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:Oriol Junqueras

{{short description|Politician and historian from Catalonia, Spain (born 1969)}}

{{family name hatnote|Junqueras|Vies|lang=Catalan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Oriol Junqueras

| honorific-suffix = GMGC

| image = Retrat oficial del Vicepresident Oriol Junqueras (cropped - 2).jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Junqueras in 2016

| office = President of Republican Left of Catalonia

| term_start = 14 December 2024

| term_end =

| predecessor = Marta Rovira (acting)

| successor =

| term_start1 = 17 September 2011

| term_end1 = 10 June 2024

| predecessor1 = Joan Puigcercós

| successor1 = Marta Rovira (acting)

| order2 =

| office2 = Vice President of Catalonia

| term_start2 = 14 January 2016

| term_end2 = 28 October 2017

| president2 = Carles Puigdemont

| predecessor2 = Neus Munté

| successor2 = Office suspended
Pere Aragonès (2018)

| office3 = Minister of Economy and Finance of Catalonia

| term_start3 = 14 January 2016

| term_end3 = 27 October 2017

| president3 = Carles Puigdemont

| predecessor3 = Andreu Mas-Colell

| successor3 = Pere Aragonès

| office4 = Member of the European Parliament

| term_start4 = 2 July 2019{{cite web |title=9th parliamentary term: Oriol Junqueras i Vies |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96708/ORIOL_JUNQUERAS+I+VIES/history/9 |publisher=European Parliament}}

| term_end4 = 2 January 2020 {{small|(suspended)}}

| predecessor4 =

| successor4 = Jordi Solé i Ferrando

| constituency4 = Spain

| term_start5 = 14 July 2009{{cite web |title=7th parliamentary term: Oriol Junqueras i Vies |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96708/ORIOL_JUNQUERAS+I+VIES/history/7 |publisher=European Parliament}}

| term_end5 = 31 December 2011

| predecessor5 =

| successor5 = Ana Miranda Paz

| constituency5 = Spain

| office6 = Member of the Parliament of Catalonia

| term_start6 = 17 December 2012

| term_end6 = 10 July 2018 {{small|(suspended)}}

| predecessor6 =

| successor6 =

| constituency6 = Barcelona

| order7 =

| office7 = Mayor of Sant Vicenç dels Horts

| term_start7 = 11 June 2011

| term_end7 = 23 December 2015

| predecessor7 = Amparo Piqueras Manzano

| successor7 = Maite Aymerich

| office8 = Member of the Municipality Council of Sant Vicenç dels Horts

| term_start8 = 2007

| term_end8 = 2015

| predecessor8 =

| successor8 =

| birth_name = Oriol Junqueras i Vies

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|4|11|df=y}}

| birth_place = Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

| death_date =

| death_place =

| citizenship = Spanish

| nationality =

| party = Republican Left of Catalonia

| otherparty =

| spouse =

| children =

| residence =

| alma_mater = Autonomous University of Barcelona

| occupation = Academic

| signature = Firma de Oriol Junqueras.svg

| website =

| footnotes =

}}

Oriol Junqueras i Vies ({{IPA|ca|uɾiˈɔl ʒuŋˈkeɾəz i ˈβi.əs}}; born 11 April 1969) is a Catalan politician and historian.{{cite news|last1=Junqueras|first1=Oriol|last2=Mejide|first2=Risto|title=Oriol Junqueras, a Risto: "Me veo como presidente de Cataluña"|url=http://www.cuatro.com/viajandoconchester/temporada-1/programa-6/oriol-junqueras/Risto_Mejide-Chester-Viajando_con_Chester-Oriol_Junqueras_0_1774500460.html|access-date=25 October 2017|work=Cuatro|language=es|quote=In my ID it says I'm Spanish, At this time I'm a Spanish citizen from a legal point of view}} A former mayor of the municipality of Sant Vicenç dels Horts in Catalonia, Junqueras served as Vice President of Catalonia from January 2016 to October 2017, when he was removed from office following the Catalan declaration of independence and entered prison until June 2021 for his role in organizing the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.{{cite news |last1=Gabilondo |first1=Pablo |title=Oriol Junqueras, condenado a 13 años de cárcel por sedición y malversación |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2019-10-14/sentencia-proces-junqueras-supremo-carcel-13-anos_2275148/ |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=El Confidencial |date=14 October 2019}} He is president of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).{{cite web |title=Who are we? |url=https://en.esquerra.cat/en/who-we-are |publisher=Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya}}{{Cite web |last=Odei |first=A. Etxearte |date=14 December 2024 |title=Nova etapa de Junqueras a ERC |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/nova-etapa-de-junqueras-a-erc-el-cami-costerut-per-cohesionar-el-partit-i-remuntar-a-les-urnes/ |archive-date= |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=VilaWeb |language=ca}} Born in 1969 in Barcelona, Junqueras grew up in the municipality of Sant Vicenç dels Horts. After graduating from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, he taught history at the university.

As a supporter of Catalan independence, Junqueras joined ERC in 2010. Three years before, he had been elected to the Municipality Council of Sant Vicenç dels Horts for the same party, and in 2011 he became mayor. He was elected a member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2009, a seat he held until January 2012. In 2012 he was elected as a member of the Parliament of Catalonia for the Province of Barcelona. In January 2016, following an agreement between the Junts pel Sí (JxSí), an electoral alliance of which ERC was a part, and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), Junqueras was appointed Vice President of Catalonia.

On 1 October 2017, an independence referendum was held in Catalonia despite the Constitutional Court of Spain ruling that it breached the Spanish constitution. Ninety-two percent supported independence, though turnout was only 43%. Catalan government officials argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish police suppression of the vote.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/01/europe/catalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result/index.html |title=Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis |author1= Hilary Clarke |author2=Isa Soares |author3 =Vasco Cotovio |work= CNN |date=2 October 2017 |access-date= 4 October 2017 |quote= Turnout was about 42% of the 5.3 million eligible voters... Turull said more people would have voted had it not been for Spanish police suppression. Up to 770,000 votes were lost as a result of the crackdowns at police stations, the Catalan government estimated.}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ara.cat/politica/independencai-simposa-vots_0_1879612291.html|title=El 'sí' a la independència s'imposa amb 2.020.144 vots, el 90%|agency=Ara.Cat|date=2 October 2017|access-date=4 October 2017|author=Gerard Pruina|quote="Els encarregats de donar els resultats des del Centre Internacional de Premsa, el vicepresident, Oriol Junqueras; el conseller de la Presidència, Jordi Turull, i el conseller d'Exteriors, Raül Romeva, han remarcat contínuament que, tot i que els 2.248.000 vots no suposen 'per se' el 50% del cens, els càlculs dels experts apunten que sense pressió policial i tancament de col·legis s'hauria pogut arribar al 55% de participació."}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171006/431822521378/mossos-cerraron-colegios-1-o-policia-guardia-civil.html|title=Los Mossos cerraron más colegios el 1-O|date=6 October 2017|website=La Vanguardia|access-date=13 February 2019}} On the other hand, many voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out,{{cite news|last1=Erickson|first1=Amanda|title=Catalonia independence vote: What you need to know|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/30/catalonia-independence-referendum-spain/|access-date=2 October 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=30 September 2017}} as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in what they considered an illegal referendum.{{cite news|title=Iceta pide a los catalanes que no acudan a votar para no "dar valor" al referéndum|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/abci-iceta-pide-catalanes-no-acudan-votar-para-no-valor-referendum-201709301106_noticia.html|work=ABC|language=es-ES}}{{cite news|last1=Molpeceres|first1=Diego|title=Referéndum en Cataluña - Un referéndum sin campaña por el 'no' a la independencia|url=http://www.vozpopuli.com/politica/referendum-cataluna-independencia-1-O-PSC-PP-Ciudadanos_0_1063394527.html|work={{ill|Vozpópuli|es}}|language=es}}

The Catalan Parliament declared independence on 27 October 2017, which resulted in the Spanish government imposing direct rule on Catalonia, dismissing the Executive Council of Catalonia. The Catalan Parliament was dissolved, and fresh elections called. On 30 October 2017, charges of rebellion, sedition, and misuse of public funds were brought against Junqueras and other members of the Puigdemont government. On 2 November 2017, Junqueras and seven other Catalan ministers were remanded in custody by the Audiencia Nacional. Six of the ministers were released on bail on 4 December 2017, while Junqueras and Minister of the Interior Joaquim Forn were kept in custody. At the 2017 Catalan regional election held on 21 December, Junqueras was re-elected to Parliament and Catalan pro-independence parties retained an absolute parliamentary majority. Junqueras was suspended as an MP by a Supreme Court judge on 10 July 2018.[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/07/10/actualidad/1531222075_746937.html Llarena cierra el sumario del ‘procés’ y suspende como diputados a Puigdemont y Junqueras] Published by El País, 10 July 2018, {{retrieved|access-date=10 July 2018}} On 14 October 2019, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison and a 13-year ban from holding public office for the crimes of sedition and misappropriation of public funds.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/14/catalan-separatist-leaders-given-lengthy-prison-sentences|title=Catalan separatist leaders given lengthy prison sentences|author1=Sam Jones|author2=Stephen Burgen|date=14 October 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} The European Court of Justice ruled on 19 December 2019 that Junqueras had parliamentary immunity as he was an elected MEP, and should have been released from prison.{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/eu-court-spain-freed-catalan-mep-office-191219085818048.html|title=EU court says Spain should have freed Catalan MEP to take office|date=19 December 2019|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=19 December 2019}} He was freed in June 2021 following a Spanish government pardon after he had served 3 and a half years.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/23/freed-catalan-leader-calls-on-spain-to-think-about-future-generations |title=Freed Catalan leader calls on Spain to 'think about future generations' |work=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=28 June 2021}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-06-23/freed-catalan-leader-junqueras-vows-to-continue-working-for-independence |title=Freed Catalan Leader Junqueras Vows to Continue Working for Independence|publisher=US News |language=en |access-date=28 June 2021}}

Early life and family

Junqueras was born on 11 April 1969 in Sant Andreu de Palomar, a neighbourhood in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona, Spain.{{cite news|last1=Ruiz Valdivia|first1=Antonio|title=13 cosas que no sabías de Oriol Junqueras|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2014/09/16/oriol-junqueras_n_5827806.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=HuffPost|date=16 September 2014|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}}{{cite web|title=MEPs: Oriol JUNQUERAS VIES|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96708/ORIOL_JUNQUERAS+VIES_home.html|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Strasbourg, France}}{{cite news|last1=Espartero|first1=Marta|title=Tal como eran de niños: la cara desconocida de los candidatos a la Generalitat|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/famosos/20171211/268724149_0.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=El Español|date=12 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=ca}} His father was a high school teacher and his mother was a nurse.{{cite news|title=Oriol Junqueras, un historiador y ferviente católico al frente de las cuentas catalanas|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/politica/noticias/7277846/01/16/Junqueras-un-historiador-para-poner-numeros-a-las-estructuras-de-Estado.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=El Economista|agency=EFE|date=14 January 2016|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}} Aged two, he and his family moved to Sant Vicenç dels Horts in Baix Llobregat. His parents were persuaded by a nun to send him to the Liceo Italiano in Barcelona where he learned Italian. As a youngster he worked in the family's almond and olive orchards in Castellbell i el Vilar, Bages.

Junqueras claims he started supporting Catalan independence when he was eight years old. After school he joined the University of Barcelona, where he was an activist in the student union, to study economics but before completing the course, transferred to the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), graduating with a bachelor's degree in modern and contemporary history in 1996. He then decided to continue in academia by pursuing a PhD at UAB.

Academic career

In 2002, Junqueras graduated with a doctorate in History of Economic Thought from UAB, where he later lectured in "Premodern History of East Asia" and "Bases of the Modern World" at the Department of Modern and Contemporary History. His PhD thesis was about economic thought in early modern Catalonia.{{cite news|title=Oriol Junqueras: De las aulas al ruedo político|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20090530/53718201670/oriol-junqueras-de-las-aulas-al-ruedo-politico.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=La Vanguardia|date=7 June 2009|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=es}}{{cite thesis |last1=Junqueras Vies |first1=Oriol |title=Economia i pensament econòmic a la Catalunya de l'alta edat moderna (1520-1630) |date=16 November 2002 |publisher=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona |url=https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/4788|type=Ph.D. Thesis }} He has also been invited to lecture at the University of Vic while in prison.{{cite news |last1=Jordan |first1=Guifré |title=Junqueras leaves prison for first time to work in university |url=https://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/junqueras-leaves-prison-for-first-time-to-work-in-university |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Catalan News |date=3 March 2020 |language=en-gb}}

He has been an advisor and scriptwriter to a variety of Catalan radio and television programmes on politics and history, including Conviure Amb el Risc, El Favorit (TV3, 2005), En Guàrdia and El Nas de Cleòpatra (Catalunya Ràdio), Els Maquis, La Guerra Silenciada and Minoría Absoluta and El Món (RAC 1). He has co-authored several books including Els Catalans i Cuba (1998), La Batalla de l'Ebre (1999) and La Presó Model de Barcelona (2000). He is a member of the Center Excursionista of Sant Vicenç dels Horts and Orfeó Vicentí.

Political career

File:El President Mas acompanyat d'Oriol Junqueras aquest matí al Parlament.jpg and Oriol Junqueras signing the government agreement in December 2012]]

Junqueras contested the 2003 local elections as a Republican Left of Catalonia-Acord Municipal (ERC-AM) electoral alliance candidate in Sant Vicenç dels Horts but failed to get elected.{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2003 - Mun. Sant Vicenç dels Horts|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=Ministry of the Interior|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143159/http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|url-status=dead}} He contested the 2007 local elections as an ERC-AM candidate in Sant Vicenç dels Horts and was elected but the ERC-AM remained in opposition.{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2007 - Mun. Sant Vicenç dels Horts|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=Ministry of the Interior|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143159/http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|url-status=dead}} He was re-elected at the 2011 local elections as a Junts per Sant Vicenç (JuntsxSVH) electoral alliance candidate.{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2011 - Mun. Sant Vicenç dels Horts|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=Ministry of the Interior|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143159/http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|url-status=dead}} JuntsxSVH formed an administration with the Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA-E) and Junqueras became Mayor of Sant Vicenç dels Horts. He was re-elected at the 2015 local elections.{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2015 - Mun. Sant Vicenç dels Horts|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=Ministry of the Interior|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143159/http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|url-status=dead}}

Junqueras contested the 2009 European elections as a Europe of the Peoples–Greens (EdP–V) electoral alliance candidate and was elected to the European Parliament.{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Parlament Europeo Junio 2009 - Candidatos Electos|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=Ministry of the Interior|access-date=31 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143159/http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|url-status=dead}} He became leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia in 2011.{{cite news|title=Catalan Independence Leader Vows Never to Quit Fight|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/catalan-independence-leader-vows-never-to-quit-fight-583005|access-date=31 December 2017|work=NDTV|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2 July 2014|location=New Delhi, India}}{{cite news|last1=Hedgecoe|first1=Guy|title=Junqueras skilfully surfs Catalan independence wave|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/junqueras-skilfully-surfs-catalan-independence-wave-1.1984006|access-date=31 December 2017|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=1 November 2014|location=Dublin, Ireland}}

Junqueras contested the 2012 regional election as a Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) electoral alliance candidate in the Province of Barcelona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia.{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20121.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, Generalitat de Catalunya|access-date=31 December 2017|page=1|language=ca}} In December 2012 the ERC and CiU reached an agreement whereby the ERC would support Artur Mas' minority government.{{cite news|last1=Tremlett|first1=Giles|title=Catalonia joins Scotland in push for 2014 independence vote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/13/catalonia-independence-2014|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=13 December 2012|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Buck|first1=Tobias|title=Catalonia referendum set for 2014|url=https://www.ft.com/content/113da2a8-4a01-11e2-8002-00144feab49a|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Financial Times|date=19 December 2012|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Nualart Casulleras|first1=Josep|last2=Castro|first2=Liz|title=CiU and ERC come to an agreement in Catalonia: Referendum in 2014|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4066661/20121218/ciu-and-erc-come-to-an-agreement-in-catalonia-referendum-in-2014.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=VilaWeb|date=18 December 2012}} As part of the agreement an independence referendum would be held in 2014.{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Spain: Separatist Parties in Accord|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/separatist-parties-in-catalonia-agree-to-form-government.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=19 December 2012|location=New York, U.S.A.}}{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Braden|title=Catalan separatists push referendum, Madrid will try to block|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-catalonia/catalan-separatists-push-referendum-madrid-will-try-to-block-idUSBRE8BI12Y20121219|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=19 December 2012|location=London, UK}} Despite the agreement, and protests form the Socialists and Greens, Junqueras was appointed Leader of the Opposition in the Catalan Parliament in January 2013.{{cite news|title= Oriol Junqueras, nomenat cap de l'oposició malgrat crítiques del PSC i ICV|trans-title=Oriol Junqueres named Leader of the Opposition despite the criticism of the PSC and ICV|publisher=El Punt-Avui|language=ca|date=9 January 2013}}

Junqueras was re-elected at the 2015 regional election as a Junts pel Sí (JxSí) electoral alliance candidate.{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2015: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20151.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, Generalitat de Catalunya|access-date=31 December 2017|page=1|language=ca}} In January 2016, following a last-minute agreement between pro-Catalan independence parties JxSí and Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) to replace Mas, Junqueras was appointed Vice President of Catalonia and Minister of Economy and Finance.{{cite news|title=Catalan separatists to form regional government after president steps aside|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/10/catalan-separatists-to-form-regional-government-after-president-steps-aside|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=10 January 2016|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|title=Pro-independence forces reach an agreement and Artur Mas won't be president|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/pro-independence-forces-reach-an-agreement-and-artur-mas-won-t-be-president|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Catalan News Agency|date=9 January 2016|location=Barcelona, Spain}}{{cite news|title=New Catalan leader takes office but won't swear loyalty to King or Spain|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20160113/catalonias-new-pro-independence-leader-takes-office|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Local|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=13 January 2016|location=Stockholm, Sweden}}{{cite news|title=New Catalan Government set to work|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/the-new-catalan-government-is-set-to-workstarts-running|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Catalan News Agency|date=14 January 2016|location=Barcelona, Spain}}

=Catalonia independence crisis=

{{Main|Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan declaration of independence|2017 Spanish constitutional crisis}}

In June 2017 the President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont announced that a referendum on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017.{{cite news|last1=Dowsett|first1=Sonya|title=Catalonia calls October referendum on independence from Spain|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-catalonia/catalonia-calls-october-referendum-on-independence-from-spain-idUSKBN19012A|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=9 June 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|title=Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/09/tensions-grow-spain-catalonia-independence-referendum-confirmed/|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=9 June 2017|location=London, UK}} The Catalan Parliament passed legislation on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold.{{cite news|title=Catalonia's lawmakers give nod to independence referendum|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-lawmakers-give-nod-to-independence-referendum/a-40390009|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Deutsche Welle|date=6 September 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}}{{cite news|last1=Mortimer|first1=Caroline|title=Catalan independence referendum: '844 injured in clashes with police', says regional government|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalan-independence-referendum-people-hurt-clashes-police-violence-barcelona-a7977646.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalan-independence-referendum-people-hurt-clashes-police-violence-barcelona-a7977646.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Independent|date=1 October 2017|location=London, UK}} The following day Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum.{{cite news|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law: court source|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia-court/spains-constitutional-court-suspends-catalan-referendum-law-court-source-idUSKCN1BI2TE|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=7 September 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Strange|first1=Hannah|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/07/catalonias-independence-referendum-intolerable-act-disobedience/|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 September 2017|location=London, UK}} The Spanish government put into effect Operation Anubis in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested Catalan government officials.{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Spain crisis: 'stop this radicalism and disobedience,' PM tells Catalan leaders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/20/spain-guardia-civil-raid-catalan-government-hq-referendum-row|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=21 September 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|last2=Edwards|first2=Sam|title=Spanish police raid Catalan government to halt banned referendum|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/spanish-police-raid-catalan-government-to-halt-banned-referendum-idUSKCN1BV0U0|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=20 September 2017|location=London, UK}} Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by those opposing independence and turnout was only 43%.{{cite news|title=Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain explained|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29478415|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=22 December 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Catalan leader calls for mediation with Spain over independence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/02/catalan-government-emergency-meeting-spain-independence|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=2 October 2017|location=London, UK}} 92% of those who voted supported independence.{{cite news|title=Catalan crisis: Spain's Rajoy vows to end 'separatist havoc'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41958204|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=12 November 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=McGuinness|first1=Alan|title=Spain calls emergency meeting after Catalonia declares independence|url=https://news.sky.com/story/catalan-leader-carles-puigdemont-puts-independence-on-hold-for-talks-with-madrid-11075455|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Sky News|date=11 October 2017|location=London, UK}} Around 900 people were injured as the Spanish police used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.{{cite news|title=Catalonia referendum: Madrid representative apologises for police violence during vote|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-06/madrid-representative-in-catalonia-apologises-for-violence/9025670|access-date=31 December 2017|work=ABC News|agency=Reuters|date=6 October 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}{{cite news|last1=Child|first1=David|title=Catalan vote: Claims of Spanish police brutality probed|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/catalan-vote-claims-spanish-police-brutality-probed-171003122547459.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Al Jazeera|date=3 October 2017|location=Doah, Qatar}}{{cite news|title=Catalan referendum: Catalonia has 'won right to statehood'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41463719|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=2 October 2017|location=London, UK}}

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament declared independence in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs.{{cite news|title=Catalans declare independence as Madrid imposes direct rule|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41780116|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=27 October 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|title=Catalonia declares independence as Spain prepares to impose direct rule|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-latest-spain-direct-rule-catalan-parliament-president-a8023221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-latest-spain-direct-rule-catalan-parliament-president-a8023221.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Independent|date=27 October 2017|location=London, UK}} Almost immediately the Senate of Spain invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the Catalan government and imposing direct rule on Catalonia.{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|last3=Graham-Harrison|first3=Emma|title=Spain dissolves Catalan parliament and calls fresh elections|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/27/spanish-pm-mariano-rajoy-asks-senate-powers-dismiss-catalonia-president|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=28 October 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Burgess|first1=Sanya|title=Catalan votes for independence as Madrid approves direct rule|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/catalan-votes-for-independence-as-madrid-approves-direct-rule-1.670770|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The National|date=27 October 2017|location=Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.}} The following day Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017.{{cite news|title=Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41783289|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=28 October 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Smith-Spark|first1=Laura|last2=Rebaza|first2=Claudia|title=Catalonia government dissolved after declaring independence from Spain|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/27/europe/catalonia-independence-spain/index.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=CNN|date=28 October 2017|location=Atlanta, U.S.A.}} On 30 October 2017 Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza laid charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds at the Audiencia Nacional against Puigdemont, Junqueras and other members of the Catalan government.{{cite news|title=Charges of rebellion and sedition called for by Spain's attorney general against Puigdemont and other Catalan officials|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171101/charges-of-rebellion-and-sedition-called-for-by-spains-attorney-general-against-puigdemont-and-other-catalan-officials|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Local|date=1 November 2017|location=Stockholm, Sweden}}{{cite news|last1=Newton|first1=Creede|title=Spain prosecutor files charges against Catalan leaders|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/spain-prosecutor-files-charges-catalan-leaders-171030120056952.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Al Jazeera|date=30 October 2017|location=Doha, Qatar}} The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.{{cite news|last1=Baynes|first1=Chris|title=Catalonia independence: Spanish state prosecutor says Catalan leaders will be charged with rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-spain-catalan-leaders-charged-rebellion-sedition-missuse-public-funds-carles-a8027136.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-spain-catalan-leaders-charged-rebellion-sedition-missuse-public-funds-carles-a8027136.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Independent|date=30 October 2017|location=London, UK}}

=Imprisonment=

{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}

File:La jueza decreta prisión incondicional para Junqueras y siete exconsellers 02.jpg in Madrid on 2 November 2017]]

On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge Carmen Lamela remanded in custody Junqueras and seven other Catalan ministers (Dolors Bassa, Meritxell Borràs, Joaquim Forn, Carles Mundó, Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Jordi Turull) as she considered them a flight risk.{{cite news|title=Catalonia crisis: Protests as ex-ministers held in Spanish custody|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41854248|access-date=31 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/spanish-court-question-catalonia-separatists-except-puigdemont|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Spanish Judge Jails 8 Catalan Separatists Before Trial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/europe/spain-catalonia-jail.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=2 November 2017|location=New York, U.S.A.}} The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to Estremera, Mundó to Aranjuez prison, Romeva and Turull to Valdemoro and Rull to Navalcarnero.{{cite news|title=Eight deposed Catalan ministers sent to prison without bail|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/eight-deposed-catalan-ministers-sent-to-prison-without-bail|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Catalan News Agency|date=2 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}} A ninth minister, Santi Vila, was freed on bail as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail.{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalonia leader Santi Vila to leave jail after paying bail|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalonia-leader-santi-vila-to-leave-jail-after-paying-bail-idUSKBN1D30X2|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=3 November 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Former Catalan minister Santi Vila leaves prison on 50,000 euro bail|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/former-catalan-minister-santi-vila-prison-bail_209022_102.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}} According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated in a rough ride to prison.{{cite news|title=Lawyer alleges mistreatment of jailed ministers|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/lawyer-alleges-mistreatment-of-jailed-ministers|access-date=1 January 2018|work=Catalan News Agency|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Catalan ministers reportedly mistreated on way to prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/catalan-ministers-lawyer-prison_209121_102.html|access-date=1 January 2018|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}} They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the Spanish national anthem on a loop and threatened by their guards.{{cite news|title=Catalan jailed ministers suffered "unjustifiably vexatious" treatment, says lawyer|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-jailed-ministers-suffered-unjustifiably-vexatious-treatment-says-lawyer|access-date=1 January 2018|work=Catalan News Agency|date=5 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Communities rally to show their support for imprisoned Catalan politicians|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15644445.Communities_rally_to_show_their_support_for_imprisoned_Catalan_politicians/|access-date=1 January 2018|work=The Herald|date=7 November 2017}} Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison. Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained Reuters and published by the La Vanguardia, making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they’ll fix his eye".{{cite news|title=Las burlas de tres policías nacionales a los consellers en su salida hacia la cárcel|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171103/432559887481/policias-burlan-consellers-junqueras-carcel.html|access-date=1 January 2018|work=La Vanguardia|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=es}}{{cite news|title=Un grupo de policías se burla de Junqueras a las puertas de la Audiencia Nacional: "Está llegando un osito a la cárcel"|url=http://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/MINUTO-Diada_13_685361458_15424.html|access-date=1 January 2018|work=Eldiario.es|date=3 November 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}}{{cite web|title=La Vanguardia|url=https://twitter.com/LaVanguardia/status/926416880763572226|publisher=Twitter|access-date=1 January 2018|date=3 November 2017}}

On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists — Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol — appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial.{{cite news|title=Supreme Court postpones decision over whether to release jailed Catalan leaders until Monday|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/supreme-court-postpones-decision-over-whether-to-release-jailed-catalan-leaders-until-monday|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Catalan News Agency|date=1 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}} They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law.{{cite news|title=Former Catalan leaders appear before supreme court in Madrid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/01/catalan-leaders-supreme-court-madrid-regional-elections|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=17 December 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|title=Former Catalan cabinet members appear before Supreme Court|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-catalonia/former-catalan-cabinet-members-appear-before-supreme-court-idUKKBN1DV3ZL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145332/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-catalonia/former-catalan-cabinet-members-appear-before-supreme-court-idUKKBN1DV3ZL|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=1 December 2017|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|title=Catalonia's ex-vice president Oriol Junqueras refused bail by Spanish Supreme Court|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-ex-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-refused-bail-by-spanish-supreme-court/a-41612722|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Deutsche Welle|agency=Agence France-Presse/Reuters/Deutsche Presse-Agentur|date=4 December 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}} On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated.{{cite news|title=Six Catalan ministers freed after 32 days in prison|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/six-catalan-ministers-freed-after-32-days-in-prison|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Catalan News Agency|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Supreme Court judge releases Catalan ministers; Junqueras, Forn and 'Jordis' to stay in prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/spain-court-judge-releases-catalan-ministers-bail-prison_218433_102.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}} However, Junqueras and Forn, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail.{{cite news|title=Catalonia: Spanish court releases six secessionists on bail, ousted VP Oriol Junqueras still in custody|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-04/former-catalonia-vice-president-oriol-junquera-denied-bail/9225422|access-date=31 December 2017|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press/Reuters|date=4 December 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Judge Frees Some Jailed Catalan Separatists, but Holds Others|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/world/europe/spain-catalonia-independence.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=4 December 2012|location=New York, U.S.A.}}{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Catalonia's former vice president kept in jail by Spanish judge as Puigdemont faces extradition deadline|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-latest-updates-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-jail-spanish-judge-leaders-a8090266.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-latest-updates-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-jail-spanish-judge-leaders-a8090266.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Independent|date=4 December 2017|location=London, UK}} In denying them bail, Llarena claimed that it remained to be seen if their pledge to abide by Spanish law was "truthful and real" and that there was a risk that they would commit the same crimes if released.{{cite news|last1=Parra|first1=Aritz|last2=Casert|first2=Raf|title=4 Catalan separatists kept in jail as campaigning begins|url=http://beta.latimes.com/nation/sns-bc-eu--catalonia-20171204-story.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 December 2017|location=Los Angeles, U.S.A.}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite news|title=The Latest: Pro-Spain pol urges big turnout in Catalonia|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20171204/news/312049950|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Daily Herald|agency=Associated Press|date=4 December 2017|location=Chicago, U.S.A.}}{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Catalan's deposed vice-president to contest election from prison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/04/spanish-judge-denies-bail-deposed-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=4 December 2017|location=London, UK}}

Whilst remaining in prison, Junqueras contested the 2017 regional election as an ERC–CatSí electoral alliance candidate and was re-elected to Parliament.{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2017: Composició del Parlament|url=https://resultats.parlament2017.cat/09AU/DAU09000XX.htm?lang=ca|publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya|access-date=31 December 2017|language=ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105244/https://resultats.parlament2017.cat/09AU/DAU09000XX.htm?lang=ca|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}} At the election Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament.{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Russell|title=Catalan independence supporters win majority in election|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/catalan-independence-supporters-win-majority-in-election-1-4645383|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Scotsman|date=22 December 2017|location=Edinburgh, UK}}{{cite news|last1=Parra|first1=Aritz|last2=Giles|first2=Ciaran|title=Catalan secessionist parties win slim majority in regional parliament|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/12/21/spain-holds-breath-as-deeply-divided-catalonia-votes-in-regional-elections.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Toronto Star|agency=Associated Press|date=21 December 2017|location=Toronto, Canada}} Junqueras was denied bail on 5 January 2018 by Supreme Court judges Miguel Colmenero, Alberto Jorge Barreiro and Francisco Monterde who said that "there is no sign that the defendant has any intention of abandoning the route he has followed until now".{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Catalan leader ordered to stay in jail as court rejects 'political prisoner' claims|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/05/catalan-separatist-leader-oriol-junqueras-catalonia-remain-in-custody|access-date=21 January 2018|work=The Guardian|date=5 January 2018|location=London, UK}}{{cite news|title=Catalan ex-vice president Oriol Junqueras must stay in jail|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalan-ex-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-must-stay-in-jail/a-42043193|access-date=21 January 2018|work=Deutsche Welle|date=5 January 2018|location=Bonn, Germany}}{{cite news|title=Spanish Supreme Court keeps Junqueras in jail|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/spanish-supreme-court-keeps-junqueras-in-jail|access-date=21 January 2018|work=Catalan News Agency|date=5 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}} On 12 January 2018 Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena denied permission for Junqueras to attend the opening session of the Catalan Parliament, or for him to be transferred to a Catalan prison so that he could be closer to his relatives, but opened the way for him to vote by proxy.{{cite news|title=Judge denies jailed Catalan VP to attend Parliament|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/judge-denies-jailed-catalan-vp-to-attend-parliament|access-date=21 January 2018|work=Catalan News Agency|date=12 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Judge refuses Junqueras's prison transfer request, lets Parliament decide on delegating his vote|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/judge-refuses-junqueras-prison-transfer-parliament_228672_102.html|access-date=21 January 2018|work=El Nacional|date=12 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}} When the Catalan Parliament met on 17 January 2018 it allowed the three jailed MPs - Forn, Junqueras and Sànchez - to vote by proxy, with Marta Rovira voting for Junqueras.{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Jailed Catalan MPs vote by proxy as Roger Torrent becomes president|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/15857148.Jailed_Catalan_MPs_vote_by_proxy_in_presidential_poll/|access-date=21 January 2018|work=The National|date=18 January 2018|location=Glasgow, UK}}{{cite news|title=Roger Torrent, new Catalan Parliament president|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/roger-torrent-new-catalan-parliament-president|access-date=21 January 2018|work=Catalan News Agency|date=17 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}

On 7 March 2018, the High Commissioner of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort," referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.{{cite news |title=High Commissioner's global update of human rights concerns |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22772&LangID=E |work=OHCHR |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018}}

On 4 July 2018, Junqueras was transferred to Lledoners Prison in Catalonia. Since then, several demonstrations of support have taken place at the door of the prison.{{Cite news|url=https://www.regio7.cat/fet-divers/2018/07/04/preso-del-bages-ple-focus/485112.html|title=Ple focus mediàtic a Lledoners la jornada en què arriben els presos al Bages|date=4 July 2018|work=Regió7|access-date=3 February 2019|language=ca}} In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.{{Cite web|url=http://iadllaw.org/2018/12/iadl-calls-for-release-of-catalan-political-prisoners/|title=IADL calls for release of Catalan political prisoners|date=3 December 2018|website=International Association of Democratic Lawyers|access-date=30 December 2018}} On 1 February 2019, he was transferred back to the Madrilenian prison of Soto del Real, to face the trial that is expected to begin on 12 February 2019.{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=1 February 2019|work=El País|access-date=2 February 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}

On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Junqueras, Cuixart and Sànchez and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of their rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/29/world/europe/ap-eu-spain-catalonia.html|title=UN Working Group Asks for Release of 3 Jailed Catalans|date=29 May 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 May 2019}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-un-catalonia-idUSKCN1SZ1YW|title=Spain told by U.N. body to free jailed Catalan separatists|date=29 May 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=29 May 2019}}

On 14 October 2019, Junqueras was sentenced by the Supreme Court to 13 years of prison and 13 years of inability to hold any public or private office.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/14/catalan-separatist-leaders-given-lengthy-prison-sentences|title=Violent clashes over Catalan separatist leaders' prison terms|first=Sam Jones Stephen Burgen in|last=Barcelona|newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 October 2019|via=www.theguardian.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/spain-court-hands-catalan-leaders-13-years-jail-191014073841612.html|title=Catalan separatist leaders handed jail terms for independence bid|website=www.aljazeera.com}} The European Court of Justice ruled on 19 December 2019 that Junqueras had parliamentary immunity as he was an elected MEP and should have been released from prison. On 22 June 2021, the Government of Spain formally pardoned Junqueras and eight other Catalan politicians for their roles in the unilateral declaration of independence.{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/22/europe/spain-pardons-catalonia-separatists-intl/index.html|title=Spain pardons 9 Catalan leaders for their roles in failed independence bid|first=Al|last=Goodman|work=CNN|date=22 June 2021|access-date=25 June 2021}}

Personal life

Junqueras married school teacher Neus Bramona in 2013.{{cite news|title=Arrimadas, Junqueras, Albiol, Riera y Puigdemont: su vida familiar, a examen|url=http://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2017/12/17/5a34013dca47415e458b457f.html|access-date=21 January 2018|work=El Mundo|date=17 December 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}}{{cite news|last1=Pina|first1=Marina|title=El anhelo "ilegal" de Junqueras para su segundo hijo|url=http://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/20141117/abci-junqueras-mujer-201411141834.html|access-date=21 January 2018|work=ABC|date=17 November 2014|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}} They have a son, Lluc, and a daughter, Joana.{{cite news|last1=Taules|first1=Silvia|title=Nace Joana, la segunda hija de Oriol Junqueras|url=http://www.elmundo.es/loc/2015/04/20/55350877268e3e0e7a8b4576.html|access-date=21 January 2018|work=El Mundo|date=20 April 2015|location=Madrid, Spain|language=es}}{{cite news|title=Oriol Junqueras repeteix paternitat amb el naixement de Joana|url=http://www.elperiodico.cat/ca/politica/20150418/oriol-junqueras-repeteix-paternitat-naixement-filla-joana-4111726|access-date=21 January 2018|work=El Periódico de Catalunya|date=18 April 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=ca}} Junqueras is a Catholic.

Works

  • Els Catalans i Cuba (1998, Proa){{cite book|title=Els catalans i Cuba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM5-AAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788482563985|last1 = Junqueras|first1 = Oriol|year = 1998}}
  • Catalunya, Espanya, Cuba: Centres i Perifèries (1999, Graó){{cite book|title=Catalunya, Espanya, Cuba: centres i perifèries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKzwAQAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788478272013|last1 = Vies|first1 = Oriol Junqueras I.|date = 11 February 1999| publisher=Editorial Grao }}
  • Manel Girona, el Banc de Barcelona i el Canal d'Urgell: Pagesos i Burgesos en l'Articulació del Territori (2003, Pagès Editors, co-author Maria Antònia Martí Escayol){{cite book|title=Manel Girona, el Banc de Barcelona i el Canal d'Urgell: pagesos i burgesos en l'articulació del territori|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jACtPAAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788497790635|last1 = Junqueras|first1 = Oriol|year = 2003| publisher=Pagès Editors }}
  • Guerres dels Catalans (2005, Mina, co-author Enric Calpena i Ollé){{cite book|title=Guerres dels catalans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQquNQAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788496499218|last1 = Ollé|first1 = Enric Calpena I.|last2 = Calpena|first2 = Enric|last3 = Junqueras|first3 = Oriol|year = 2005}}
  • Guerra, Economia i Política a la Catalunya de l'Alta Edat Moderna (2005, Farell){{cite book|title=Guerra, economia i política a la Catalunya de l'alta Edat Moderna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhPfAAAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788495695529|last1 = Junqueras|first1 = Oriol|year = 2005| publisher=Farell }}
  • Economia i Pensament Econòmic a la Catalunya de l'Alta Edat Moderna: 1520-1630 (2006, Autonomous University of Barcelona){{cite book|title=Economia i pensament econòmic a la Catalunya de l'alta edat moderna: 1520-1630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09zQGAAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788468810416|last1 = Vies|first1 = Oriol Junqueras I.|year = 2006| publisher=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona }}
  • Camí de Sicília: l'Expansió Mediterrània de Catalunya (2008, Cossetània Edicions){{cite book|title=Camí de Sicília: l'expansió mediterrània de Catalunya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRj_Pfe7dksC|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788497913539|last1 = Junqueras|first1 = Oriol|year = 2008| publisher=Cossetània Edicions }}
  • Les Proclames de Sobirania de Catalunya (1640-1939) (2009, Farell Editors, co-authors Adrià Cases & Albert Botran){{cite book|title=Les Proclames de Sobirania de Catalunya (1640-1939)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wf5-tgAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788495695963|last1 = Cases|first1 = Adrià|last2 = Junqueras|first2 = Oriol|last3 = Botran|first3 = Albert|date = 5 February 2009| publisher=Farell Editors }}
  • Converses amb Oriol Junqueras: Una Actitud per fer Avançar el País (2011, Viena, co-author Bernat Ferrer i Frigola){{cite book|title=Converses amb Oriol Junqueras: una actitud per fer avançar el país|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-qctgAACAAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788483306543|last1 = Junqueras|first1 = Oriol|last2 = Ferrer|first2 = Bernat|year = 2011| publisher=Viena }}
  • Història del Japó (2011, Editorial UOC, co-authors Dani Madrid i Morales, Guillermo Martínez Taberner & Pau Pitarch Fernández){{cite book|title=Història del Japó|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svH2WgiTADwC|access-date=1 January 2018|isbn = 9788497884815|last1 = Vies|first1 = Oriol Junqueras I.|last2 = Morales|first2 = Dani Madrid I.|last3 = Taberner|first3 = Guillermo Martínez|last4 = Fernández|first4 = Pau Pitarch|date = 9 December 2011| publisher=Editorial UOC }}
  • Revoltats (2015, Ara Llibres, co-author Justo Molinero Calero){{cite book|title=Revoltats|isbn = 9788416154234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZemfDQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|last1 = Vies|first1 = Oriol Junqueras I.|last2 = Calero|first2 = Justo Molinero|date = 16 March 2015}}
  • Sublevados (2015, Ara Llibres, co-author Justo Molinero Calero){{cite book|title=Sublevados|isbn = 9788494240553|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xCgDQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 January 2018|last1 = Vies|first1 = Oriol Junqueras I.|last2 = Calero|first2 = Justo Molinero|date = 16 March 2015}}

Electoral history

class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"

|+ Electoral history of Oriol Junqueras

! scope=col|Election

! scope=col|Constituency

! scope=col|Party

! scope=col|Alliance

! scope=col|No.

! scope=col|Result

2003 localrowspan="2" | Sant Vicenç dels Hortsrowspan="9" | Republican Left of Cataloniarowspan="2" | Republican Left of Catalonia-Acord Municipalalign=right|Not elected
2007 localalign="right" |1Elected
2009 EuropeanSpainEurope of the Peoples–Greensalign=right|1Elected
2011 localSant Vicenç dels HortsJunts per Sant Vicençalign=right|1Elected
2012 regionalProvince of BarcelonaRepublican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yesalign=right|1Elected
2015 localSant Vicenç dels HortsJunts per Sant Vicençalign=right|1Elected
2015 regionalrowspan="2" | Province of BarcelonaJunts pel Síalign=right|5Elected
2017 regionalRepublican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yesalign=right|1Elected
2019 European{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccabanovic/2019/05/25/oriol-junqueras-it-is-the-best-way-to-denounce-the-repression-of-the-spanish-state/|title=Oriol Junqueras: "It is the best way to denounce the repression of the Spanish State"|last=Banovic|first=Rebecca|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=27 May 2019}}SpainRepublics Nowalign=right|1Elected

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category-inline}}

  • {{Official website}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025507/http://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/diputats-fitxa?p_codi=1604 Catalan Parliament profile (archive)]

{{S-start}}

{{S-off}}

{{S-bef|before=Amparo Piqueras Manzano}}

{{s-ttl|title=Mayor of Sant Vicenç dels Horts|years=2011–2015}}

{{s-aft|after=Mayte Aymerich}}

{{S-bef|before=Neus Munté}}

{{s-ttl|title=Vice President of the Catalan Government|years=2016–2017}}

{{s-aft|after=Suspended}}

{{S-bef|before=Andreu Mas-Colell}}

{{s-ttl|title=Regional Minister of Economy and Finance|years=2016–2017}}

{{s-aft|after=Suspended}}

{{end}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Junqueras, Oriol}}

Category:1969 births

Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni

Category:Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Barcelona

Category:Academics from Catalonia

Category:Historians from Catalonia

Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees

Category:Economy ministers of Catalonia

Category:Finance ministers of Catalonia

Category:Living people

Category:Mayors of places in Catalonia

Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia

Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia

Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia

Category:Presidents of the Republican Left of Catalonia

Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain

Category:Republican Left of Catalonia MEPs

Category:Vice presidents of Catalonia

Category:Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)

Category:MEPs for Spain 2009–2014

Category:People barred from public office

Category:Catalan Roman Catholics

Category:Spanish politicians convicted of crimes