:List of largest monoliths

This section lists monoliths that have been at least partially quarried but not moved.

File:The Bronze Horseman.jpg in Saint Petersburg, Russia. On top is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great.]]

File:Trajans column from SSW.jpg block (the rectangular platform fitted with a railing) of Trajan's Column in Rome, Italy, was lifted by Roman cranes to a record height of about 34 m.]]

File:The Western Stone by David Shankbone.jpg of the Western Wall in Jerusalem weighs 517 t.]]

File:Menec alignment.JPG Carnac Stones, France]]

File:Radimlja, Nekropola2.JPG of medieval Radimlja necropolis, Stolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]

File:Daorson, Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpg of the ancient Illyrian city of Daorson, Stolac, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]

File:IMG BrownshillDolmen.jpg, Ireland (4th millennium BC). The great capstone weighs about 100 tons.]]

This section lists monoliths that have been quarried and moved.

• Colossal statue of Tlaloc, in Coatlinchan. Made of basalt, weighing 168 tons.Time Life Lost Civilizations series:Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor (1992) pp. 45–47{{cite web|url=http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-03-Teotihuacan/WebPage-Info.00033.html |title=Non-Western – Rain God, Tlaloc |publisher=Instructional1.calstatela.edu |access-date=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210946/http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-03-Teotihuacan/WebPage-Info.00033.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.chapala.com/chapala/ojo2006/tlaloc.html |title=Mexico'S Lord Of The Waters |publisher=Chapala.com |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• The Kerloas menhir, Brittany, France. Largest, 150 tons.{{cite web|url=http://sophie-g.net/photo/bret/brest/kerloas01.htm |title=Kerloas menhir – Menhir de Kerloas [Sophie's maze] |publisher=Sophie-g.net |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Pyramid of Khendjer at Saqqara, Egypt. 150-ton, one-piece quartzite burial chamber.Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 pp. 246–249
• Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Several ashlars, 100 to 130 tons, were transported {{convert|6|mi|km}}.Browman, D. L., 1981, New light on Andean Tiwanaku. New Scientist. vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 408–419.Coe, Michael, Dean Snow, and Elizabeth Benson, 1986 "Atlas of Ancient America" p. 190
• Sacsayhuamán, wall near Cusco, Peru. Largest stones over 125 tons.{{Sfn|Scarre|1999|pp=220–221}}
• Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, Greece. Largest lintel stone, 120 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• The Pyramid of Amenemhet III, at Hawara, Egypt. 110-ton, one piece quartzite burial chamber.Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 pp. 237–240Siliotti, Alberto, Zahi Hawass, 1997 "Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt"
• Brownshill Dolmen, 100 metric tons.{{Citation | last=Weir, A| year=1980 |title=Early Ireland. A Field Guide | publisher=Blackstaff Press | location=Belfast | page=101}}
• Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Granite columns close to 100 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Fortress of Mycenae, Greece. Largest stones close to 100 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Menhir de Champ-Dolent, Brittany, France. Menhir of about 100 tons.{{cite book |last=Danze |first=Jean |date=2011 |title=Le secret des menhirs: de Bretagne et d'ailleurs |publisher=La Découvrance |page=22 |language=fr |isbn=978-2842657000}}
• Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini. 12 megalithic limestone beams 10 meters long weighing 90 tons each, forming the roof of burial chamber and antechamber.Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp. 148–149 {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}
• Moai at Easter Island. Largest moai 70 to 86 tons. The tallest one, Paro, was moved {{convert|3.75|mi|km}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/explore/paro.html |title=NOVA Online | Secrets of Easter Island | Paro |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. Largest slabs on burial chamber, 80 tons. The granite was transported {{convert|580|mi|km}} from Aswan by barge on the Nile river.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Karnak, Egypt. Obelisk, 328 tons. Largest architraves, 70 tons. Sandstone transported from Gebel Silsila {{convert|100|mi|km}}.Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp. 24–27Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 53–54
• Trajan's Column, Rome, Italy. Pedestal blocks: 77 t{{harvnb|Lancaster|1999|p=430}}
• Ishibutai Kofun in Asuka, Nara, Japan. Largest stone, 75 tons.{{cite web|url=http://www.asukanet.gr.jp/asukahome/ASUKA2/ASUKAKOFUN/isibutaiK.html |title=ASUKA/isibutai kofun |publisher=Asukanet.gr.jp |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Pantheon, Rome, Italy. Granite columns, 39 feet (11.8 m) tall, five feet (1.5 m) in diameter, and 60 tons in weight were transported from Egypt by barge.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}{{cite web|last=Parker |first=Freda |url=http://static.monolithic.com/thedome/pantheon/index.html |title=The Pantheon – Rome – 126 AD | Monolithic |publisher=Static.monolithic.com |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Olmec heads, Mexico, gulf coast. Largest Olmec head, almost 50 tons. Transported 37 to {{convert|62|mi|km}}.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Ħaġar Qim, one of the Megalithic Temples of Malta. Its largest stone weighs 57 tons and measures approximately {{convert|19|ft|m}} long by {{convert|9|ft|m}} tall by {{convert|2|ft|m}} thick.{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/malta/hq7.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212200028/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/malta/hq7.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 }} The Maltese temples are the oldest free-standing structures on Earth.{{cite web|url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/malta/ |title=The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Temples of Malta |publisher=Bradshawfoundation.com |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Ashoka Pillars, weighing up to about 50 tons, were transported throughout India to territory ruled by Ashoka.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |title=King Ashoka : His Edicts and His Times |publisher=Cs.colostate.edu |access-date=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 }}
• Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. Megaliths from 10 to a 50-ton pillar still in its quarry{{cite book|last=Taracha|first=Piotr|title=Religions of second millennium Anatolia|year=2009|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-3-447-05885-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTE7o8aKI7IC&q=%22G%C3%B6bekli+Tepe%22+%2250+tons%22&pg=PA12|page=12}} transported up to a 1/4 mile.{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html |title=The World's First Temple |publisher=Archaeology.org |access-date=12 September 2010}}
• Stonehenge, England. Largest stones over 40 tons were moved {{convert|18|mi|km}}; smaller bluestones up to 5 tons were moved {{convert|130|mi|km}}.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Trajan's column Rome, Italy. Forty-ton drums. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons.Lynne Lancaster,"Building Trajan's Column," American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 103, No. 3. (Jul. 1999) p. 426
• Rameses IV reopened the stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat and had stones dragged {{convert|60|mi|km}} across land to the Nile, then freighted on barges to temples and his tomb in Thebes. Some of these weighed over 40 tons.Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) p. 133
• Dur-Sharrukin, Iraq. Largest colossal bull, 40 tons.Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings pp. 118–119
• Nineveh, Iraq. Largest colossal bulls, 30 tons each, were transported 30 miles (48 km) from quarries at Balatai, then lifted 65 feet (20 m) once they arrived at the site.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Nimrud, Iraq. Largest colossal bull, 30 tons.Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995) pp. 112–121
• Maeshowe Orkney Islands, Scotland. Largest flagstone, 30 tons.Lost Worlds: The Pagans (of Britain) History Channel series with contributions from historian Prof. Ronald Hutton, Archeologists Erika Guttmann and Martin Carruthers
• Caesarea Maritima, harbor of Caesarea, Israel. Largest stone 20 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Teotihuacan, Mexico. 22-ton water deity on top of the Pyramid of the Moon.Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp. 150–253
• Aztec calendar stone at Tenochtitlan, Mexico. 24 tons.Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor. Virginia:Time Life, 1992.
• Palenque, Mexico. The largest stones weigh 12 to 15 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• The Parthenon in Athens, Greece. Largest stones 10 tons.{{sfn|Scarre|1999}}
• Nubian pyramids. Sarcophagus, weighing 15.5 tons, and heavier granite statues up to at least 18 feet tall.Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp. 196–197 {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}.
• 400 tonne block of the pyramid temple of Khafre.Siliotti, Alberto, Zahi Hawass, 1997 "Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt" pp. 62
• Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Columns close to, if not more than, 100 tons.{{cite web |last1=Atchison |first1=Bob |title=Columns and Capitals of Hagia Sophia |url=https://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/columns-and-capitals-of-hagia-sophia.html |access-date=13 July 2020}}

File:Alexander Column erection.jpg's erection on the Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia (1832)]]

File:Concorde Obelix (5).jpg's erection on the Place de la Concorde, Paris (1836)]]

This section includes monoliths that were quarried, moved and lifted.

Monoliths known to have been lifted into an upright position:

Monoliths that have been placed on a towering structure:

Monoliths known or assumed to have been lifted clear off the ground by cranes into their position:

Roman column monuments like Trajan's Column, though not often themselves monolithic, were built using very large sculpted stone blocks, stacked atop one another using cranes and lewises. The capital block of the column was usually even larger and heavier than the column drums. The columns of Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, and the lost columns of Theodosius, Arcadius, and Leo were all constructed in this way, on monumental pedestals and crowned with colossal statues. A few were monoliths, including the Column of Diocletian in Alexandria, called "Pompey's Pillar", the "Column of the Goths" and the Column of Marcian in Constantinople, and the lost Column of Antoninus Pius in Rome.

These are listed with the largest experiments first; for additional details of most experiments see related pages.

• Marinos Carburis, a Greek lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Army, organized the move of an enormous boulder called the Thunder Stone (Russian, Гром-Камень) from the Gulf of Finland in 1768 to Saint Petersburg, Russia for the purpose of using it as a pedestal for the Bronze Horseman statue. The mass of the Thunder Stone has been estimated to be around 1500 tons. This was done by rolling it on bronze ball bearings on a track. It took an estimated 400 men nine months to move it.[http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.19/351/100/432/0/0 cnum.cnam.fr] : "(French) Transport du piédestal de la statue de Pierre le Grand, La Nature magazine, second semester 1882. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
• In 1997, Julian Richards teamed up with Mark Witby and Roger Hopkins to conduct several experiments to replicate the construction at Stonehenge for NOVA's Secrets of Lost Empires mini-series. They initially failed to tow a 40-ton monolith with 130 men but after adding additional men towing as well as some men using levers to prod the megalith forward, they succeeded in inching it forward a small distance.{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2403stone.html |title=NOVA | Transcripts | Secrets of Lost Empires | Stonehenge |publisher=PBS |date=1997-02-11 |access-date=2010-09-12}}
• Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner teamed up with a NOVA crew to conduct an obelisk-erecting experiment; they successfully erected a 25-ton obelisk in 1999. They also managed to tow it a short distance.{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990827.html |title=NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt |publisher=Pbs.org |date=27 August 1999 |access-date=12 September 2010}}{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990314.html |title=NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | March 14, 1999: Pulling Together |publisher=Pbs.org |date=14 March 1999 |access-date=12 September 2010}}Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 56–57 {{ISBN?}}
• Thor Heyerdahl organized an effort to pull a 10-ton Moai on a sledge with a group of 180 men. This effort used 18 men per ton. He also conducted an experiment to erect a 10-ton Moai successfully. This experiment also shows the same methods could be used to lift a megalith of that size onto a sledge; most other experiments to move them on sledges failed to explain how they got them on the sledge, and one organized by Jo Anne Van Tilburg, even showed them using a crane to get it on the sledge. {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/move/past.html |title=NOVA Online | Secrets of Easter Island | Past Attempts |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=2010-09-12}}Heyerdahl, Thor Aku-Aku; The 1958 Expedition to Easter Island.Heyerdahl, Thor. Easter Island – A Mystery Solved. 1988. {{ISBN|951-30-8952-5}}
• Charles Love experimented with a 10-ton replica of a Moai on Easter Island. His first experiment found rocking the statue to walk it was too unstable over more than a few hundred yards. He then found that by placing the statue upright on two sled runners atop log rollers, 25 men were able to move the statue {{convert|150|ft|m}} in two minutes. This effort used 2.5 men per ton.John Flenley and Paul G. Bahn (2003). The Enigmas of Easter Island: Island on the Edge, p. 150. {{ISBN|0-19-280340-9}}
• Austen Henry Layard organized an effort to transport two 10-ton colossal statues of a winged lion and a winged bull with a group of 300 men in 1847. He loaded them on a wheeled cart and towed them from Nimrud to the river and loaded on a barge, where it was sent to London. This effort used 30 men per ton.Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995) pp. 112–121 {{ISBN?}}
• Paul Emile Botta and Victor Place attempted to move two additional 30-ton colossi to Paris from Khorsabad in 1853. To facilitate their shipment to Paris, they were sawn in pieces, but were still too heavy for the methods employed. One of the pieces fell into the Tigris River, never to be retrieved. The other made it to Paris.
• Giovanni Battista Belzoni organized an effort to pull a 7.5-ton fragment of a statue of Ramses on rollers with a group of 130 men in 1815. This statue was towed to the river and loaded on a barge, where it was sent to London. Progress increased with practice as they went along. This effort used 17 or 18 men per ton.Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 47–48 {{ISBN?}}
• Henri Chevrier organized an effort to pull a 6-ton block on a sledge with a group of six men. This effort used 1 man per ton.Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 pp. 273–274 Other reports claim that Chevier's experiment required 3 men per ton.Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) p. 224 {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}.
• Josh Bernstein and Julian Richards organized an effort to pull a 2-ton stone on wooden tracks with a group of about 16 men. This effort used 8 men per ton.Josh Bernstein: Digging for the Truth pp. 133–135 book based on History Channel series {{ISBN?}}
• Mark Lehner and NOVA organized an experiment to tow stones and to build a pyramid 9 meters wide by 9 meters deep by 6 meters high. They were able to tow a 2-ton block on a sledge across wood tracks with 12 to 20 men. This effort used 6 to 10 men per ton. The pyramid was 54 cubic meters total estimated weight 135 tons. It was built out of 186 stones. The average weight of each stone was almost {{convert|1500|lb|abbr=on}} (.75 tons). They found that four or five men could use levers to flip stones less than a ton and roll them to transport them. 44 men took 22 days to complete the pyramid, including the carving of the stones. However, they used iron to carve the stones, which was not widely used in Ancient Egypt; copper was typically used. They also used a modern front end loader to accelerate the work on the lower courses. They were unable to use the front end loader to install the capstone, since it was too high; they had to use levers to raise it to {{convert|20|ft|m}}.Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp. 202–225 {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}.
• In a 2001 exercise, an attempt was made to transport a large stone along a land and sea route from Wales to Stonehenge. Volunteers pulled it for some miles (with great difficulty) on a wooden sledge over land, using modern roads and low-friction netting to assist sliding, but once transferred to a replica prehistoric boat, the stone sank in Milford Haven before it even reached the rough seas of the Bristol Channel.Theories about Stonehenge
• Roger Hopkins and Vince Lee both theorized about how the megalithic stones were moved at Baalbek; these theories involved either towing them or flipping them.History Channel "Mega Movers: Ancient Mystery Moves"
• Vince Lee participated in experiments to test his theories about how the walls of Sacsayhuamán were built.

In the cases of smaller monoliths it may be possible to weigh them. However, in most cases monoliths are too large or they may be part of an ancient structure so this method cannot be used. The weight of a stone can be calculated by multiplying its volume and density. Each of these presents challenges.

To obtain accurate estimates, one needs to survey the monolith, including realistic and explicit assessment of the shapes of inaccessible portions, and then calculate the volume and estimate volumetric errors, which vary crudely as the cube of linear uncertainties.

File:Gobekli Tepe 2.jpg with bull, fox, and crane in low relief at Göbekli Tepe ]]

The density of most stone is between 2 and 3 tons per cubic meter. Basalt weighs about 2.8 to 3.0 tons per cubic meter; granite averages about 2.75 metric tons per cubic meter; limestone, 2.7 metric tons per cubic meter; sandstone or marble, 2.5 tons per cubic meter.{{Citation |last=Kumagai |first=Naoichi |title=Long-term Creep of Rocks: Results with Large Specimens Obtained in about 20 Years and Those with Small Specimens in about 3 Years |date=15 February 1978 |journal=Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan) |volume=27 |issue=293 |pages=157–161 |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002299397/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=4&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DIto%2BHidebumi%26hl%3Den |access-date=16 June 2008 |publisher=Japan Energy Society |author2=Sadao Sasajima |author3=Hidebumi Ito}}{{cite web |title=Density of Minerals Task with Student Directions |url=http://palm.sri.com/palm/tasks/6-8/Dminerals/directs.html |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=Performance Assessment Links in Math (PALM) |publisher=SRI International}}{{cite web |title=Glossary |url=http://strata.geol.sc.edu/terminology/densitylog.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100330/http://strata.geol.sc.edu/terminology/densitylog.html |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Strata.geol.sc.edu}}{{cite web |title=density & specific gravity of meteorites |url=http://meteorites.wustl.edu/id/density.htm |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Meteorites.wustl.edu}}{{cite web |title=Eurostone Marble Inc.com |url=http://www.eurostonemarble.com/tips.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065251/http://www.eurostonemarble.com/tips.htm |archive-date=7 September 2010 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Eurostonemarble.com}} Some softer stones may be lighter than 2 tons per cubic meter; for example, volcanic tuff or some types of sandstone weigh about 1.9 tons per cubic meter.{{cite web |title=Basalt Continuous Fiber |url=http://www.albarrie.com/techfabrics/continuousfiber.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103234348/http://www.albarrie.com/techfabrics/continuousfiber.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2009 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Albarrie.com}}{{cite report |title=Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5461391 |last1=Carlson |first1=R. A. |date=1 April 1985 |publisher=Osti.gov |osti=5461391}}{{cite web |last=Ing. Monika Čáchová, Ph.D., Ing. Dana Koňáková, Ing. Jan Kočí, Ph.D., doc. Ing. Eva Vejmelková, Ph.D |title=Vlastnosti vybraných českých pískovců |url=https://stavba.tzb-info.cz/cihly-bloky-tvarnice/17226-vlastnosti-vybranych-ceskych-piskovcu |access-date=9 July 2024 |language=cs}} Since the density of most of these stones varies, it is necessary to know the source of the stone to obtain accurate measurements.{{cite web |title=Calculating Density |url=http://www.onekama.k12.mi.us/m2001/mwarman/warman00/dens_calculating.htm |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Onekama.k12.mi.us}}{{cite web |title=Nuts & Bolts of Density |url=http://www.onekama.k12.mi.us/onekama98-99/gr6/density.htm |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Onekama.k12.mi.us}} Identifying the rock type alone is not sufficient, as this table{{cite web |title=Density Variations of Earth Materials |url=http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/ES304/MODULES/GRAV/NOTES/densities.html |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Earthsci.unimelb.edu.au}} illustrates:

Simply identifying the monolith as sandstone would allow a ± 15% uncertainty in the weight estimate.

In practice, one would measure the density of the monolith itself, and preferably document any variation in density within the monolith, as it may not be homogeneous. Non-destructive methods of density measurements are available (e.g., electron back-scatter); alternatively, the site may contain already-separated fragments of the monolith which can be used for laboratory measurements or on-site techniques. At the crudest, a weighing device and a bucket can obtain two significant figures for a density value.

• List of colossal sculpture in situ
• List of megaliths
• Rock-cut architecture
• Megalithic sites of Charente

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