:Montreal Convention

{{For|other similarly named agreements|Montreal Convention (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox treaty

| name =Montreal Convention

| long_name =Convention for the Unification of certain rules for international carriage by air

| image =

| image_width =

| caption =

| type =

| date_drafted =

| date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|05|28}}

| location_signed =Montreal, Quebec, Canada

| date_sealed =

| date_effective =4 November 2003

| condition_effective =

| date_expiration =

| signatories =

| parties =137 (136 states + EU)

| ratifiers =

| depositor =International Civil Aviation Organization

| language =

| languages =English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish

| wikisource =

}}

The Montreal Convention (formally, the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is a multilateral treaty adopted by a diplomatic meeting of ICAO member states in 1999. It amended important provisions of the Warsaw Convention's regime concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters. The Convention attempts to re-establish uniformity and predictability of rules relating to the international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo. Whilst maintaining the core provisions which have served the international air transport community for several decades (i.e., the Warsaw regime), the treaty achieves modernization in a number of key areas. It protects passengers by introducing a two-tier liability system that eliminates the previous requirement of proving willful neglect by the air carrier to obtain more than US$75,000 in damages, which should eliminate or reduce protracted litigation.[http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=913117 A 73-Year Odyssey: The Time Has Come For a New International Air Liability System].

Damages

Under the Montreal Convention, air carriers are strictly liable for proven damages up to 128,821.00 special drawing rights (SDR), a mix of currency values established by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) equal to roughly US$175,000.{{Cite web|url=https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/Pages/2019_Revised_Limits_of_Liability_Under_the_Montreal_Convention_1999.aspx|title=2019 Revised Limits of Liability Under the Montreal Convention of 1999|website=icao.int}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.iata.org/policy/consumer-pax-rights/Documents/mc99-full-text.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516172534/http://www.iata.org/policy/consumer-pax-rights/Documents/mc99-full-text.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 | title=MC99 |access-date=25 May 2020 |url-status=dead }} Where damages of more than 128,821.00 SDR are sought, the airline may avoid liability by proving that the accident which caused the injury or death was not due to their negligence or was attributable solely to the negligence of a third party.{{Cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/en/policy/smarter-regulation/mc99/|title=The Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99)|website=iata.org}} This defense is not available where damages of less than 128,821.00 SDR are sought. The convention also amended the jurisdictional provisions of Warsaw and now allows the victim or their families to sue foreign carriers where they maintain their principal residence, and requires all air carriers to carry liability insurance.

The main goal of the Montreal Convention was to increase available damages in relation to death or injury of passengers from the limited and outdated limits under the Warsaw/Hague Convention.

No compensation purely for psychiatric injury

The Convention does not recognize compensation for psychiatric injury or damage unless linked to physical injury.{{cite web|url=http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/air.carriage.unification.convention.montreal.1999/17.html|title=17 – Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air – Montreal, 28 May 1999|work=uio.no|date=28 May 1999}} Article 17 of the Convention refers to "bodily injury" in setting out the liability of the carrier for accidents. {{Dubious |Inaccurate content with respect to "psychiatric injury" ("mental distress")|date=May 2016}} Purely psychiatric injury is not eligible for compensation which has been criticised by people injured in plane accidents,2009 Pel-Air Westwind ditching legal experts{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-23/survivor-of-norfolk-plane-crash-still-fighting-for-compensation/6339242|title=Pel-Air crash survivor Karen Casey entitled to compensation for psychological trauma, Nick Xenophon says|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|date=22 March 2015}} and their families.{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/she-was-like-a-ghost-australian-plane-crash-survivors-tragic-story/story-fn6yjmoc-1227274733103|title=Karen Casey, Pel-Air crash survivor tells of PTSD on 4 Corners|publisher=News.com.au}}

= Australia =

Australia amended its law to adopt concepts in the Montreal Convention including:

the removal of references to 'personal injury' and replaced with 'bodily injury' under the CACL Act{{cite web|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cala1959327/|title=CIVIL AVIATION (CARRIERS' LIABILITY) ACT 1959|work=austlii.edu.au}} to ensure consistency with the 1999 Montreal Convention concerning international flights;
the preclusion of potential claimants from claiming compensation for mental injuries where that person has not suffered additional personal or property damage

Independent Australian senator Nick Xenophon introduced a private member's bill into the Australian Parliament in May 2015 which sought to protect the rights of plane crash survivors to be compensated for psychological trauma.

Leading Australian current affairs TV show 4 Corners on the government owned broadcaster ABC,{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/|title=ABC – Australian Broadcasting Corporation|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}} broadcast a program{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2015/03/23/4199980.htm|title=Ditched|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=23 March 2015}} focusing on the unfairness and injustice of excluding psychiatric injury on 23 March 2015 featuring Karen Casey, a nurse injured when the medical evacuation flight she was nursing on crashed in the waters off Norfolk Island.

Lost baggage

The Montreal Convention changes and generally increases the maximum liability of airlines for lost baggage to a fixed amount 1,288 SDR per passenger (the amount in the Warsaw Convention is based on weight of the baggage). It requires airlines to fully compensate travelers the cost of replacement items purchased until the baggage is delivered, to a maximum of 1,288 SDR. At 21 days any delayed baggage is considered lost, until the airline finds and delivers it.

Disabled passengers and mobility equipment

The limitation of compensation for damage to baggage to 1,288 SDRs means that the value of damaged mobility equipment may often significantly exceed available compensation under the Montreal Convention, while the effect of the loss, even temporarily, of mobility equipment places disabled passengers at a substantially increased disadvantage in comparison to other passengers suffering damaged baggage. While for non-disabled people the major issue is the loss of hold baggage, for disabled people the problem tends to be physical damage to wheelchairs and other durable medical equipment due to inappropriate stowage in the hold. Even a basic individually-fitted wheelchair may cost twice the available compensation, with a three-month lead time for replacement. There have been further problems with airlines being reluctant to recognise that cheap mass-market wheelchairs may be unsuitable as even a temporary replacement due to the common need for customised seating solutions among long-term wheelchair users.

The EU in "Communication on the scope of the liability of air carriers and airports in the event of destroyed, damaged or lost mobility equipment of passengers with reduced mobility when traveling by air"[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0510&from=EN Scope of Liability]. notes this disadvantage in relation to EC 1107/2006 "rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility when traveling by air".[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R1107:EN:NOT (EC)1107/2006].

The EU report notes that the United States under the Air Carrier Access Act and Canada under Part VII of the Air Transport Regulations have taken action to force airlines to fully cover the costs of damage to mobility equipment as a condition of allowing an airline to operate in their airspace, and notes that the EU may have to take similar steps if the additional duties imposed on airlines by EC 1107/2006 do not resolve the issue.

Ratifications

As September 2018, there are 133 parties to the convention. Included in this total is 132 of the 191 ICAO Member States plus the European Union. The states that have ratified represent 131 UN member states plus the Cook Islands. Other states that have ratified include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, all member states of the European Union, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Mtl99_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications].

class="sortable wikitable"
Member state ! Date of entry into force ! Notes
{{flag\|Afghanistan}} \| - \| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol
{{flag\|Albania}} \| {{dts\|format=dmy\|2004\|12\|19}} \| {{sort\|~

class="sortable wikitable"

Member state

! Date of entry into force

! Notes

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|19}}

| {{sort|~

}

| {{flag|Algeria}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Andorra}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Angola}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Argentina|}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|2|14}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Armenia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|6|15}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Australia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|1|24}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Austria}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|4|11}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Bahamas}}

| Signed. Not ratified

| {{flag|Bahrain}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Bangladesh}}

| Signed. Not ratified

| {{flag|Barbados}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Belarus}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Belgium|state}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Belize}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Benin}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|29}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Bhutan}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Bolivia|state|name=Bolivia (Plurinational State of)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|7|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|5|8}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Botswana}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Brazil}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|7|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Brunei|name=Brunei Darussalam}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|5|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Bulgaria}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|9}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|8|25}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Burundi}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Cape Verde|name=Cabo Verde}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|22}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Cambodia}}

| Signed. Not ratified

| {{flag|Cameroon}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Canada}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Central African Republic}}

| Signed. Not ratified

| {{flag|Chad}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|9|10}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Chile}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|People's Republic of China|name=China}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|7|31}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Colombia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Comoros}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention

| {{flag|Congo}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|2|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Costa Rica|state}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|8|8}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{sort|Cote d'Ivoire|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|4|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Croatia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|23}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Cuba}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|13}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Cyprus}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Czech Republic}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|North Korea|name=Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|9|19}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Denmark}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Djibouti}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Dominica}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|20}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Ecuador}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|8|26}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Egypt}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|4|25}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|El Salvador}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|1|6}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Eritrea}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Estonia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Ethiopia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|6|22}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Fiji}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|1|9}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Finland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|France}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Gabon}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|4|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Gambia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|9}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Georgia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Germany}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Ghana}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|8|3}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Greece}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Grenada}}

| -

| Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Guatemala}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|8|6}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Guinea}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Guyana}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|21}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Haiti}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Honduras}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|1|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Hungary}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|1|7}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Iceland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|8|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|India}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|6|30}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Indonesia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|5|19}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Iran|name=Iran (Islamic Republic of)}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Iraq}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Ireland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Israel}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|20}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Italy}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Jamaica}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|9|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Japan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Jordan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|8|31}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Kenya}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Kiribati}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Kuwait}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Laos|name=Lao People's Democratic Republic}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Latvia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|2|15}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Lebanon}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|14}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Lesotho}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Liberia}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention

| {{flag|Libya}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Liechtenstein}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Lithuania}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|1|29}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Luxembourg}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Madagascar}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|26}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Malawi}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Malaysia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|29}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Maldives}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|30}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Mali}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Malta}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|7|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Marshall Islands}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Mauritania}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention

| {{flag|Mauritius}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|4|3}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Mexico}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia (Federated States of)}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Monaco}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Mongolia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Montenegro}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|3|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Morocco}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|6|14}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Mozambique}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|3|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Myanmar}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention

| {{flag|Namibia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Nauru}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Nepal}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|15}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|New Zealand}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Nicaragua}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Niger}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|1}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Nigeria}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Norway}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Oman}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|7|27}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Pakistan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Palau}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Panama}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Paraguay}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Peru|state}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Philippines}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|12|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Poland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|3|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Portugal}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Qatar}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|14}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|South Korea|name=Republic of Korea}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|29}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Moldova|name=Republic of Moldova}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Romania}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Russia|name=Russian Federation}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|21}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Rwanda}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|12|19}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Saint Lucia}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Samoa}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|San Marino}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe|name=Sao Tome and Principe}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|14}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Senegal}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|6}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Serbia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|4|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Seychelles}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|11|12}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Sierra Leone}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|1|24}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Singapore}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|16}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Slovakia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Slovenia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Solomon Islands}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Somalia}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|South Africa}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|1|21}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|South Sudan}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Spain}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|18}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Sudan}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|10|17}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Suriname}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Swaziland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|22}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Sweden}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Switzerland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|9|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Syria|name=Syrian Arab Republic}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Tajikistan}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Thailand}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|10|2}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Macedonia|name=The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Timor-Leste}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Togo}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|26}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Tonga}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|19}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Tunisia}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|20}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Turkey}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|26}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention

| {{flag|Tuvalu}}

| -

| None International Protocol

| {{flag|Uganda}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|1|27}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Ukraine}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|5}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Tanzania|name=United Republic of Tanzania}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|United States|name=United States of America}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Uruguay}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|4|4}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Vanuatu}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|1|8}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Venezuela|state|name=Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Vietnam|name=Viet Nam}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|26}}

| {{sort|~|}}

| {{flag|Yemen}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

| {{flag|Zambia}}

| Signed. Not ratified

| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}

| -

| Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol

References

External links

[https://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/MC99_en.pdf Text of the Convention] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613014516/http://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/MC99_en.pdf |date=13 June 2017 }}
[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Mtl99_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications]

Category:International Civil Aviation Organization treaties

Category:Treaties concluded in 1999

Category:Treaties entered into force in 2003

Category:1999 in Canada

Category:Treaties of Albania

Category:Treaties of Argentina

Category:Treaties of Armenia

Category:Treaties of Australia

Category:Treaties of Austria

Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan

Category:Treaties of Bahrain

Category:Treaties of Barbados