:Senate of the Philippines

File:Joint session of Philippine Legislature.jpg including the newly elected Senate, November 15, 1916]]

Image:Sen. Primcias debates Sen. Paredes.jpg, far left, debates Quintín Paredes, far right. In the middle are Justiniano Montano, Mariano Jesús Cuenco, Enrique B. Magalona, and Francisco Delgado; in the foreground is Edmundo Cea. Deliberations were once held at the Old Legislative Building.]]

The Senate has its roots in the Philippine Commission of the Insular Government. Under the Philippine Organic Act, from 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission headed by the governor-general of the Philippines served as the upper chamber of the Philippine Legislature, with the Philippine Assembly as the elected lower house. At the same time the governor-general also exercised executive powers.

In August 1916 the United States Congress enacted the Philippine Autonomy Act or popularly known as the "Jones Law", which created an elected bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Senate as the upper chamber and with the House of Representatives of the Philippines, previously called the Philippine Assembly, as the lower chamber. The governor-general continued to be the head of the executive branch of the Insular Government. Senators then were elected via senatorial districts via plurality-at-large voting; each district grouped several provinces and each elected two senators except for "non-Christian" provinces where the governor-general of the Philippines appointed the senators for the district.

Future president Manuel L. Quezon, who was then Philippine Resident Commissioner, encouraged future president Sergio Osmeña, then Speaker of the House, to run for the leadership of the Senate, but Osmeña preferred to continue leading the lower house. Quezon then ran for the Senate and became Senate President serving for 19 years (1916–1935).

This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the "Tydings–McDuffie Act" was passed by the U.S. Congress which granted the Filipinos the right to frame their own constitution in preparation for their independence, wherein they established a unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines, effectively abolishing the Senate. Not long after the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began consideration of these proposals, which included restoring the Senate as the upper chamber of Congress. The amendment of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the restored upper house was held in November 1941. Instead of the old senatorial districts, senators were elected via the entire country serving as an at-large district, although still under plurality-at-large voting, with voters voting up to eight candidates, and the eight candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. While the Senate from 1916 to 1935 had exclusive confirmation rights over executive appointments, as part of the compromises that restored the Senate in 1941, the power of confirming executive appointments has been exercised by a joint Commission on Appointments composed of members of both houses. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties.

The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the upper chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, which shut down Congress. The Senate was resurrected in 1987 upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. However, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it was changed to twelve.

In the Senate, the officers are the Senate president, Senate president pro tempore, majority floor leader, minority floor leader and the Senate secretary and the Senate sergeant at arms who are elected by the senators from among the employees and staff of the Senate. Meanwhile, the Senate president, Senate president pro-tempore, the majority floor leader and the minority floor leader are elected by the senators from among themselves.

{{see also|Philippine senatorial elections}}

Article VI, Section 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that the Senate shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at-large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.

The composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate. The rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency.{{Cite web |title=Composition of the Senate |url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/composition.asp |website=Senate of the Philippines}}

It follows also that the senator will have a broader outlook of the problems of the country, instead of being restricted by narrow viewpoints and interests by having a national rather than only a district constituency.

The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election protests on already-seated senators. There had been three instances where the SET has replaced senators due to election protests, the last of which was in 2011 when the tribunal awarded the protest of Koko Pimentel against Migz Zubiri.{{cite news|last=Calonzo |first=Andero |title=Pimentel proclaimed 12th winning senator in '07 polls |work=GMA News Online |date=August 11, 2011 |access-date=August 11, 2011 |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/229132/nation/pimentel-proclaimed-12th-winning-senator-in-07-polls}}

The qualifications for membership in the Senate are expressly stated in Section 3, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows:

• No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and on the day of the election, is at least 35 years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.
• The age is fixed at 35 and must be possessed on the day of the elections, that is, when the polls are opened and the votes cast, and not on the day of the proclamation of the winners by the board of canvassers.
• With regard to the residence requirements, it was ruled in the case of Lim v. Pelaez that it must be the place where one habitually resides and to which he, after absence, has the intention of returning.
• The enumeration laid down by the 1987 Philippine Constitution is exclusive under the Latin principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius. This means that Congress cannot anymore add additional qualifications other than those provided by the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

Under the Constitution, "Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session...". During this time, the Senate is organized to elect its officers. Specifically, the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides a definite statement to it:

{{blockquote

|text=

(1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.

(2) Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.

(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed sixty days.

|multiline=true

|title=Article VI, Section 16, paragraphs 1 to 3

|source=The Constitution of the Philippines

}}

By virtue of these provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Senate adopts its own rules, otherwise known as the "Rules of the Senate." The Rules of the Senate provide the following officers: a president, a president pro tempore, a secretary and a sergeant-at-arms.

Following this set of officers, the Senate as an institution can then be grouped into the Senate Proper and the Secretariat. The former belongs exclusively to the members of the Senate as well as its committees, while the latter renders support services to the members of the Senate.

File:Senate of the Philippines Ratification of the Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) between the Defense forces of the Philippines and Japan - December 16, 2024.webm (RAA), a treaty between the Defense forces of the Philippines and Japan on December 16, 2024]]

The Senate was modeled upon the United States Senate; the two chambers of Congress have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the president's signature. Once a bill is defeated in the Senate, it is lost. Once a bill is approved by the Senate on third reading, the bill is passed to the House of Representatives, unless an identical bill has also been passed by the lower house. When a counterpart bill in the lower house is different from the one passed by the Senate, either a bicameral conference committee is created consisting of members from both chambers of Congress to reconcile the differences, or either chamber may instead approve the other chamber's version.

While franchise and money bills originate in the House of Representatives, the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments. Only the Senate has the power to approve, via a two-thirds supermajority, or denounce treaties, and the power to try and convict, via a two-thirds supermajority, an impeached official.

File:Senate of the Philippines traditional photo 19th Congress.jpg

• Senate President: Francis Escudero
• Senate President pro-tempore: Jinggoy Estrada
• Senate Majority Leader: Francis Tolentino
• Deputy Majority Leader: vacant
• Senate Minority Leader: Koko Pimentel
• Deputy Minority Leader: Risa Hontiveros

• Secretary: Renato N. Bantug Jr.
• Sergeant-at-Arms: Roberto T. Ancan Jr.

{{notelist}}

File:Montalban renaming from Rodriguez - House Bill 8899 - Senate of the Philippines Session 36 18th Congress - 27 January 2022.webm inside the GSIS building with other senators on remote locations via virtual conference during the COVID-19 pandemic.]]

The Senate currently meets at the GSIS Building along Jose W. Diokno Boulevard in Pasay. Built on land reclaimed from Manila Bay, the Senate shares the complex with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS).

The Senate previously met at the Old Legislative Building in Manila until May 1997. The Senate occupied the upper floors (the Session Hall now restored to its semi-former glory) while the House of Representatives occupied the lower floors (now occupied by the permanent exhibit of Juan Luna's Spoliarium as the museum's centerpiece), with the National Library at the basement. When the Legislative Building was ruined in World War II, the House of Representatives temporarily met at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Lepanto Street (modern-day S. H. Loyola Street),{{cite book|title=Quezon Memorial Book|date=1952|publisher=Quezon Memorial Committee}} while the Senate's temporary headquarters was at the half-ruined Manila City Hall.Towards the south side, opposite the base of the famous clocktower. {{Cite web |last=Birns |first=Jack |last2=Tewell |first2=John |date=1948 |title=Congress of the Philippines, Senate, Manila, Philippines |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/20260722109/ |website=Flickr |postscript=,}} and {{Cite web |last=Birns |first=Jack |last2=Tewell |first2=John |date=May 1948 |title=Temporary Senate headquarters after WWII, Manila City Hall, Manila, Philippines |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/12627824664/ |website=Flickr }} Congress then returned to the Legislative Building in 1950 upon its reconstruction. When President Ferdinand Marcos dissolved Congress in 1972, he built a new legislative complex in Quezon City. The unicameral parliament known as the Batasang Pambansa eventually met there in 1978. With the restoration of the bicameral legislature in 1987, the House of Representatives inherited the complex at Quezon City, now called the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building, until the GSIS Building was finished in 1997. Thus, the country's two houses of Congress meet at different places in Metro Manila.

The Senate would eventually move to the New Senate Building at the Navy Village in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig by 2025 at the earliest.{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/5/27/chiz-senate-won-t-move-to-new-building-this-year-1626|title=Escudero: Senate won't move to new building this year|first=RG|last=Cruz|date=May 27, 2024|accessdate=May 27, 2024|work=ABS-CBN News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250205034253/https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/5/27/chiz-senate-won-t-move-to-new-building-this-year-1626 |archive-date= 5 Feb 2025 }} As the Senate has rented GSIS for the office space, it asked the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) to present suitable sites for it to move to, with the Senate eyeing the Navy Village property along Lawton Avenue as its favored site.{{cite news|title=Senate to move to Bonifacio Global City in Taguig by 2020 |url-access=subscription|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/senate-move-bonifacio-global-city-taguig-2020/308688/|access-date=29 January 2017|work=The Manila Times Online |date=2017-01-25 |first1=Jefferson |last1=Antiporda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125110421/http://www.manilatimes.net/senate-move-bonifacio-global-city-taguig-2020/308688/ |archive-date= Jan 25, 2017 }} In 2018, a building designed by AECOM was chosen as winner for the new home for the Senate and was expected to be built by 2022. Civil works to erect the building had been awarded to Hilmarcs Construction Corporation, the same company the Senate investigated for alleged overpriced construction of the Makati City Hall Parking Building II in 2015.{{cite web| url = https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1097256/controversial-contractor-to-build-new-senate-home |first1= Marlon |last1=Ramos |website=Inquirer News | title = Controversial contractor to build new Senate home| date = March 19, 2019}} The reception to the design was mixed, with some Filipino netizens comparing it to a garbage can.{{cite news|title=Lacson defends construction of new Senate Building in Bonifacio|access-date=August 22, 2019|url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/03/22/lacson-defends-construction-of-new-senate-building-in-fort-bonifacio/}} By early 2021, the New Senate Building's construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.{{cite news |last=Terrazola |first=Vanne Elaine |title=Sotto says conversion of new Senate building to hospital up to next batch of senators |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/20/sotto-says-conversion-of-new-senate-building-to-hospital-up-to-next-batch-of-senators/ |access-date=October 6, 2021 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=February 20, 2021}}

These are the two recent elections that determined the current membership of the 19th Congress of the Philippines.

{{main|2022 Philippine Senate election}}

{{2022 Philippine Senate election results}}

{{main|2019 Philippine Senate election}}

{{2019 Philippine Senate election results}}

{{see also|List of legislatures of the Philippines}}

This is how the Senate looked like after the beginning of every Congress under the 1987 constitution. The parties are arranged alphabetically, with independents at the rightmost side. Vacancies are denoted by dashes after the independents. Senators may switch parties or become independents mid-term.

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Akbayan Citizens' Action Party}}|Akbayan}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Aksyon Demokratiko}}|Aksyon}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Grand Alliance for Democracy}}|GAD}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino}}|KAMPI}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Lakas-CMD}}|Lakas (1991–2009)}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Lakas-CMD}}|Lakas (2009–present)}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Lakas ng Bayan}}|Lakas ng Bayan}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino}}|LDP}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Liberal Party (Philippines)}}|Liberal}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}|Nacionalista}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Nationalist People's Coalition}}|NPC}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}}|PDP–Laban}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino}}|PMP/LAMMP/KNP}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|People's Reform Party}}|PRP}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|United Nationalist Alliance}}|UNA}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|United Opposition (Philippines)}}|UNO}}
• {{Legend inline|{{party color|Independent}}|Independent}}

{{col-end}}

{{see also|List of senators of the Philippines}}

• Manuel L. Quezon – 2nd president, also the first Senate president, lobbied for a nationally elected senate that was established in 1940
• Jose P. Laurel – 3rd president (Japanese-sponsored republic)
• Sergio Osmeña – 1st speaker of the House of Representatives 1st vice president, 4th President
• Manuel Roxas – 5th president, also served as Senate president and 2nd speaker of the House of Representatives. First Filipino to have served as chief of the upper and lower house. Recipient of the Quezon Service Cross.
• Elpidio Quirino – 2nd vice president, 6th president

• Carlos P. Garcia – 4th vice president, 8th president

• Ferdinand Marcos – 10th president, also served as Senate president
  • Joseph Estrada – 9th vice president, 13th president
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – the 10th and first female vice president, the 14th president, and the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives.
  • Benigno Aquino III – 15th president
    • Bongbong Marcos – 17th president

• Fernando Lopez, 3rd and 7th Vice President
• Emmanuel Pelaez, 6th Vice President
• Salvador Laurel, 8th Vice President
• Teofisto Guingona Jr., 11th Vice President
• Noli de Castro, 12th Vice President

• Quintín Paredes – former Senate President and 3rd Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• Gil Montilla – businessman and 4th Speaker of the House of Representatives
• Benigno Aquino Sr. – 6th Speaker of the House of Representatives (National Assembly of the Second Philippine Republic)
• Jose Zulueta– former Senate President and 8th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• Manny Villar– former Senate President and 16th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• Alan Peter Cayetano– former Secretary of Foreign Affairs and 22nd Speaker of the House of Representatives.

• José Yulo– 6th Chief Justice (1942–1945) and former Speaker of the National Assembly of the Philippines
• Marcelo Fernan – 18th Chief Justice (1988–1991) and former Senate President (1998–1999); only Filipino to have served as chief of the Senate and the Judiciary.

• Loi Ejercito – physician and the first former First Lady of the Philippines to win a seat in the Senate.

• Ambrosio Padilla– Vice President of the 1986 Philippine Constitutional Commission
• Lorenzo Sumulong – former Senate President pro tempore of the Philippines.
• Decoroso Rosales – Member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission
• Soc Rodrigo – playwright, poet, journalist, broadcaster, lawyer, and Marcos-era opposition leader.
• Domocao Alonto – Muslim-Filipino lawyer, educator, author, traditional leader, and Islamic figure from Lanao del Sur.
• Blas Ople – president of the 60th International Labour Conference of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and former Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

• Benigno Aquino Jr. – Marcos-era opposition leader, husband of the 11th president Corazon C. Aquino, and father of the 15th President Benigno S. Aquino III.
• Miriam Defensor Santiago – first Filipino to be elected as International Criminal Court judge, Ramon Magsaysay Award recipient, member of the International Development Law Organization International Advisory Council, and former presidential candidate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen_bio/santiago_bio.asp|title=Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago|publisher=Senate}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/01/23/1545386/miriam-join-bill-gates-elite-law-group|title=Miriam joins Bill Gates elite law group|publisher=Philstar}}

• Isabelo de los Reyes – nationalist, journalist and historian known as the "Father of the Philippine Labor Movement" {{cite journal |last1=Bragado |first1=Erlinda |title="Sukimátem": Isabelo de los Reyes Revisited |journal=Philippine Studies |date=2002 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=50–75 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/2724/public/2724-2722-1-PB.pdf |access-date=20 February 2019}}
• Teodoro Sandiko – propagandist, revolutionary, and former member of Aguinaldo cabinet
• José Alejandrino– propagandist, revolutionary general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.
• Hadji Butu – the first Muslim senator of the Philippines.
• Lope K. Santos – senator from the 12th district, known as "Father of the Filipino Grammar."
• Rafael Palma – revolutionary writer, educator and 4th President of the University of the Philippines
• Claro M. Recto – nationalist, writer and poet, and president of the 1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention.
• Vicente Sotto – journalist and known as the father of Cebuano journalism.{{Cite web |last=Oaminal |first=Clarence Paul |title=Don Vicente Yap Sotto, father of Cebuano journalism, language and literature |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/04/17/1686574/don-vicente-yap-sotto-father-cebuano-journalism-language-and-literature |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Philstar.com}}
• Camilo Osías – educator and writer who twice for a short time President of the Senate of the Philippines
• Geronima Pecson – educator, suffragette, and social worker who became the first woman senator of the Philippines
• Eulogio Rodriguez – former Senate President known as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Politics"
• Lorenzo Tañada – Marcos-era opposition leader, and longest serving senator of 24 years tied with Tito Sotto and Franklin Drilon from 1947 to 1972. Dubbed "The Grand Old Man of Philippine Politics".
• Jovito Salonga – former Senate President, Marcos-era opposition leader, former Chairman of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG).
• Gil J. Puyat, Senate President (1967–1972).
• Jose W. Diokno – father of human rights, Marcos-era co-opposition leader, nationalist, former Secretary of Justice, Bar topnotcher, and founder of the Free Legal Assistance Group and the Commission on Human Rights.
• Tecla San Andres Ziga – first woman Bar topnotcher in the Philippines
• Eva Estrada Kalaw – Marcos-era opposition leader, and the first woman senator to be re-elected.
• Helena Benitez – Filipina academic and administrator of the Philippine Women's University.
• Raul Manglapus – Marcos-era opposition leader, former Secretary of Foreign Affairs and a former presidential candidate.
• Aquilino Pimentel Jr. – Marcos-era co-opposition leader, Senate President (2000–2001), and former PDP–Laban chairman.
• Santanina Rasul – first Muslim woman elected to the Senate.
• Leticia Ramos-Shahani – former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, and former UN Assistant Secretary-General for Social and Humanitarian Affairs
• Rene Saguisag – human rights lawyer during the Marcos dictatorship.
• Neptali Gonzales – elected three times as Senate president, former Minister of Justice, member of Batasang Pambansa, Vice Governor of Rizal, and dean of the College of Law of the Far Eastern University.
• Franklin Drilon – Senate President, former Liberal Party chairman, and tied with Lorenzo Tañada for the longest tenure as elected senator.
• Juan Flavier – 18th Secretary of Health
• Raul Roco – 1998 and 2004 presidential candidate, former Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports.
• Rodolfo Biazon – 21st Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
• Joker Arroyo – human rights lawyer during the Marcos dictatorship.
• Leila de Lima – human rights activist and law professor who previously served as chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights and Secretary of Justice.
• Loren Legarda – The first female Senate Majority Leader and the first female Senate President Pro Tempore.
• Risa Hontiveros - The first democratic socialist politician ever elected to the Senate and the first female Senate Deputy Minority Leader.

{{reflist}}

• {{commons category-inline}}
• [http://www.senate.gov.ph Official Website]
• [http://www.gov.ph Official Government Portal]

{{Philippine Senate}}

{{Philippine political parties}}

{{19th Congress of the Philippines senators}}

{{PhilippineLegislatures}}

{{Legislatures of the Philippines}}

{{Philippines topics}}

{{National upper houses}}

Category:1916 establishments in the Philippines

Philippines