:Seed oil misinformation
{{Short description|Medical controversy}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
File:From flax to linseed oil..JPG
Since 2018, the health effects of consuming certain processed vegetable oils, or "seed oils" have been subject to misinformation in popular and social media. The trend grew in 2020 after podcaster and comedian Joe Rogan interviewed fad diet proponent Paul Saladino about the carnivore diet. Saladino made several claims about the health effects of vegetable fats.{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Zaleski|2021}}: "Last year, Joe Rogan talked to doctor and carnivore diet evangelist Paul Saladino about this for more than three hours."|2={{harvnb|Williams|2022}}: "[T]he interview with Saladino resonated with Rogan's curious, hungry, and enormous audience"|3={{harvnb|Carleton|2022}}: "Take Dr. Paul Saladino, the doctor behind the Carnivore Diet, which recommends replacing plant foods with meat, for example—he spent three hours on the Joe Rogan Experience in 2020 describing the harms of seed oils, among other fringe views, including that doing cold plunges has the same health benefits as consuming a plate of vegetables. His name is often mentioned on this section of the internet, (one redditor attributed the proliferation of anti-seed oil sentiment entirely to his appearance on the podcast)."|4={{harvnb|Saladino|2020|loc=58:23}}: "I think it's important to understand what we talked about, processed vegetable oils and processed sugars, hugely bad for humans."}}
The theme of the misinformation is that seed oils are the root cause of most diseases of affluence, including heart disease,{{harvnb|Harvard University|2022}}: "[P]ushed back on the idea that these oils cause health ills ranging from headaches to heart disease." cancer,{{harvnb|Bailey|2023}}: "the bulk of recent research has not been kind to Simopoulos' assertion that the supposedly imbalanced consumption of linoleic acid found in seed oils 'makes you more vulnerable to heart disease, cancer, obesity, inflammations, autoimmune diseases, allergies, diabetes and depression.'" diabetes,{{harvnb|Liao|2022}}: "[T]hey're blamed for a host of ills, such as headaches, foggy thinking, lowered immunity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and more." and liver spots.{{harvnb|Williams|2022}}: "[I]f you want something to blame for everything from cancer to heart disease, dementia to age spots, there are a whole lot of people out there who will tell you the culprit is lurking in your pantry" These claims are not based on evidence,{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Colorado State University|2023}}: "Overall, claiming that seed oils are harmful to health is not, in fact, an evidence-based claim."|2={{harvnb|Harvard University|2022}}: "[S]cientific evidence does not support these claims."}} but have nevertheless become popular on the political right. Critics cite a specific "{{Visible anchor|hateful eight}}" oils that constitute "seed oils": canola, corn, cottonseed, soy, sunflower, safflower, grapeseed, and rice bran.{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Zaleski|2021}}: "On another podcast in 2020, board-certified family physician Cate Shanahan referred to the most common seed oils on the market today as the 'hateful eight,' to be avoided at all costs."|2={{harvnb|Bailey|2023}}: "The prime sources of linoleic acid in modern diets are seed oils including soybean, corn, cottonseed, sunflower, canola, safflower, rice bran, and grapeseed oils. The use of these oils has increased in modern diets, and they have been dubbed by some self-proclaimed health and wellness gurus as the 'hateful eight.'"}}
Consumer vegetable oils are generally recognized as safe for human consumption by the United States FDA.{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Harvard University|2022}}: "'Cooking with seed oils at home isn’t an issue.'"|2={{harvnb|Lusas|Riaz|Alam|Clough|2017|p=902}}: "Canola oil, which contains less than 2% erucic acid compared with 20–40% in earlier rapeseeds, was granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US-FDA in 1985"|3={{harvnb|Eskin|Aladedunye|Unger|Shah|Chen|Jones|2020|p=5}}: "In 1985, canola received Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the United States"}}
Origins and scientific evaluation
Image:Crisco Cookbook 1912.jpg
{{main|Vegetable oil#Modern history}}
Seed oils are oils extracted from the seed, rather than the pulp or fruit, of a plant. Seed oils are characterized by the industrial process used to extract the oil from the seed and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|La Pera|Pellicanò|Lo Turco|Di Bella|2010}}|2={{harvnb|Sharmila|Kavitha|Obulisamy|Rajesh Banu|2020|p=174}}: "Seed oil is a form of vegetable oil mainly extracted from seeds of various fruits and vegetables."|3={{harvnb|Gaber|Logan|Tamborrino|Leone|2023}}: "Seed oils are extracted from the seed (endosperm) of some plants such as canola, sunflower, and soybeans. This is commonly achieved through industrial processing of thermally conditioned flaked seeds using expellers to extract the oil mechanically."}} Critics' "hateful eight" oils consist of canola, corn, cottonseed, soy, sunflower, safflower, grapeseed, and rice bran oils, which are creations of industrialization in the early twentieth century. In the United States, cottonseed oil was developed and marketed by Procter & Gamble as the creamed shortening Crisco in 1911.{{harvnb|Ramsey|Graham|2012}}: "Soon the company's scientists produced a new creamy, pearly white substance out of cottonseed oil. It looked a lot like the most popular cooking fat of the day: lard. Before long, Procter & Gamble sold this new substance (known today as hydrogenated vegetable oil) to home cooks as a replacement for animal fats." The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas.
= Industrial solvents =
Critics of seed oils often point to the health hazards of the solvents used in the industrial process of generating vegetable oils.{{harvnb|Dennett|2023|p=18}}: "Another criticism is that seed oil manufacturers use heat and solvents, such as hexane, to extract oil from seeds, creating unhealthful trans fats and chemical contaminants." Hexane, which can be neurotoxic, is extremely effective at oil extraction.{{harvnb|Wakelyn|Wan|2003|p=365}}: "Direct solvent extraction involves the use of a nonpolar solvent, usually commercial hexane, to dissolve the oil from oilseed flakes or collets without removing proteins and other non-oil-soluble compounds. Solvent extraction yields about 11.5% more oil than does the screw press method, and less oil remains in the meal." Thus, it is often quoted as a danger when consuming vegetable oils as it can be found in finished oils in trace amounts.{{harvnb|Cravotto|Fabiano-Tixier|Claux|Abert-Vian|2022|p=18}}: "Some studies have been conducted on n-hexane residues in commercial products showing the presence of n-hexane in commercial hexane-extracted oils, in food products, and in functional health foods" The United States Environmental Protection Agency studied the toxicity of hexane extensively in the 1980s.{{harvnb|Environmental Protection Agency|1988|p=3382}}: "Pursuant to section 4(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), EPA is issuing a final test rule requiring manufacturers and processors of commercial hexane to perform testing for subchronic toxicity, oncogenicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, mutagencity, neurotoxicity, and inhalation and dermal pharmacokinetics." The studies found that the hexane used in industrial processes was safe for consumption and did not cause nerve damage.{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Wakelyn|Wan|2003|p=366}}: "[C]ommercial hexane, which contains 52% n-hexane and a mixture of hexane isomers (see composition below), does not cause peripheral nerve damage in animals."|2={{harvnb|Galvin|1997|p=83}}: "The sum total of this mandated testing program indicates that C. hexane is a relatively safe chemical. It is not a neurotoxicant (as is pure n-hexane). It does not cause cancer in rodents in a mechanism relevant to humans as demonstrated by these studies. Commercial hexane has gone through an extensive EPA-mandated testing program. All the tests to date have shown C. hexane to be rather innocuous."}}
= Omega-6 fatty acids =
File:Comparison of dietary fat composition.svg and animal fats. Oils from seeds have the lowest percentage of saturated fat, and range widely in their composition of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9. ]]
{{main|Omega-6 fatty acid#Health effects}}
Sunflower, corn, and soybean oil have a higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids than oils from fish, walnuts, flaxseed, and rapeseed (canola). Omega-6 fatty acids constitute a growing proportion of Americans' fat intake. They have been hypothesized to contribute to several negative health effects, including inflammation{{harvnb|Ball|Burch|2024}}: "While all oils contain varying levels of fatty acids, some argue an excessive intake of a specific omega-6 fatty acid in seed oils called 'linoleic acid' may contribute to inflammation in the body." and immunodeficiency,{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Myles|2014|p=4}}: "Thus, another potential contributor to modern diet-induced immune dysfunction may be the increased consumption of omega-6 in lieu of omega-3 fatty acids."|2={{harvnb|Harvard University|2019}}: "The critics argue that we should cut back on our intake of omega-6 fats to improve the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6s."}} but most cardiovascular health researchers believe the data shows that omega-6 fatty acids are safe and healthy for humans.{{harvnb|Harvard University|2019}}: "In a science advisory that was two years in the making, nine independent researchers from around the country, including three from Harvard, say that data from dozens of studies support the cardiovascular benefits of eating omega-6 fats." In fact, omega-6 fatty acids are significantly associated with a lowered risk of cardiovascular disease,{{sfnm|1a1=Su|1a2=Liu|1a3=Chang|1a4=Huang|1y=2017|2a1=Marklund|2a2=Wu|2a3=Imamura|2a4=Del Gobbo|2y=2019}} and the American Heart Association has stated that a reduction in omega-6 fatty acids could lead to an increase, not reduction, in cardiovascular disease.{{multiref2|1={{harvnb|Harris|Mozaffarian|Rimm|Kris-Etherton|2009|p=904}}: "The data also suggest that higher intakes appear to be safe and may be even more beneficial (as part of a low–saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet). In summary, the AHA supports an omega-6 PUFA intake of at least 5% to 10% of energy in the context of other AHA lifestyle and dietary recommendations. To reduce omega-6 PUFA intakes from their current levels would be more likely to increase than to decrease risk for CHD."|2={{harvnb|Petersen|2024}}: "Seed oils, especially safflower oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and soybean oil, are rich in a kind of unsaturated fat called omega-6. Scientific studies have found that when people swap out some of the saturated fats in their diets (from foods such as butter and red meat) and replace them with omega-6 fats, their levels of LDL cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol) lower. Their risk of heart attacks and death from cardiac events also drops."}} Research indicates that consumption of omega-6 fatty acids has little effect on inflammatory bowel disease.{{harvnb|Ajabnoor|Thorpe|Abdelhamid|Hooper|2021}}; {{harvnb|Dennett|2023|p=18}}: "What antiseed oil influencers miss is that arachidonic acid also is a building block for compounds that fight inflammation. The inflammatory claims mostly are based on research in rodents, but mice and rats don’t respond to linoleic acid the same way humans do. In fact, human research has found that linoleic acid isn’t inflammatory overall."
Political connotations
Opposition to seed oils has been associated with the political right. Maya Vinokour, an assistant professor at NYU, writing for Jacobin, described the belief as "lifestyle fascism" and "right-wing masculinist discourse".{{harvnb|Vinokour|2024}}: "Without ever calling themselves {{lang|de|Übermenschen}} or decrying modern ways of living as 'degenerate,' the Johnsons slot their intention to recover a lost golden age (Brian) or attain futuristic utopia (Bryan) among myriad online wellness trends. Against this background, their contributions to right-wing masculinist discourse seem almost incidental. It is true that Liver King proscribes the consumption of seed oils as one of his 'ancestral tenets,' and that programmatic opposition to seed oils correlates with conspiratorial right-wing thinking."
Robert F. Kennedy Jr., United States Secretary of Health and Human Services since 2025, has expressed opposition to seed oils. In the 2024 elections, Kennedy ran as an independent candidate and campaigned on health-related misinformation.{{harvnb|Hitchens|2023}}: "His followers include a chunk of the podcast-loving, seed-oil-skeptical, raw-milk-drinking crowd." In his speech suspending his campaign and endorsing that of Donald Trump, he blamed several health conditions on processed foods' inclusion of seed oils.{{harvnb|Eckstein|2024a}}: "Kennedy, who spent tens of minutes ranting about seed oils, estrogen and pharmaceutical companies, also promoted in his speech the same conspiracy theories against vaccines that he's lobbed for years." Later that day, Kennedy appeared alongside Trump to declare that the latter would "Make America Healthy Again," endorsing Trump's health and food policies.{{harvnb|Eckstein|2024b}}: "'Don't you want a president that's going to make America healthy again?' the famously vaccine-skeptic Kennedy asked, hours after blaming seed oils and processed foods for America's position during the Trump administration as a world leader in COVID deaths."
US vice president JD Vance has also stated that he does not cook with seed oils.{{harvnb|Breland|2024}}: "Vance says that he doesn't cook with seed oils, a cause du jour of the online right"
References
{{reflist}}
= Bibliography =
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| doi = 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61
| doi-access = free
| pmid = 24939238
| pmc = 4074336
}}
- {{cite book
| author1-first = V. Godvin
| author1-last = Sharmila
| author2-first = S.
| author2-last = Kavitha
| author3-first = Parthiba Karthikeyan
| author3-last = Obulisamy
| author4-first = J.
| author4-last = Rajesh Banu
| chapter = Production of fine chemicals from food wastes
| pages = 163–188
| editor1-first = J.
| editor1-last = Rajesh Banu
| editor2-first = Gopalakrishnan
| editor2-last = Kumar
| editor3-first = M.
| editor3-last = Gunasekaran
| editor4-first = S.
| editor4-last = Kavitha
| date = 2020
| title = Food Waste to Valuable Resources: Applications and Management
| language = en
| publisher = Academic Press
| doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-818353-3.00008-0
| isbn = 978-0-12-818353-3
| oclc = 1153831835
| ol = 20736477W
}}
- {{cite journal
| author1-first = Hang
| author1-last = Su
| author2-first = Ruijie
| author2-last = Liu
| author3-first = Ming
| author3-last = Chang
| author4-first = Jianhua
| author4-last = Huang
| author5-first = Xingguo
| author5-last = Wang
| title = Dietary linoleic acid intake and blood inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
| journal = Food & Function
| date = 2017
| volume = 8
| issue = 9
| pages = 3091–3103
| language = en
| doi = 10.1039/C7FO00433H
| pmid = 28752873
}}
- {{cite journal
| author1-first = Shih-Jui
| author1-last = Tung
| author2-first = Jenner C.
| author2-last = Tsay
| author3-first = Meng-Chu
| author3-last = Lin
| title = Life course, diet-related identity and consumer choice of organic food in Taiwan
| journal = British Food Journal
| date = 2015
| volume = 117
| issue = 2
| pages = 688–704
| language = en
| doi = 10.1108/BFJ-11-2013-0334
}}
- {{cite book
| author1-first = Phillip J.
| author1-last = Wakelyn
| author2-first = Peter J.
| author2-last = Wan
| chapter = Solvent extraction: Safety, health, and environmental issues
| pages = 359–396
| editor1-first = Constantina
| editor1-last = Tzia
| editor2-first = George
| editor2-last = Liadakis
| date = 2003
| title = Extraction Optimization in Food Engineering
| language = en
| publisher = Marcel Dekker, Inc.
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-429-16457-6
| oclc = 54108923
| ol = 19618454W
| doi = 10.1201/9780824756185-19
}}
- {{cite book
| author1-first = Phillip J.
| author1-last = Wakelyn
| author2-first = Peter J.
| author2-last = Wan
| chapter = Solvent extraction to obtain edible oil products
| pages = 89–131
| editor1-first = Casimir C.
| editor1-last = Akoh
| date = 2006
| title = Handbook of Functional Lipids
| series = Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Series
| language = en
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| location = Boca Raton, Florida
| isbn = 978-0-8493-2162-7
| oclc = 86117425
| ol = 19126779W
}}
{{refend}}
== Newspapers and magazines ==
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite web
| author1-first = Lauren
| author1-last = Ball
| author2-first = Emily
| author2-last = Burch
| date = February 21, 2024
| title = If you're worried about inflammation, stop stressing about seed oils and focus on the basics
| language = en
| publisher = The University of Queensland School of Public Health
| publication-place = Herston, Queensland
| url = https://public-health.uq.edu.au/article/2024/02/if-you%E2%80%99re-worried-about-inflammation-stop-stressing-about-seed-oils-and-focus-basics
| access-date = July 26, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240709173847/https://public-health.uq.edu.au/article/2024/02/if-you%E2%80%99re-worried-about-inflammation-stop-stressing-about-seed-oils-and-focus-basics
| archive-date = July 9, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Ronald
| author1-last = Bailey
| author1-link = Ronald Bailey
| date = October 14, 2023
| title = How seed oils were demonized: A sketchy conjectural hypothesis was transmogrified into a dubious dietary dogma
| language = en
| magazine = Reason
| department = Health
| url = https://reason.com/2023/10/14/how-seed-oils-were-demonized/
| access-date = August 30, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121925/https://reason.com/2023/10/14/how-seed-oils-were-demonized/
| archive-date = October 14, 2023
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Ali
| author1-last = Breland
| date = July 17, 2024
| title = Silicon Valley got their guy: J. D. Vance has solidified tech's MAGA moment
| language = en
| magazine = The Atlantic
| department = Technology
| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/07/jd-vance-silicon-valley-far-right/679058/
| url-access = subscription
| access-date = August 30, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240717232926/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/07/jd-vance-silicon-valley-far-right/679058/
| archive-date = July 17, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Audrey
| author1-last = Carleton
| date = March 22, 2022
| title = The newest Bitcoin diet trend is hating 'seed oils'
| language = en
| magazine = Vice
| department = Motherboard
| url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-newest-bitcoin-diet-trend-is-hating-seed-oils/
| access-date = August 27, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220322133939/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7djay/the-newest-bitcoin-diet-trend-is-hating-seed-oils
| archive-date = March 22, 2022
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Carrie
| author1-last = Dennett
| date = 2023
| title = Myths and facts about seed oils
| language = en
| magazine = Today's Dietitian
| volume = 25
| issue = 6
| pages = 18–19
| department = Healthful oils
| issn = 2169-7906
| url = https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0623p18.shtml
| access-date = August 19, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230925025146/https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0623p18.shtml
| archive-date = September 25, 2023
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Michael
| author1-last = Easter
| date = January 10, 2019
| title = Inside the rise of keto: How an extreme diet went mainstream
| language = en
| magazine = Men's Health
| url = https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a25775330/keto-diet-history/
| url-access = subscription
| access-date = August 28, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190110151918/https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a25775330/keto-diet-history/
| archive-date = January 10, 2019
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Griffin
| author1-last = Eckstein
| date = August 23, 2024a
| title = RFK Jr. suspends campaign and endorses Trump, accusing Democrats of 'abandoning democracy'
| language = en
| magazine = Salon
| url = https://www.salon.com/2024/08/23/rfk-jr-suspends-campaign-and-endorses-trump-accusing-democrats-of-abandoning-democracy/
| access-date = August 27, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240823210842/https://www.salon.com/2024/08/23/rfk-jr-suspends-campaign-and-endorses-trump-accusing-democrats-of-abandoning-democracy/
| archive-date = August 23, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Griffin
| author1-last = Eckstein
| date = August 23, 2024b
| title = 'We take over our country': Trump brings out RFK Jr. at Arizona rally
| language = en
| magazine = Salon
| url = https://www.salon.com/2024/08/23/we-take-over-our-country-brings-out-rfk-jr-at-arizona-rally/
| access-date = August 27, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240824050523/https://www.salon.com/2024/08/23/we-take-over-our-country-brings-out-rfk-jr-at-arizona-rally/
| archive-date = August 24, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Antonia
| author1-last = Hitchens
| date = June 19, 2023
| title = Is R.F.K., Jr., the first podcast presidential candidate?
| language = en
| magazine = The New Yorker
| url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/26/is-rfk-jr-the-first-podcast-presidential-candidate
| url-access = subscription
| access-date = August 27, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230620201433/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/26/is-rfk-jr-the-first-podcast-presidential-candidate
| archive-date = June 20, 2023
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Sharon
| author1-last = Liao
| date = May 31, 2022
| title = Do seed oils make you sick?
| language = en
| magazine = Consumer Reports
| url = https://www.consumerreports.org/health/healthy-eating/do-seed-oils-make-you-sick-a1363483895/
| access-date = August 1, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240802045349/https://www.consumerreports.org/health/healthy-eating/do-seed-oils-make-you-sick-a1363483895/
| archive-date = August 2, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite news
| author1-first = Julia
| author1-last = Petersen
| date = January 22, 2024
| title = Are seed oils bad for you? What to know about the oils you cook with
| language = en
| newspaper = Wall Street Journal
| url = https://www.wsj.com/health/wellness/healthy-cooking-oils-a6251688
| url-access = subscription
| access-date = July 26, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330090624/https://www.wsj.com/health/wellness/healthy-cooking-oils-a6251688
| archive-date = March 30, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Drew
| author1-last = Ramsey
| author2-first = Tyler
| author2-last = Graham
| date = April 6, 2012
| title = How vegetable oils replaced animal fats in the American diet
| language = en
| magazine = The Atlantic
| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/04/how-vegetable-oils-replaced-animal-fats-in-the-american-diet/256155/
| url-access = subscription
| access-date = August 28, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120601014305/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/04/how-vegetable-oils-replaced-animal-fats-in-the-american-diet/256155/
| archive-date = June 1, 2012
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Maya
| author1-last = Vinokour
| date = January 10, 2024
| title = Beware lifestyle fascism
| language = en
| magazine = Jacobin
| department = Ideology
| url = https://jacobin.com/2024/01/lifestyle-fascism-wellness-biohacking-technofuturism-right-wing-ideology
| access-date = August 30, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240110191246/https://jacobin.com/2024/01/lifestyle-fascism-wellness-biohacking-technofuturism-right-wing-ideology/
| archive-date = January 10, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Mary Elizabeth
| author1-last = Williams
| date = April 19, 2022
| title = Why everyone on the internet suddenly hates seed oil
| language = en
| magazine = Salon
| url = https://www.salon.com/2022/04/19/why-everyone-on-the-internet-suddenly-hates-seed-oil/
| access-date = August 2, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220419110148/https://www.salon.com/2022/04/19/why-everyone-on-the-internet-suddenly-hates-seed-oil/
| archive-date = April 19, 2022
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite magazine
| author1-first = Andrew
| author1-last = Zaleski
| date = October 14, 2021
| title = Seed oil is the latest thing we're being told to eliminate from our diets – Here's why
| language = en
| magazine = GQ
| url = https://www.gq.com/story/seed-oil-health
| access-date = August 2, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211014210849/https://www.gq.com/story/seed-oil-health
| archive-date = October 14, 2021
| url-status = live
}}
{{refend}}
== Web sources ==
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite web
| author1-first = Julia
| author1-last = Zumpano
| date = October 4, 2023
| title = Seed oils: Are they actually toxic?
| language = en
| website = Health Essentials
| publisher = Cleveland Clinic
| publication-place = Cleveland, Ohio
| url = https://health.clevelandclinic.org/seed-oils-are-they-actually-toxic
| access-date = July 26, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240718055414/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/seed-oils-are-they-actually-toxic
| archive-date = July 18, 2024
| url-status = live
}}
- {{cite web
| date = August 20, 2019
| title = No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats
| language = en
| website = Harvard Health Publishing
| publisher = Harvard Medical School
| publication-place = Boston, Massachusetts
| url = https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/no-need-to-avoid-healthy-omega-6-fats
| access-date = August 28, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215060057/http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/no-need-to-avoid-healthy-omega-6-fats
| archive-date = December 15, 2019
| url-status = live
| ref = {{harvid|Harvard University|2019}}
}}
- {{cite web
| date = June 22, 2022
| title = Scientists debunk claims of seed oil health risks
| language = en
| website = In the News
| publisher = Harvard University School of Public Health
| publication-place = Boston, Massachusetts
| url = https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/scientists-debunk-seed-oil-health-risks/
| access-date = July 26, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240516041351/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/scientists-debunk-seed-oil-health-risks/
| archive-date = May 16, 2024
| url-status = live
| ref = {{harvid|Harvard University|2022}}
}}
- {{cite web
| date = 2023
| title = Should I be concerned about seed oils?
| language = en
| website = Nutrition Connection
| publisher = Colorado State University Kendall Reagan Nutrition Center
| publication-place = Fort Collins, Colorado
| url = https://www.chhs.colostate.edu/krnc/monthly-blog/should-i-be-concerned-about-seed-oils/
| access-date = July 26, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240116192206/https://www.chhs.colostate.edu/krnc/monthly-blog/should-i-be-concerned-about-seed-oils/
| archive-date = January 16, 2024
| url-status = live
| ref = {{harvid|Colorado State University|2023}}
}}
- {{cite web
| date = 2024
| title = There's no reason to avoid seed oils and plenty of reasons to eat them
| language = en
| website = American Heart Association
| publisher = American Heart Association News
| publication-place = Fort Collins, Colorado
| url = https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/08/20/theres-no-reason-to-avoid-seed-oils-and-plenty-of-reasons-to-eat-them
| access-date = March 5, 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404063709/https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/08/20/theres-no-reason-to-avoid-seed-oils-and-plenty-of-reasons-to-eat-them
|archive-date=April 4, 2025
| url-status = live
| ref = {{harvid|American Heart Association|2024}}
}}
{{refend}}
== Primary sources ==
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite act
| title = Commercial Hexane and Methycyclopentane; Test Rules
| type = Final Rule
| reporter = Federal Register
| institution = Environmental Protection Agency
| volume = 53
| issue = 24
| pages = 3382–3395
| date = February 5, 1988
| language = en
|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/53-FR-3382
| ref = {{harvid|Environmental Protection Agency|1988}}
}}
- {{cite interview
| first = Paul
| last = Saladino
| date = October 16, 2020
| interviewer = Joe Rogan
| title = Paul Saladino
| work = The Joe Rogan Experience
| number = 1551
}}
{{refend}}
{{Consumer Food Safety|state=expanded}}
{{Fad diets}}