:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi

File:Eŭropo-placo C-K.JPG, Austria]]

Coudenhove-Kalergi was the second son of Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi (1859–1906), an Austro-Hungarian count and diplomat. His mother was Mitsuko Aoyama (1874–1941). His father, who spoke sixteen languages and embraced travel as the only means of prolonging life yet died in his forties, had prematurely abandoned a career in the Austrian diplomatic service that took him to Athens, Constantinople, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, to devote himself to study and writing.

Coudenhove-Kalergi's parents met when his mother helped the Austro-Hungarian diplomat after he fell off a horse while riding in Japan. In commenting on their union, Whittaker Chambers described the future originator of Pan-Europe as "practically a Pan-European organization himself." He elaborated: "The Coudenhoves were a wealthy Flemish family that fled to Austria during the French Revolution. The Kalergis were a wealthy Greek family from Crete. The line has been further crossed with Poles, Norwegians, Balts, French and Germans".

{{cite book

| author=Whittaker Chambers

| author-link=Whittaker Chambers

| editor=Terry Teachout

| title=Ghosts on the Roof: Selected Journalism

| publisher=Transaction Publishers

| url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203790786-14/historian-history-maker-teachout-terry-hindus-milton

| date=1996

| doi=10.4324/9780203790786 | isbn=9780203790786

}} The Kalergis family roots claim their descent from Byzantine royalty via Venetian aristocracy, connecting with the Phokas imperial dynasty. In 1300, Coudenhove-Kalergi's ancestor Alexios Phokas-Kalergis signed the treaty that made Crete a dominion of Venice.

During his childhood, Coudenhove-Kalergi's mother had read aloud to him Momotarō and other Japanese fairy tales.{{cite web |url= http://sucra.saitama-u.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/download.php/KYO-KJ00004106292.pdf?file_id=20505|title= 研究ノート : 欧州統合の提唱者、クーデンホーフ・カレルギーの思想と行動 An Advocate of the European Integration, Coudenhove-Kalergi's Original Idea and Activities|last1=NAITO|first1=Tetsuo|date= 31 March 2006|language=ja|publisher= Saitama United Cyber Repository of Academic Resources (SUCRA)|page=169|format= PDF|access-date=22 October 2013|quote={{Lang|ja|幼き日に母親に日本の童話、例えば「桃太郎」を読んでもらったとの彼の回想がある}}}}

File:Poběžovice zámek(3).jpg.]]

Coudenhove-Kalergi spent his adolescence on Bohemian family estates in Ronsperg, known today as Poběžovice. His father personally taught his two sons Russian and Hungarian{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} and toughened them both physically and morally. He took them on long walks in all weather, made them sleep on straw mattresses and take cold showers, and taught them to shoot and fence so well that no one would ever dare challenge them. He also took them to Mass every Sunday. On every Good Friday, as the liturgy came to the exhortation "oremus et pro perfidis Judaeis" ("Let us also pray for the perfidious Jews"), the old count allegedly rose and walked out of the church in a protest against this expression of antisemitism.

Coudenhove-Kalergi studied at the Augustiner-Gymnasium in Brixen before attending the Theresianische Akademie in Vienna from 1908 until 1913. He obtained his doctorate in philosophy with a thesis on Die Objectivität als Grundprinzip der Moral (Objectivity as the Fundamental Principle of Morals) in 1917 from the University of Vienna.

During his student years, Coudenhove-Kalergi married the famous Jewish Viennese actress Ida Roland in April 1915. His marriage to a divorcée thirteen years his senior, and a commoner, caused a temporary split with his family. His mother Mitsuko did not accept Ida, considering her a "beggar living on the riverbank,"{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013a}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/mitsuko2-3.htm chpt. (3)]: "{{Lang|ja|河原乞食}}" a traditional Japanese point of view against actors and performers. His mother, as head of the family, banned him from the family temporarily, but relented when Coudenhove-Kalergi became renowned for his pan-European concept.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

He was Aristocratic in his origins and this reflected in his ideas, Coudenhove-Kalergi identified and collaborated with such politicians as Engelbert Dollfuss, Kurt Schuschnigg, Otto von Habsburg, Winston Churchill, and Charles de Gaulle.{{harvnb|Gehler|p=186}} His ideal political constituent was a gentleman who must respect and protect ladies, a person adhering to honesty, fair play, courtesy, and rational discourse.{{cite web |url= http://wais.stanford.edu/ztopics/week110104/democracy_coudenhovekalergi_110104.htm|title= Democracy and the concept of gentleman: Coudenhove-Kalergi|last1=Hilton|first1=Ronald|author-link1=Ronald Hilton|date= 19 November 2004|publisher= World Association of International Studies (WAIS) at Stanford University|access-date=31 October 2014|quote=for Coudenhove-Kalergi it meant adherence to the ideals [ . . . ]: honesty, fair play, courtesy, rational discourse.}}{{cite web|url= http://yuaikyoukai.com/english.html|title= "Yuai" for Understanding|publisher= Yuai Association|access-date= 4 February 2016|quote= ... the word Gentleman as he used referred to British type Gentleman in the chivalric medieval Europe, who may be characterized by such attributes as elegant, well-educated, polite, honest, humorous, cleanly, etc. ... Gentleman, however, must bear the moral responsibility to respect and protect Lady ...|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140826122803/http://yuaikyoukai.com/english.html|archive-date= 26 August 2014}}

{{Conservatism in Austria|Politicians}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P0214-511, Berlin, Thomas Mann.jpg on 17 May 1930]]

Coudenhove-Kalergi is recognized as the founder of the first popular movement for a united Europe. His intellectual influences ranged from Immanuel Kant, Rudolf Kjellén and Oswald Spengler to Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. In politics, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the Fourteen Points made by Woodrow Wilson on 8 January 1918 and pacifist initiatives of Kurt Hiller. In December 1921, he joined the Masonic lodge "Humanitas" in Vienna.{{harvnb|Jajeśniak-Quast|2010|p=131}} According to Stephen Dorril, in 1922, he co-founded{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} the Pan-European Union (PEU), as "the only way of guarding against an eventual world hegemony by Russia."{{harvnb|Dorril|2000|p=165}}{{unreliable inline|date=June 2023}} In 1923, he published a manifesto entitled Pan-Europa, each copy containing a membership form which invited the reader to become a member of the Pan-Europa movement. He favored social democracy as an improvement on "the feudal aristocracy of the sword" but his ambition was to create a conservative society that superseded democracy with "the social aristocracy of the spirit."{{harvnb|Rosamond|2000|pp=21–22}} European freemason lodges supported his movement, including the lodge Humanitas.{{harvnb|Ziegerhofer|2004}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EHXg3QdGAtAC&pg=PA50 chpt. V – 3] Pan-Europa was translated into the languages of European countries (excluding Italian, which edition was not published at that time), the constructed language Occidental{{Cite book|title=Li Pan-Europan manifest|year=1926|oclc=715498832}} and a multitude of other languages, except for Russian.{{harvnb|Hewitson|D'Auria|2012}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7GRYc9sOoWUC&pg=PA107 p. 107]

In April 1924, Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the journal Paneuropa (1924–1938) of which he was editor and principal author. The next year he started publishing his main work, the Kampf um Paneuropa (The fight for Paneuropa, 1925–1928, three volumes). In 1926, the first Congress of the Pan-European Union was held in Vienna and the 2,000 delegates elected Coudenhove-Kalergi as president of the Central Council, a position he held until his death in 1972.

His original vision was for a world divided into only five states: a United States of Europe that would link continental countries with French and Italian possessions in Africa; a Pan-American Union encompassing North and South Americas; the British Commonwealth circling the globe; the USSR spanning Eurasia; and a Pan-Asian Union whereby Japan and China would control most of the Pacific. To him, the only hope for a Europe devastated by war was to federate along lines that the Hungarian-born Romanian Aurel Popovici and others had proposed for the dissolved multinational Empire of Austria-Hungary. According to Coudenhove-Kalergi, Pan-Europe would encompass and extend a more flexible and more competitive Austria-Hungary, with English serving as the world language, spoken by everyone in addition to their native tongue. He believed that individualism and socialism would learn to cooperate instead of compete, and urged that capitalism and communism cross-fertilise each other just as the Protestant Reformation had spurred the Catholic Church to regenerate itself.{{harvnb|Lipgens|1984|p=712}}; {{harvnb|Johnston|1983|pp=320–321}}

Coudenhove-Kalergi attempted to enlist prominent European politicians in his pan-European cause. He offered the presidency of the Austrian branch of the Pan-European Union to Ignaz Seipel, who accepted the offer unhesitatingly and rewarded his beneficiary with an office in the old Imperial palace in Vienna. Coudenhove-Kalergi had less success with Tomáš Masaryk, who referred him to his uncooperative Prime Minister Edvard Beneš. However, the idea of pan-Europe elicited support from politicians as diverse as the Italian anti-Fascist politician Carlo Sforza and the German President of the Reichsbank under Hitler, Hjalmar Schacht. Although Coudenhove-Kalergi found himself unable to sway Benito Mussolini, his ideas influenced Aristide Briand through his speech in favour of a European Union in the League of Nations on 8 September 1929, as well as his famous 1930 "Memorandum on the Organisation of a Regime of European Federal Union."{{harvnb|Weigall|Stirk|1992|pp=11–15}}

Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" as the Anthem of Europe in 1929, which he later proposed in 1955 as Anthem for the European Union. In 1930, he proposed a Europe Day in May and in 1932 he proposed to celebrate every 17 May, the anniversary of Aristide Briand's "Memorandum" being published in 1930.{{harvnb|Guieu|Le Dréau|2009}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM1BquiVHIC&pg=PA176 p. 176]: "{{Lang|fr| il a proposé dès 1932 une journée de l'Europe qui serait célébrée chaque 17 mai, jour de la publication du Mémorandum Briand.}}"

His Pan-Europeanism earned vivid loathing from Adolf Hitler, who excoriated its pacifism and mechanical economism and belittled its founder as "a bastard."{{harvnb|Burleigh|2001|p=426}}; {{harvnb|Lipgens|1984|p=37}}; Coudenhove-Kalergi once again approached Mussolini on 10 May 1933 in a futile attempt to form a union of Latin nations against Nazi Germany.{{harv|Lipgens|1984|pp=180–184}}{{harvnb|Persson|Stråth|2007}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=P32dNnKCYLcC&pg=PA114 p. 114] Hitler's view of Coudenhove-Kalergi was that the "rootless, cosmopolitan, and elitist half-breed" was going to repeat the historical mistakes of Coudenhove ancestors who had served the House of Habsburg.{{harvnb|Mazower|2013}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=opefF4rAL6YC&pg=PR691 p. 691] In 1928, Hitler wrote about his political opponent in his Zweites Buch, describing him as "{{Lang|de|Aller welts bastarden (commonplace bastard) Coudenhove}}".{{cite book |last= Hitler|first= Adolf|title= Zweites Buch|url= https://archive.org/details/HitlerAdolf-DasGeheimeZweiteBuch|language= de|date= 1928|quote= {{Lang|de|Dieses Paneuropa nach Auffassung des Allerweltsbastarden Coudenhove würde der amerikanischen Union oder einem national erwachten China gegenüber einst dieselbe Rolle spielen wie der altösterreichische Staat gegenüber Deutschland oder Rußland.}}}}{{harvnb|Ziegerhofer|2004}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EHXg3QdGAtAC&pg=PA425 p. 425]

Hitler argued in his 1928 Secret Book that they are unfit for the future defense of Europe against America. As America fills its North American lebensraum, "the natural activist urge that is peculiar to young nations will turn outward." But then "a pacifist-democratic Pan-European hodgepodge state" would not be able to oppose the United States, as it is "according to the conception of that commonplace bastard, Coudenhove-Kalergi..."Hitler's Secret Book, 1928, (tr. Attanasio, Salvator, New York: Grove Press, 1962), p 107. Nazi criticism and propaganda against Coudenhove-Kalergi, and his European worldview, would decades later form the basis of the racist Kalergi plan conspiracy theory.{{cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2018/01/16/piano-kalergi/|title=Che cos'è – o sarebbe – il "Piano Kalergi" |language=it|trans-title=What is - or would be - the "Kalergi Plan"|publisher=Il Post|date=January 16, 2018|quote=The reasons why Kalergi has once again become a scarecrow of the extreme right are quite evident by re-reading what Hitler wrote about him more than 80 years ago. Kalergi argued for the need to temper the differences between peoples in the name of a collective community, wider than the individual state, a recipe that can only be greeted with annoyance by the nationalists of the 1930s as well as those of the 2000s.}}

Nazis considered the Pan-European Union to be under the control of Freemasonry.{{harvnb|Levy|2007}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wNb4RXDxEt4C&pg=PA394 p. 394] In 1938, a Nazi propaganda book, {{Lang|de|Die Freimaurerei: Weltanschauung, Organisation und Politik}} (Freemasonry: Its World View, Organization and Policies), was released in German, which targeted Coudenhove-Kalergi's membership of Freemasonry, the organization suppressed by Nazis.{{harvnb|Schwarz|1938|p=22}}: "{{Lang|de|der freimaurer Coudenhove-Kalergi}}" Coudenhove-Kalergi had already left the Viennese Masonic Lodge in 1926 to avoid the criticism that occurred at that time of the relationship between the Pan-European movement and Freemasonry.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

File:Casablanca, Paul Henreid.JPG

After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, Coudenhove-Kalergi fled to Czechoslovakia, and thence to France. As France fell to Germany in 1940, he escaped to the United States by way of Switzerland and Portugal. When he passed a few days after the successful escape to the United States, he listened to the radio announcing the possibility that he had died.{{harvnb|Coudenhove-Kalergi|1953|p=234}} (Roy Publishers) During World War II, he continued his call for the unification of Europe along the Paris-London axis. His wartime politics and adventures served as the real life basis for fictional Resistance hero Victor Laszlo, the Paul Henreid character in Casablanca.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

Coudenhove-Kalergi published his work Crusade for Paneurope in 1944. His appeal for the unification of Europe enjoyed some support from Winston Churchill, Allen Dulles, and "Wild Bill" Donovan.{{harvnb|Dorril|2000|pp=166–167}} After the announcement of the Atlantic Charter on 14 August 1941, he composed a memorandum entitled "Austria's Independence in the light of the Atlantic Charter" and sent it to Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In his position statement, Coudenhove-Kalergi took up the goals of the charter and recommended himself as head of government in exile. Both Churchill and Roosevelt distanced themselves from this document. From 1942 until his return to France in 1945, he taught at the New York University, which appointed him professor of history in 1944. At the same university Professor Ludwig von Mises studied currency problems for Coudenhove-Kalergi's movement.{{harvnb|Coudenhove-Kalergi|1953|p=247}} (Hutchinson)

On 22 July 1943, Nazis deprived him of his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Vienna, with the racist argument, that as a "Jew" he was not considered worthy of an academic degree from a German university ("eines akademischen Grades einer deutschen Hochschule unwürdig") – even though he was not Jewish nor was his family Jewish. His doctorate degree was only regranted on 15 May 1955, six years after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany and thus ten years after the end of Nazism.{{cite web | title=Memorial book | website=Gedenkbuch | date=30 June 2009 | url=https://gedenkbuch.univie.ac.at/en/page/1/person/richard-nikolaus-coudenhove-kalergi | access-date=22 June 2023}}

The end of the World War II inaugurated a revival of pan-European hopes. In the winter of 1945, Harry S. Truman read an article in the December issue of Collier's magazine that Coudenhove-Kalergi posted about the integration of Europe. His article impressed Truman, and it was adopted to the United States' official policy.{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013b}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKexp2-3.htm chpt. (3)] Winston Churchill's celebrated speech of 19 September 1946 to the Academic Youth in Zurich commended "the exertions of the Pan-European Union which owes so much to Count Coudenhove-Kalergi and which commanded the services of the famous French patriot and statesman Aristide Briand."{{harvnb|Lipgens|Loth|1988}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eJa0QAQiKNsC&pg=PA664 p. 664]; {{harvnb|Churchill|2003|pp=427–430}} In November 1946 and the spring of 1947, Coudenhove-Kalergi circulated an enquiry addressed to members of European parliaments. This enquiry resulted in the founding of the European Parliamentary Union (EPU), a nominally private organization that held its preliminary conference on 4–5 July at Gstaad, Switzerland, and followed it with its first full conference from 8 to 12 September. Speaking at the first EPU conference, Coudenhove-Kalergi argued that the constitution of a wide market with a stable currency was the vehicle for Europe to reconstruct its potential and take the place it deserves within the concert of Nations. On less guarded occasions he was heard to advocate a revival of Charlemagne's empire.{{harvnb|Lipgens|Loth|1988}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eJa0QAQiKNsC&pg=PA537 p. 537] In 1950 he received the first annual Karlspreis (Charlemagne Award), given by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace. In Japan, a politician Ichirō Hatoyama was influenced by Coudenhove-Kalergi's fraternity in his book The Totalitarian State Against Man. It was translated into Japanese by Hatoyama and published in 1952. Coudenhove-Kalergi was appointed the honorary chairman of the fraternal youth association that Hatoyama, with the influence of his book, had established in 1953.

In 1955, he proposed the Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" as the music for the European Anthem,{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Historical_Content/hymn/kalergi1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108214702/http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Historical_Content/hymn/kalergi1.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2008 |title=Union Paneuropéenne |date=3 August 1955|language= fr}} ([http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/exchange_of_letters_between_richard_coudenhove_kalergi_and_paul_m_g_levy_3_august_1955_to_5_september_1955-en-34a3b196-9a23-4e9e-a977-94e31495b169.html digital document] by CVCE) a suggestion that the Council of Europe took up 16 years later.

File:Plaque Place Richard Coudenhove Kalergi - Paris XVI (FR75) - 2021-08-18 - 1.jpg]]

In the 1960s, Coudenhove-Kalergi urged Austria to pursue "an active policy of peace", as a "fight against the Cold War and its continuation, the atomic war". He advocated Austrian involvement in world politics in order to keep the peace, as "active neutrality". He continued his advocacy of European unification in memoranda circulated to the governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. He recommended negotiations between the European Community and the European Free Trade Association towards forming a "European customs union" that would be free of political and military connections, but would eventually adopt a monetary union.

In his 1925 book Practical Idealism, Coudenhove-Kalergi theorized that the historical development causing the death of European hereditary social classes would lead to an all-encompassing race of the future made up of "Eurasian-Negroid[s]", would replace "the diversity of peoples" and "[t]oday's races and classes" with a "diversity of individuals".{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/Coudenhove-Kalergi-Praktischer_Idealismus-1925/page/n23/mode/2up |title=Praktischer Idealismus |first=R. N. |last=Coudenhove-Kalergi |year=1925 |publisher=Paneuropa-Verlag |location=Vienna-Leipzig |pages=22–23 |language=de |quote={{lang|de|Der Mensch der fernen Zukunft wird Mischling sein. Die heutigen Rassen und Kasten werden der zunehmenden Überwindung von Raum, Zeit und Vorurteil zum Opfer fallen. Die eurasisch-negroide Zukunftsrasse, äusserlich dem altägyptischen ähnlich, wird die Vielfalt der Völker durch eine Vielfalt der Persönlichkeiten ersetzen}} }}{{cite book |url=https://ia601304.us.archive.org/26/items/practical-idealism-english-ver-1-2/Practical_Idealism_English_Ver_1_2.pdf |title=Practical Idealism, English ver. 1.2 |first=R. N. |last=Coudenhove-Kalergi |language =en |page=30 |others=Trans. Curtis White |year=1925 |quote="Man of the distant future will be a hybrid. Today's races and castes will fall victim to the growing defeat of space, time, and prejudice. The Eurasian-Negroid race of the future, outwardly similar to the ancient Egyptian, will replace the diversity of peoples with a diversity of individuals."}}

In an interview in the first Pan-European Congress in 1926, he expressed the support of Jews by the pan-European movement and the benefits to Jews with the elimination of racial hatred and economic rivalry brought by the United States of Europe.{{citation |date= 5 October 1926|title= Jews Participate in Pan-europe Congress Sessions in Vienna|publisher= Jewish Telegraphic Agency|url= http://www.jta.org/1926/10/05/archive/jews-participate-in-pan-europe-congress-sessions-in-vienna|access-date= 5 November 2014}}

In 1932, Coudenhove-Kalergi composed, and had his publishing house reissue, a preface for a new edition of his father Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi's condemnation of antisemitism in his later life. In 1933, he responded to the ascendance of Nazism by collaborating with Heinrich Mann, Arthur Holitscher, Lion Feuchtwanger, and Max Brod in writing and publishing the pamphlet Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling ("Against the Phrase 'Jewish Parasite'").{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/FNGK553JLBGYHWHPQXZQF43UFW7UT3PX|title=Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling|website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek|lang=de|access-date=13 May 2025}}

The Pan-European idea influenced a young Japanese diplomat – in the future, the president of Kajima Corporation – Morinosuke Kajima during his residence in Berlin in 1922.{{harvnb|Hirakawa|2011|pp=40–42}} Coudenhove-Kalergi formed a friendship with Kajima and then asked him to translate the book Pan-Europa into Japanese. He proposed Pan-Asia to Kajima and promised to give Dutch East Indies as their friendship after the realization of the task to establish Pan-Asia. Kajima published Pan-Europa in Japanese in 1927. In 1930 Kajima retired from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to become MP. His ambition to become an MP was due to Coudenhove-Kalergi's influence.{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013c}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-3.htm chpt. (3)] In 1970–1971 he published the complete works of Coudenhove-Kalergi from Kajima Institute Publishing that was established by Morinosuke Kajima. He respected Coudenhove-Kalergi over a lifetime, dreaming of the realization of Pan-Asia.

In Japan, the Pan-European idea also influenced a journalist Yoshinori Maeda, the president of NHK. He became a pioneer of Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union with the image of Pan-Europa that he read in his student days.{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013c}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-2.htm chpt. (2)]

In 1953 Ichirō Hatoyama established Yuai Youth Association (later Yuai Association), the fraternal association as the successor of fraternity that Coudenhove-Kalergi mentioned in The Totalitarian State Against Man. The Japanese word {{nihongo|yūai|友愛}} has several meanings but especially the word used by Hatoyama means fraternity and in German brüderlichkeit.{{harvnb|Pempel|Lee|2012}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=umb2lVHU81IC&pg=PA137 p. 137] It can also be considered equivalent to "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" (Brotherhood), the motto of the French Republic. An educator Kaoru Hatoyama became the second president of the association after her husband Ichirō, the first president, died in 1959.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In 1967 Coudenhove-Kalergi was awarded the Kajima Peace Award, and was invited to Japan by Morinosuke Kajima as the president of Kajima Institute of International Peace, Yoshinori Maeda as the president of NHK, and Kaoru Hatoyama as the president of Yuai Youth Association. Together with his second wife Alexandra in a wheelchair,{{cite web |year= 2013|url= http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap0.htm|script-title=ja:クーデンホーフ・カレルギーと日本の関係|last1=Tozawa|first1=Hidenori|publisher= Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)|access-date=17 November 2014|language=ja }} Coudenhove-Kalergi stayed in Japan from 26 October to 8 November. He was also accompanied by his young brother Gerolf's daughter Barbara.{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013c}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-5.htm chpt. (5)] Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi was also awarded First Order of the Sacred Treasure of Japan. He was granted an audience with the Emperor Hirohito, Empress Kōjun, their son Crown Prince Akihito to whom he had presented his book in 1953 in Switzerland, and Crown Princess Michiko. This time, he had returned to Japan for the first time since his childhood 71 years earlier. He gave several lectures and met various leaders. Coudenhove-Kalergi spent 2 weeks in Japan as a guest of Japanese TV, radio, newspaper, magazines and other media.{{harvnb|Kajima MONTHLY REPORT DIGEST|2005}} While in Japan, Coudenhove-Kalergi specifically asked for a meeting with the president of Soka Gakkai, Daisaku Ikeda, as Coudenhove-Kalergi had been interested in Ikeda's work for many years.{{harvnb|Tozawa|2013d}}, [http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap3.htm chpt. (1)]

File:Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG, Vienna]]

According to a masonic report,{{clarify|what does this mean?|date=June 2023}} Coudenhove-Kalergi died of a stroke.{{harvnb|Zuber|1995}} His secretary, however, indicated that Coudenhove-Kalergi possibly committed suicide. In the memoir his secretary wrote, she said his death had been kept secret so as not to disappoint those who considered him to be the great visionary of European integration.{{cite web |url= http://www.dw.de/27112001-пан-европейское-движение-документы/a-444966|script-title=ru:Пан-европейское движение: документы|last1= Huseynov|first1= Hasan|date= 27 November 2001|language= ru|publisher= Deutsche Welle|access-date=31 October 2014}} Coudenhove-Kalergi was the head of the Pan-European Union until his death. Otto von Habsburg succeeded him as president.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Coudenhove-Kalergi is buried at Gruben near Gstaad.{{harvnb|Jilek|p=208}} His grave, covered with wild grapes, is located in a Japanese rock garden in the Swiss Alps. Upon the grave is the French epitaph "{{Lang|fr|Pionnier des États-Unis d'Europe}}" (Pioneer of the United States of Europe).{{cite web |url= http://www.businessmir.ch/?p=153327&language=en|title= COUNT COUDENHOVE-KALERGI: SWITZERLAND AS THE MODEL OF EUROPEAN UNITY|last1= Aizpurvit|first1= Katerina|date= June 2011|publisher= Business Mir|access-date=31 October 2014}}

Coudenhove-Kalergi was married three times: to Ida Roland (1881–1951), to Alexandra Gräfin von Tiele-Winckler (1896–1968), and to Melanie Benatzky-Hoffmann (1909–1983). His known children were Ida's daughter Erika and Alexandra's son Alexander, both of whom were his step-children.{{harvnb|Pernhorst|2008|p=38}}

• Objektivität als Grundprinzip der Moral. Phil.diss. (1917)
• Apologie der Technik (1922)
• Adel (1922)
• Ethik und Hyperethik (1922); Héros ou Saint (1929), the Cahiers Internationaux series of the publisher Les Editions Rieder, 7, Place Saint-Sulpice, Paris, translated from German into French by Marcel Beaufils
• Pan-Europa (1923), Paneuropa Verlag; Pan-Europe (1926), Knopf, abridged, with an introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler
• Krise der Weltanschauung (1923)
• Pazifismus (1924)
• Deutschlands Europäische Sendung. Ein Gespräch (1924)
• Praktischer Idealismus: Adel, Technik, Pazifismus (1925). [https://ia601304.us.archive.org/26/items/practical-idealism-english-ver-1-2/Practical_Idealism_English_Ver_1_2.pdf English translation.]
• Kampf um Paneuropa (3 Volumes, 1925–28)
• Held oder Heiliger (1927)
• Was will Paneuropa? (1929)
• Brüning – Hitler: Revision der Bündnispolitik (1931), Paneuropa-Verlag
• Stalin & Co. (1931)
• Gebote des Lebens (German/Japanese dual-language edition) (1931)
• Los vom Materialismus! (1931)
• La lutte pour l'Europe (1931)
• Los vom Materialismus (1931)
• Revolution durch Technik (1932)
• Das Paneuropa ABC (1932)
• Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling (1933), co-authored with Heinrich Mann, Arthur Holitscher, Lion Feuchtwanger, and Max Brod
• Europa erwacht! (1934)
• Judenhaß von heute: Graf H. Coudenhofe-Kalergi. Das Wesen des Antisemitismus (1935)
• Paneuropa kämpft für Friede, Arbeit, Brot! (1935)
• Europa ohne Elend: Ausgewählte Reden (1936)
• Zusammenschluss oder Zusammenbruch! (1936)
• Judenhaß! (1937)
• Totaler Staat – Totaler Mensch (1937), Paneuropa Verlag; The Totalitarian State Against Man, with an introduction by Wickham Steed, translated by Sir Andrew Mc Fadyean (1938), London, Frederick Muller Ltd.
• [https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2006/4/24/87035567-586c-4a12-99e7-6857ee13f146/publishable_en.pdf Europe Must Unite], translated by Sir Andrew Mc Fadyean (1939)
• Kommen die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa? (1938) Translated by Andre McFadyean as "Europe Must Unite" (1939)
• Die europäische Mission der Frau (1940)
• Crusade for Pan-Europe (1943)
• Europe Seeks Unity (introduction by William Bullitt) (1948)
• Kampf um Europa (1949)
• Ida Roland: In Memoriam (1951)
• Die Europäische Nation (1953)
• Der Gentleman (1953)
• Mutterland Europa (1953)
• An Idea Conquers the World, with a preface by Winston S. Churchill (1953)
• Vom Ewigen Krieg zum Großen Frieden (1956) Translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon as "From War to Peace" (1959)
• Eine Idee erobert Europa (1958)
• Die europäische Mission der Frau (1962)
• Die Wiedervereinigung Europas (1964)
• Totaler Mensch – Totaler Staat (1965)
• Ein Leben für Europa (1966)
• Paneuropa, 1922–1966 (1966)
• Für die Revolution der Brüderlichkeit (1968), Zurich, Verlag Die Waage
• {{nihongo|Bi no Kuni – Nihon heno Kikyou |{{Abbr|美の国|Country of Beauty}} – {{Abbr|日本への帰郷|Homecoming to Japan}}}}, translated into Japanese by Morinosuke Kajima (1968), Tokyo, Kajima Institute Publishing
• Weltmacht Europa (1971)
• {{nihongo|Bunmei – Nishi to Higashi|{{Abbr|文明|Civilization}} – {{Abbr|西と東|West and East}}}}, interview collection with Daisaku Ikeda (1972), Tokyo, publication branch of Sankei Shimbun Co., Ltd.

• 1950: Charlemagne Prize
• 1954: Officer of the Legion of Honour{{harvnb|Kosch|2003}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NmR_GZTZOecC&pg=PA2064 p. 374]
• 1962: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star of the Republic of Austria
• 1965: Sonning Prize
• 1966: {{lang|de|Europäischer Karlspreis der Sudetendeutschen Landsmannschaft}}
• 1967: Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class of Japan
• 1967: Kajima Peace Award
• 1972: Konrad Adenauer Prize
• 1972: Knight Commander's Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany{{cite web |url=http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.12596/ |title=Tabellarischer Lebenslauf: Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi |language=de|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung |access-date= 27 January 2015|date=27 August 2013 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.11513/ |title=Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nikolaus Graf |language=de|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung |access-date= 27 January 2015|date=18 July 2012 }}
• Dr. h. c. of Nihon University
• {{lang|de|Ehrenbürgerwürde der Universität Frankfurt a. M.}}{{harvnb|Duchhardt|2005}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BPjFiEV1PDQC&pg=PA306 p. 306]
• Nobel Peace Prize nominee in 59 nominations, known by 1971 so far.{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=1991 |title=Count Richard Nicolas Coudenhove-Kalergi |date=April 2020 |publisher=Official web site of the Nobel Prize |access-date= 15 January 2023}} 1972 is still concealed.

• Federal Europe
• Ideas of European unity before 1945
• Pan-European nationalism
• Founding fathers of the European Union

{{reflist|2}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite web |year= 2013a|url= http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/mitsuko0.htm|script-title=ja:ミツコ・クーデンホーフ・カレルギー (青山光子)|last1=Tozawa|first1=Hidenori|publisher= Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)|access-date=31 October 2014|language=ja }}
• {{cite web |year= 2013b|url= http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKexp0.htm|script-title=ja:リヒャルト・クーデンホーフ・カレルギー|last1=Tozawa|first1=Hidenori|publisher= Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)|access-date=4 November 2014|language=ja }}
• {{cite web |year= 2013c|url= http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1.htm|script-title=ja:クーデンホーフ・カレルギーと鹿島守之助|last1=Tozawa|first1=Hidenori|publisher= Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)|access-date=17 November 2014|language=ja }}
• {{cite web |year= 2013d|url= http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap3.htm|script-title=ja:クーデンホーフ・カレルギーと創価学会|last1=Tozawa|first1=Hidenori|publisher= Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)|access-date=17 November 2014|language=ja }}
• {{cite journal |journal=Kajima MONTHLY REPORT DIGEST |date= April 2005|url= http://www.kajima.co.jp/news/digest/apr_2005/tokushu/toku03.htm|script-title=ja:第3話 鹿島平和賞授賞の舞台|publisher= Kajima Corporation|access-date=17 November 2014|language=ja | ref={{sfnref|Kajima MONTHLY REPORT DIGEST|2005}}}}
• {{cite web|year= 2011|url= http://www.aisf.or.jp/sgra/member/gcitizen/report/SGRAreport58.pdf|title= English Edition: Dr. Morinosuke Kajima and Pan-Asianism|last1= Hirakawa|first1= Hitoshi|publisher= Atsumi International Scholarship Foundation (AISF) / Sekiguchi Global Research Association (SGRA)|series= SGRA Report No. 58|access-date= 17 November 2014|pages= 37–77|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012955/http://www.aisf.or.jp/sgra/member/gcitizen/report/SGRAreport58.pdf|archive-date= 29 November 2014}}
• {{cite book |last1= Persson|first1= Hans-Åke|last2= Stråth|first2= Bo|title= Reflections on Europe: Defining a Political Order in Time and Space|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P32dNnKCYLcC|location= Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien|series= Europe plurielle / Multiple Europes|volume= 37|publisher= Peter Lang|date= 2007|isbn= 9789052010656 }}
• {{citation| last = Chambers| first = Whittaker|author-link1= Whittaker Chambers| title = Historian and History Maker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q_21PmqXM8C&pg=PA74| publisher = The American Mercury| date = January 1944| isbn = 9781412824590}}
• {{cite web |url= http://www.tokai.ac.jp/spirit/archives/human/pdf/hs09/03_05.pdf|title= A Visionary proved Himself to be a Realist: Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austria, and the "United States of Europe", 1923–2003|last= Gehler|first= Michael|series= Europe on its Way to Unity. From Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan-European Vision to the Treaty of Athens|publisher= Tokai University Human Security review [2004/2005], No. 9|pages= 171–186|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110930141354/http://www.tokai.ac.jp/spirit/archives/human/pdf/hs09/03_05.pdf|archive-date= 30 September 2011|access-date= 4 November 2014}}
• {{cite web |url= http://www.tokai.ac.jp/spirit/archives/human/pdf/hs09/03_09.pdf|title= Pan-Europe de Coudenhove-Kalergi: l'homme, le projet et le mouvement paneuropéen|last= Jilek|first= Lubor|language=fr|publisher= Tokai University Human Security review [2004/2005], No. 9|pages= 205–209|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110930141407/http://www.tokai.ac.jp/spirit/archives/human/pdf/hs09/03_09.pdf|archive-date= 30 September 2011|access-date= 4 November 2014}}
• {{citation|last= Dorril|first= Stephen|author-link1= Stephen Dorril|year= 2000|title= MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service|publisher= Free Press|oclc= 607416701}}
• {{citation|last= Rosamond|first= Ben|year= 2000|title= Theories of European Integration|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|oclc= 442641648}}
• {{citation|editor-last1= Hewitson |editor-first1= Mark|editor-last2= D'Auria |editor-first2= Matthew |year= 2012|title= Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GRYc9sOoWUC|publisher= Berghahn Books|isbn= 9780857457288 }}
• {{cite book |last= Ziegerhofer|first= Anita|title= Botschafter Europas: Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi und die Paneuropa-Bewegung in den zwanziger und dreissiger Jahren|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EHXg3QdGAtAC|location= Wien|language= de|publisher= Böhlau Verlag|date= 2004|isbn= 9783205772170 }}
• {{citation|editor-last= Lipgens|editor-first= Walter|year= 1984|title= Documents on the History of European Integration, Volume 1: Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|oclc= 406352658}}
• {{citation|editor1-last= Lipgens|editor1-first= Walter|editor2-last= Loth|editor2-first= Wilfried|year= 1988|title= Documents on the History of European Integration, Volume 3: The Struggle for European Union by Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Western European Countries 1945–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJa0QAQiKNsC|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 9783110114294}}
• {{citation|last= Johnston|first= William M.|author-link= Will Johnston|year= 1983|title= The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC|publisher= University of California Press|isbn= 9780520049550}}
• {{citation|editor1-last= Weigall|editor1-first= David|editor2-last= Stirk|editor2-first= Peter M. R.|year= 1992|title= The Origins and Development of the European Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_he0AAAAIAAJ|publisher= Leicester: Leicester University Press|isbn= 9780718514280}}
• {{cite book |last1= Guieu|first1= Jean-Michel|last2= Le Dréau|first2= Christophe|title= Le " Congrès de l'Europe " à La Haye (1948–2008)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM1BquiVHIC|location= Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien|series= Euroclio series|language= fr|volume= 49|publisher= Peter Lang|date= 2009|isbn= 9789052015736 }}
• {{citation|last= Burleigh|first= Michael|author-link1= Michael Burleigh|year= 2001|title= The Third Reich: A New History|publisher= Hill and Wang|oclc= 44084002}}
• {{citation|last= Mazower|first= Mark|author-link1= Mark Mazower|year= 2013|title= Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opefF4rAL6YC|publisher= Penguin UK|isbn=9780141917504}}
• {{cite book|last= Schwarz|first= Dieter|year=1938|title= Die Freimaurerei: Weltanschauung, Organisation und Politik|url= https://archive.org/details/Schwarz-Dieter-Die-Freimaurerei|publisher=Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH|location=Berlin }} (with an introduction by Reinhard Heydrich)
• {{cite book|last= Denslow|first= William R.|year=1957|title= 10,000 Famous Freemasons|url= http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_1_A_to_D.htm|publisher=Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.|location=Richmond, Virginia }} (with an introduction by Harry S. Truman)
• {{citation|last= Jajeśniak-Quast|first= Dagmara|year= 2010|title= Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau Bd. 23|chapter= Polish Economic Circles and the Question of the Common European Market after World War I|chapter-url=http://www.perspectivia.net/content/publikationen/ev-warschau/kohlrausch-steffen-wiederkehr_cultures/jajesniak-quast_circles|publisher= Fibre-Verlag|isbn= 9783938400586}}
• {{cite book |last= Levy|first= Jonathan|title= The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, and East Central European Federalismahren|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wNb4RXDxEt4C|publisher= Universal-Publishers|date= 2007|isbn= 9781581123692}} The role of Count Coudenhove-Kalergi in east central European federalism is reexamined.
• {{citation|last= Churchill|first= Winston S.|year= 2003|title= Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPR69tBYyWkC|publisher= Hyperion|isbn= 9781401300562}}
• {{citation|last= Langmuir|first= Gavin I.|author-link= Gavin I. Langmuir|title= History, Religion, and Antisemitism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1ySMxcXkjIC|isbn= 9780520912267|date= 8 May 1990|publisher= University of California Press}}
• {{citation|last= Robertson|first= Ritchie|author-link1= Ritchie Robertson|year= 1999|title= The "Jewish Question" in German Literature, 1749–1939: Emancipation and Its Discontents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laFtAAAAMAAJ|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780198186311}}
• {{citation|last1= Pempel|first1= T.J.|author-link1= T. J. Pempel|last2= Lee|first2= Chung-Min|year= 2012|title= Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Architecture and Beyond|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=umb2lVHU81IC|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781136309847}}
• {{cite book |last= Zuber|first= Otto|year= 1995|title= Jahrbuch der Forschungsloge Quatuor Coronati|publisher= Forschungsloge Quatuor Coronati|location= Bayreuth|volume= 32|chapter= RICHARD NIKOLAUS Graf COUDENHOVE-KALERGI als Freimaurer|language= de|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/DolddownloadrichardNikolausGrafCoudenhove-kalergi1894-1972 }}
• {{cite book |last= Pernhorst|first= Christian|year= 2008|title= Das paneuropäische Verfassungsmodell des Grafen Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi|publisher= Nomos Verlag|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3l4NNAAACAAJ|language= de|isbn= 9783832932022 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Kosch|editor-first=Wilhelm|title=Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon. das 20. Jahrhundert Band 5: Butenschön – Dedo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmR_GZTZOecC|language=de|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date= 2003|isbn=9783110961119 }}
• {{cite book |last=Duchhardt |first=Heinz |date=2005 |title=Option Europa: deutsche, polnische und ungarische Europapläne des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts Band 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPjFiEV1PDQC |language=de |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525362877 }}
• {{cite book |last=Coudenhove-Kalergi |first=Richard Nikolaus |date=1925 |title=Praktischer Idealismus |trans-title=Practical Idealism |url=https://archive.org/details/PraktischerIdealismus1925 |language=de |location=Wien-Leipzig |publisher=Pan-Europa-Verlag |id=UBR069031840355 |access-date=7 November 2014 }}
• {{cite book |last= Coudenhove-Kalergi|first= Richard Nikolaus|year= 1953 |title= An Idea Conquers the World| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-VY1AQAAIAAJ|publisher= Hutchinson |location= London }} (New York: Roy Publishers)

{{refend}}

{{Commons and category-inline|Count Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi|Count Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi}}

• [http://www.paneuropa.org/ International Paneuropean Union]
• [http://www.european-society-coudenhove-kalergi.org/start_home1.asp European Society Coudenhove-Kalergi]
• Archival sources on the [http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/181668?item=PAN/EU Paneuropean Union] and the [http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/158657?item=ME.05.03 European Parliamentary Union] at the [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the EU] in Florence
• {{PM20|FID=pe/003509}}
• [https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/867/hash/fKm5j3o8/ Recordings of interviews and speeches with Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi] in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (in German). Retrieved 29 July 2019

{{S-start}}

{{s-hou|House of Coudenhove-Kalergi|16 November|1894|27 July|1972|name=Richard Nikolaus Eijiro Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi}}

{{s-new|creation}}

{{s-ttl|title=International President of the Paneuropean Union|years=1926–1972}}

{{s-aft|after=Otto von Habsburg (elected in 1973)}}

{{S-end}}

{{Charlemagne Prize recipients}}

{{Sonning Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count Richard Nikolaus Von}}

Category:1894 births

Category:1972 deaths

Category:Austrian politicians

Category:Austrian people of Japanese descent

Category:Austrian people of Polish descent

Category:Austrian people of Greek descent

Category:European integration pioneers

Richard

Richard

Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour

Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Category:Counts of Austria

Category:Geopoliticians

Category:University of Vienna alumni

Category:New York University faculty

Category:European Union diplomats

Category:Pan-Europeanism

Category:History of the European Union

Category:People from Tokyo

Category:20th-century diplomats

Category:Austrian Freemasons

Category:Austrian officials of the European Union

Category:Austrian anti-communists

Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers

Category:Eurofederalism

Category:Pan-European nationalism