlobular moraine the Oak Ridges Moraine. The South Slope has a gentle slope as well and experiences relatively high runoff as water infiltration is relatively low. The Peel Plain is mostly clay and generally flatter than the South Slope. Water infiltration is also low.{{cite report |title=Rouge River State of the Watershed Report |url=http://www.trca.on.ca/dotAsset/37784.pdf |publisher=Toronto and Region Conservation Authority |page=2-6 |access-date=August 13, 2020}} Historically, the Peel Plain and South Slope were considered to be high-quality agricultural lands, unlike the Iroquois Plain, which is very sandy. These areas are now heavily urbanized.{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Robert M. |date=February 2000 |title=The Evolving Physical Condition of the Greater Toronto Area: Space, Form, Change |url=https://www.neptis.org/sites/default/files/the_portrait_of_a_region_physical_condition/robert_wright_report.pdf |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto |page=7}}

Both Dufferin Street and Caledonia Road between Davenport Road and Eglinton Avenue, in the York district, run across numerous steep hills and valleys and the neighbourhood in this area is named Fairbank. Fairbank and Silverthorn to the west have often been compared with the many hills that make up San Francisco.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2014/09/26/a_walk_with_ward_12_candidate_lekan_olawoye.html|title=A walk with Ward 12 candidate Lekan Olawoye|first=Shawn|last=Micallef|date=September 26, 2014|newspaper=Toronto Star|access-date=June 14, 2018}} However, parts of the hills and valleys are slightly levelled for GO Transit's Barrie line that runs through this area.

Vaughan Road runs parallel to the buried Castle Frank Brook to the northeast.

The Don River is categorized as an underfit river, given that the river in its current state is too small for its much wider and deeper valley. The same is true for the Humber River, the Rouge River, and the various smaller waterways of Toronto.

Grenadier Pond at the western edge of High Park is the largest body of water fully within Toronto's city limits. During the winter, it becomes a natural skating rink. The ancient underground Laurentian River System has its mouth under High Park. Spring Road on the eastern side of High Park follows this underground river.

{{clear}}

• Fauna of Toronto
• List of parks in Toronto
• Native trees in Toronto
• Toronto waterway system

{{notelist}}

{{Toronto|state=expanded}}

{{Portal bar|Geography|Canada|Ontario}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Toronto}}