:Thiruvananthapuram

The city takes its name from the Malayalam word thiru-anantha-puram ({{lang|ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം}} {{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm||Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |access-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=18 September 2010}} referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as Ananthapuri, derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuram, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece |title=Swati manuscripts found |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 August 2016}} The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite book |last1=Balid |first1=Vivek |last2=Chatterji |first2=Miabi |last3=Reddy |first3=Sujani |last4=Vimalassery |first4=Manu |title=The sun never sets : South Asian migrants in an age of U.S. power |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0814786437 |page=122}}

{{Main|History of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}

File:Raja ravivarma painting 50 historic meeting.jpg depicting Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by Visakham Thirunal, with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880]]

File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg is the richest temple in the world.]]

File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg]]

Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.De Beth Hillel, David (1832). Travels (Madras publication).Lord, James Henry (1977). The Jews in India and the Far East; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN|0-8371-2615-0}}. It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir (now Poovar) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.{{cite book |title=The Business Directory, Kerala |date=1972 |publisher=National Publishers |page=45}}{{cite book |title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9 |date=1963 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}} The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory.

{{cite web |publisher=Technopark Kerala |work=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=17 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}} However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.

The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S |title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 January 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th |archive-date=19 September 2013}} However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai.KA Nilakanta Sastri

The early rulers of the city were the Ays. Vizhinjam, which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.{{cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=George |title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast |date=1967 |publisher=Faber & Faber |page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] |url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood |url-access=registration |access-date=24 June 2018}} Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K S |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1351997522 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=K Balachandran |title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature |date=1974 |publisher=Accent Publications |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}} During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the Chola and Pandyan dynasties attempted to capture the port town.{{cite news |last1=Babu George |first1=Sarath |title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2015}}{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=G |title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2014}}

After the death of king Vikramaditya Varaguna in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the Chera dynasty.{{cite book |title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress |date=1987 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}} During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions. The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.{{cite news |last1=Haridas |first1=Aathira |title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2018}}{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317321279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}} A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, merged with the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century.{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=9788126437825 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC |access-date=9 July 2018}}

File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari only).

It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to Cochin and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.]]

Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and Kanyakumari district, were parts of the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages, which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}} Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods. Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE. The Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of Kerala.

File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG was printed at Kollam, the capital of Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language Lingua Malabar Tamul which was spoken in Kerala during the medieval period.]]

The official language of Kerala, based at Kollam, was also identified as Tamil, by the natives of Kerala in those times.Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.{{Cite news |title=Pandya dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |language=en |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty |access-date=2017-09-21}} and the Chola dynasty,{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |title=India: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC |year=2011 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |page=215}}Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives){{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K.N. |date=June 2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |s2cid=145359607 |issn=0376-9836}} The place names, the dialects of Malayalam spoken, and the customs that exist in Kerala today still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603134225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2021 |title=Kerala's Tamil Connection |date=26 June 2010 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}

In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur.Travancore State Manual Then, Marthanda Varma who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Kanyakumari district.{{cite web |title=History |url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=19 July 2018}} Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma.{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg

As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal, and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as Ramapurathu Warrier and Kunchan Nambiar amongst others served as his court poets.{{cite book |last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi |first=Aswathi Thirunal |title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram |year=1998 |publisher=The State Institute Of Languages |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-81-7638-028-7 |pages=152–168}} Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.

The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the Observatory (1837), the General Hospital (1839), the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College and a second-grade college for women were started by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).{{cite web |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |title=About Corporation |access-date=17 May 2017}}

The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The Sree Moolam Popular Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.{{cite web |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Mulam Popular Assembly |url=http://keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html |publisher=Keralaassembly |access-date=17 May 2017}} Despite not being under the direct control of the British Empire at any time, the city featured prominently in India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Dr Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was held here in 1938.

File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg built-in 1915 was the official residence of the Travancore Royal Family.{{cite web |title=Kowdiar palace |url=http://www.zonkerala.com/tourism/Kowdiar-Palace-9.html |work=About Kowdiar palace |publisher=Zonkerala |access-date=25 June 2010}}]]

The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the Travancore region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, who took over in 1931.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |work=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Introduction |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Government of Kerala |access-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916043822/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |archive-date=16 September 2010}} The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "Temple Entry Proclamation" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937, which later became Kerala University.{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the University |url=https://keralauniversity.ac.in/history |publisher=University of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017}}

With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai, was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru-Kochi, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the Kochi.{{cite book |title=Criminal Justice India Series: Kerala, 2001 |author=West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences |year=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-391-6 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8cLTkmA8C&pg=PA5}} The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.{{cite web |title=The Movement for a United (Aikya) Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |website=State Portal of Kerala |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Kerala State IT Mission (KSITM), Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}

With the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |title=VSSC Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233653/http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}

A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of Technopark—India's first IT park—in 1995.{{cite web |publisher=Kerala State IT Mission |url=http://www.keralaitmission.org |title=First IT Park in Kerala |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103110342/http://www.keralaitmission.org/ |url-status=dead}} Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,{{cite book |title=The digital challenge: information technology in the development context |year=2003 |publisher=S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVhMzNSMsLYC&pg=PA350 |isbn=9780754634454}} employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.{{Cite news |date=2020-07-29 |title=Technopark bags high CRISIL rating |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/technopark-bags-high-crisil-rating/article32225885.ece |access-date=2020-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}

{{Main|Geography of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{wide image|Pattom Skyline panoramo 02.jpg|820px|align-cap=center|View of Pattom, the north eastern part of the city. The Western Ghats mountain range is seen in the background}}

Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to South India |year=2005 |author1=David Abram |author2=Rough Guides (Firm) |author3=Nick Edwards |publisher=Rough Guides |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA306 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}} by the seashore and is at {{Coord|8.5|N|76.9|E|}} on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Thiruvananthapuram.html |title=Thiruvananthapuram, India Page |access-date=19 March 2008}} The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. The average elevation of the city is {{cvt|16|ft|m}} above sea level.{{cite web |publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune) |url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |title=Rainfall Stations in India |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116190118/http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009}} The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.{{cite map |publisher=Geological Survey of India |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |title=Seismic zoning map of India |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004653/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |url-status=dead}} Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city.{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=9788177552577 |pages=318 |edition=1st}} The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy laterite soil high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, sandy loam soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.{{cite web |title=Soil types in Kerala |url=http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |publisher=Kerala Agriculture |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120113114/http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |url-status=dead }}

The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is spread over {{cvt|214.86|km2|sqmi|2}}.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}} The wider Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.{{cite web |title=List of Urban Agglomerations of 2011 Census |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }} Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |publisher=Southern Air Command |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}

The city has a climate that lies on the border between a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) and a tropical monsoon climate (Am). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. The mean maximum temperature is {{cvt|34|C|F}} and the mean minimum temperature is {{cvt|19|C|F}}. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=017334&refer= |title=Thiruvananthapuram Climate |access-date=25 August 2006}} Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around {{cvt|1835|mm}} per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was {{cvt|10.8|C|F}} on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|38.2|C|F}} on 21 February 2019. At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|12.1|C|F}} on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|36.3|C|F}} on 5 May 1998.

{{Weather box

| location = Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 36.2

| Feb record high C = 38.2

| Mar record high C = 37.7

| Apr record high C = 38.0

| May record high C = 36.7

| Jun record high C = 35.8

| Jul record high C = 34.0

| Aug record high C = 34.6

| Sep record high C = 35.4

| Oct record high C = 35.2

| Nov record high C = 34.8

| Dec record high C = 36.2

| year record high C = 38.2

| Jan avg record high C = 34.4

| Feb avg record high C = 34.8

| Mar avg record high C = 35.4

| Apr avg record high C = 35.1

| May avg record high C = 34.6

| Jun avg record high C = 32.8

| Jul avg record high C = 32.1

| Aug avg record high C = 32.3

| Sep avg record high C = 33.0

| Oct avg record high C = 32.8

| Nov avg record high C = 33.1

| Dec avg record high C = 34.1

| year avg record high C = 35.9

| Jan high C = 32.4

| Feb high C = 32.8

| Mar high C = 33.5

| Apr high C = 33.3

| May high C = 32.6

| Jun high C = 30.4

| Jul high C = 30.1

| Aug high C = 30.3

| Sep high C = 30.9

| Oct high C = 30.9

| Nov high C = 31.0

| Dec high C = 32.0

| year high C = 31.7

| Jan mean C = 27.5

| Feb mean C = 28.2

| Mar mean C = 29.2

| Apr mean C = 29.5

| May mean C = 29.0

| Jun mean C = 27.5

| Jul mean C = 27.0

| Aug mean C = 27.2

| Sep mean C = 27.5

| Oct mean C = 27.4

| Nov mean C = 27.3

| Dec mean C = 27.5

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 22.3

| Feb low C = 22.9

| Mar low C = 24.3

| Apr low C = 25.1

| May low C = 25.1

| Jun low C = 23.8

| Jul low C = 23.3

| Aug low C = 23.4

| Sep low C = 23.5

| Oct low C = 23.5

| Nov low C = 23.2

| Dec low C = 22.6

| year low C = 23.6

| Jan avg record low C = 20.2

| Feb avg record low C = 20.9

| Mar avg record low C = 22.1

| Apr avg record low C = 23.0

| May avg record low C = 22.6

| Jun avg record low C = 22.0

| Jul avg record low C = 21.7

| Aug avg record low C = 21.8

| Sep avg record low C = 22.1

| Oct avg record low C = 22.1

| Nov avg record low C = 21.6

| Dec avg record low C = 19.3

| year avg record low C = 19.7

| Jan record low C = 12.1

| Feb record low C = 18.1

| Mar record low C = 20.2

| Apr record low C = 20.0

| May record low C = 20.1

| Jun record low C = 20.0

| Jul record low C = 20.2

| Aug record low C = 18.2

| Sep record low C = 20.8

| Oct record low C = 20.1

| Nov record low C = 18.9

| Dec record low C = 18.2

| year record low C = 10.8

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 17.9

| Feb rain mm = 21.7

| Mar rain mm = 30.6

| Apr rain mm = 122.3

| May rain mm = 213.8

| Jun rain mm = 307.8

| Jul rain mm = 185.2

| Aug rain mm = 161.0

| Sep rain mm = 196.7

| Oct rain mm = 297.2

| Nov rain mm = 212.8

| Dec rain mm = 68.4

| year rain mm = 1835.3

| Jan rain days = 0.9

| Feb rain days = 1.4

| Mar rain days = 2.2

| Apr rain days = 6.9

| May rain days = 9.1

| Jun rain days = 16.0

| Jul rain days = 13.3

| Aug rain days = 9.9

| Sep rain days = 10.4

| Oct rain days = 13.0

| Nov rain days = 9.8

| Dec rain days = 4.0

| year rain days = 96.9

| time day = 17:30 IST

| Jan humidity = 64

| Feb humidity = 63

| Mar humidity = 66

| Apr humidity = 73

| May humidity = 75

| Jun humidity = 80

| Jul humidity = 79

| Aug humidity = 77

| Sep humidity = 77

| Oct humidity = 80

| Nov humidity = 78

| Dec humidity = 69

| year humidity = 73

| Jan sun = 260.4

| Feb sun = 248.6

| Mar sun = 254.2

| Apr sun = 201.0

| May sun = 192.2

| Jun sun = 129.0

| Jul sun = 136.4

| Aug sun = 164.3

| Sep sun = 180.0

| Oct sun = 173.6

| Nov sun = 165.0

| Dec sun = 217.0

| year sun =

| Jand sun = 8.4

| Febd sun = 8.8

| Mard sun = 8.2

| Aprd sun = 6.7

| Mayd sun = 6.2

| Jund sun = 4.3

| Juld sun = 4.4

| Augd sun = 5.3

| Sepd sun = 6.0

| Octd sun = 5.6

| Novd sun = 5.5

| Decd sun = 7.0

| yeard sun = 6.4

| Jan uv = 11

| Feb uv = 12

| Mar uv = 12

| Apr uv = 12

| May uv = 12

| Jun uv = 12

| Jul uv = 12

| Aug uv = 12

| Sep uv = 12

| Oct uv = 12

| Nov uv = 11

| Dec uv = 10

| source 1 = India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)

{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Thiruvananthapuram Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=739–740 |access-date=29 February 2020}}

{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M1110 |access-date=29 February 2020}}

{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=1 March 2020}} Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015){{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/thiruvananthapuram/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=19 July 2022}}

|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)

{{cite web

| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43371

| title = Normals Data: Thiruvananthapuram – India Latitude: 8.48°N Longitude: 76.95°E Height: 60 (m)

| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency

| access-date = 1 December 2022}} Weather Atlas

{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/thiruvananthapuram-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Thiruvananthapuram, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022}}

| date = August 2010

| source =

| Jan dew point C = 21

| Feb dew point C = 22

| Mar dew point C = 23

| Apr dew point C = 24

| May dew point C = 24

| Jun dew point C = 24

| Jul dew point C = 24

| Aug dew point C = 24

| Sep dew point C = 24

| Oct dew point C = 24

| Nov dew point C = 24

| Dec dew point C = 23

}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| location = Thiruvananthapuram Airport (1991–2020)

| Jan record high C = 35.5

| Feb record high C = 35.6

| Mar record high C = 36.2

| Apr record high C = 36.1

| May record high C = 36.3

| Jun record high C = 35.2

| Jul record high C = 33.9

| Aug record high C = 33.7

| Sep record high C = 33.7

| Oct record high C = 35.7

| Nov record high C = 34.4

| Dec record high C = 34.4

| year record high C =

| Jan high C = 31.4

| Feb high C = 32.0

| Mar high C = 32.8

| Apr high C = 33.2

| May high C = 32.5

| Jun high C = 30.7

| Jul high C = 30.1

| Aug high C = 30.1

| Sep high C = 30.5

| Oct high C = 30.7

| Nov high C = 30.9

| Dec high C = 31.3

| year high C = 31.3

| Jan low C = 22.6

| Feb low C = 23.4

| Mar low C = 24.7

| Apr low C = 25.7

| May low C = 25.5

| Jun low C = 24.4

| Jul low C = 23.8

| Aug low C = 24.0

| Sep low C = 24.0

| Oct low C = 24.0

| Nov low C = 23.8

| Dec low C = 23.1

| year low C = 24.1

| Jan record low C = 16.4

| Feb record low C = 16.0

| Mar record low C = 19.0

| Apr record low C = 20.7

| May record low C = 20.7

| Jun record low C = 19.5

| Jul record low C = 20.8

| Aug record low C = 20.5

| Sep record low C = 20.1

| Oct record low C = 19.4

| Nov record low C = 18.8

| Dec record low C = 17.9

| year record low C =

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 18.1

| Feb rain mm = 25.2

| Mar rain mm = 28.5

| Apr rain mm = 97.4

| May rain mm = 225.0

| Jun rain mm = 300.3

| Jul rain mm = 180.8

| Aug rain mm = 163.4

| Sep rain mm = 195.3

| Oct rain mm = 277.0

| Nov rain mm = 227.3

| Dec rain mm = 67.9

| year rain mm = 1806.3

| Jan rain days = 0.9

| Feb rain days = 1.5

| Mar rain days = 1.7

| Apr rain days = 6.1

| May rain days = 9.1

| Jun rain days = 15.8

| Jul rain days = 12.7

| Aug rain days = 9.5

| Sep rain days = 9.7

| Oct rain days = 12.3

| Nov rain days = 10.1

| Dec rain days = 3.7

| year rain days = 93.0

| time day = 17:30 IST

|Jan humidity=64

|Feb humidity=64

|Mar humidity=67

|Apr humidity=71

|May humidity=74

|Jun humidity=80

|Jul humidity=80

|Aug humidity=80

|Sep humidity=79

|Oct humidity=79

|Nov humidity=76

|Dec humidity=69

|year humidity=74

| source 1 = India Meteorological Department{{cite web

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf

| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| access-date = April 8, 2024

}}}}

{{bar box

|title=Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011){{cite web |title=Population by Religious Community |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}

|titlebar=#Fcd116

|left1=Religion

|right1=Percent

|float=right

|bars=

{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|68.51}}

{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|16.79}}

{{bar percent|Islam|green|13.77}}

{{bar percent|Not stated|black|0.85}}

{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.09}}

Others include Sikhism, Buddhism & Other religions (0.06%)

}}

According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of {{cvt|214|sqkm|sqmi}}, had a population of 957,730. The city's population density was {{cvt|4454|/sqkm|/sqmi}}. The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011. The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average. Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=5 December 2017}} exceeds the all-India average of 74%.{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in |title=Population census 2011 |publisher=Census of India 2011, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2011}}

It is a historical city where Malayali form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. There are also minorities like the Tamils and North Indians residing here. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is Hindu, 16.7% Christians and 13.7% Muslims.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/462-thiruvananthapuram.html |website=Census2011 |access-date=5 December 2017}} The remainder of the community includes Jains, Jews, Sikhs, Buddhists and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the census.

Malayalam, the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City:{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=Govt sets deadline for switch to Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/government-sets-deadline-for-switch-to-malayalam-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/105871691.cms |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. Tamil has the most speakers after Malayalam. The city also has a few Tulu, Kannada, Konkani, Dhivehi, Telugu and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the poverty line in the city was 11,667.{{Cite report |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |title=Study of urban poor in TMC area |work=JNNURM |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127220331/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}

Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh, and Eastern India, mainly West Bengal and Bihar, and from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal and Bangladesh.{{cite news |title=Migrants assured of safety |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/collector-assures-migrants-of-camaraderie/article19840707.ece |access-date=5 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 October 2017}}

{{Main|Administration of Trivandrum district}}

File:Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram.jpg Building]]

The Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018}} Each ward elects a councillor to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.{{cite web |title=Institutional Setup of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}} TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the councillors. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees. The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the government, who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124171252/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2018}} For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, Nemom, Ulloor, Attipra, Thiruvallom, Kazhakkuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam.{{cite web |title=Zonal Operations |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}} The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the greater Thiruvananthapuram region.{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |url=http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |website=Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}}

As the seat of the Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the Kerala Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat, which is housed in the Kerala Government Secretariat complex. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—Attingal and Thiruvananthapuram—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.{{cite web |title=Constituencies |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |website=Corporation of Trivandrum |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134616/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |url-status=dead }}

File:Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.jpg is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala]]

The Thiruvananthapuram City Police is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a commissioner of police.{{cite web |title=Governance of District Police, Thiruvananthapuram City |url=http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |website=District Police Office, Thiruvananthapuram City |publisher=State Police Computer Centre |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134455/http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |url-status=dead }} The Thiruvananthapuram city police is a division of the Kerala Police, and the administrative control lies with the Kerala Home Ministry. Thiruvananthapuram city police is the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of four subdivisional offices and 24 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.{{cite web |title=Work study report on Police Department |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |format=PDF |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043540/https://kerala.gov.in//documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |url-status=dead }} The Central Prison is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services.{{cite web |title=Prisons Headquarters Poojappura |url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=74 |website=Kerala prisons and correctional services |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology |access-date=24 January 2018}}

The Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force is headquartered in the city.{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |website=Official Home Page of Indian Air Force |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}{{cite news |title=Schoolchildren get a 'Command'ing view |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/20/schoolchildren-get-a-commanding-view-1759300.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 January 2018}} There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |title=Armed Police Head Quarter |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/wings/armed-police/armed-police-head-quarter |website=Kerala Police |publisher=State Police Computer Centre, SCRB, Thiruvananthapuram. |access-date=24 January 2018}} The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at Pallipuram.{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=CRPF religion head count |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725025842/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2012}} In addition to this, three units of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the Border Security Force (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the Indian Army.{{cite news |title=Up-close look at military weapons |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Up-close-look-at-military-weapons/article14574294.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 August 2016}}

In the city there is a Consulate of the United Arab Emirates,{{cite web |title=UAE Consulate Thiruvananthapuram Kerala |url=http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |website=Consulate of United Arab Emirates |access-date=24 January 2018}} a Consulate of the Maldives,{{cite web |title=Consulate of Maldives |url=https://www.consulateofmaldives.in/ |website=Consulate of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Netindia |access-date=24 January 2018}} and Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia and Germany.{{cite web |title=Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka |url=http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |website=Consulate of Sri Lanka in Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074607/http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |title=City needs special zone for diplomatic missions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-needs-special-zone-for-diplomatic-missions/article16771608.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2016}}

The Kerala Water Authority supplies the city with water that is sourced from the Karamana River;{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |website=Thiruvananthapuram Smart City |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007082049/http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |url-status=dead }} most of it is drawn from the Aruvikkara and Peppara reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.{{cite news |title=Renovation on at KWA pumping stations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/renovation-on-at-kwa-pumping-stations/article5829060.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2014}} The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.{{cite news |title=Wellington Water Works an example of far-sightedness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoWellington-Water-Works-an-example-of-far-sightednessrsquo/article16654463.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2010}} The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.{{cite news |last1=B. Nair |first1=Rajesh |title=Sludge disposal poses a hurdle at Muttathara sewage treatment plant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/sludge-disposal-poses-a-hurdle-at-muttathara-sewage-treatment-plant/article5078955.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2013}}{{cite web |title=Waste water Management |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |website=Smartcity Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120160503/http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |url-status=dead }} The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.{{cite web |title=Sewerage Scheme (Thiruvananthapuram) Phase – I |url=https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%28Traditional+Procurement%29&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=15303&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=%2Fprojects-list-by-sector%3Fp_p_id%3Dprojectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage%3D%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlistbysector%252Fview.jsp%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_hdSubsectorList%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol%3DprojectName%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType%3Dasc%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_delta%3D75 |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=24 January 2018}} Electricity is supplied by the Kerala State Electricity Board.{{cite news |title=KSEB commissions substation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-commissions-substation/articleshow/59745307.cms |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2015}} Fire services are handled by the Kerala Fire And Rescue Services.{{cite news |title=Trivandrum to get modern fire fighting equipment for faster aid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/22/trivandrum-to-get-modern-fire-fighting-equipment-for-faster-aid-1631875.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 July 2017}}

{{Main|Economy of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{Panorama

|image = File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg

|height = 230

|alt = View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night.

|caption =

}}

File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys campus.JPG

Thiruvananthapuram is strategically located just 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) away from the crucial Suez to Singapore Far East international shipping route, placing it in close proximity to key global maritime traffic. This advantageous location, combined with the availability of reliable electricity, fresh water, and a long coastline, has accelerated industrial growth in the city. Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises Information Technology, education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and tourism.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram economy |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/economy |website=Smart City Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}} Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.{{cite web |title=Kerala Economic Review |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |website=Government of Kerala |publisher=Kerala State Planning Board |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |url-status=dead}} With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.{{cite web |title=AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization |page=7 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |publisher=Morgan Stanley |access-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122084247/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2011}} State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major aerospace research centre in India. The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the most significant and leading centre of ISRO,{{cite web |title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602202050/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |url-status=dead }} and several space-related, state-owned ISRO centres such as Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, and ISRO Inertial Systems Unit are based in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |title=ISRO Centres |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129043646/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |url-status=dead }} The BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Cynthia |title=Central Industrial Security Force to take over BrahMos security |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/221217/central-industrial-security-force-to-take-over-brahmos-security.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2017}} Other enterprises include Travancore Titanium Products, Kerala Automobiles Limited, MILMA, English Indian Clays, Keltron, Trivandrum Rubber Works and HLL Lifecare Limited.

File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg

Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT and ITES hub in India. The city contributes about 40-45% of Kerala's total software exports.{{cite news |url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 |work=Technopark |title=Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow |date=24 February 2016}} Thiruvananthapuram houses major multinational Technology companies like Oracle Corporation, Nissan, Allianz Technology, Envestnet, Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, UST Global, Ernst & Young, Flytxt, Navigant, Tata Elxsi, McKinsey & Company, RR Donnelly and Quest Global.{{cite web |title=Companies in Technopark |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-a-z-listing |website=Technopark |access-date=1 March 2018}} Technopark is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.{{cite news |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=Economic Times |date=17 January 2014}} It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies. Other IT, media and industrial campuses include Kinfra Film and Video Park, Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and Chithranjali Film Complex.{{cite web |title=Kinfra Parks |url=http://kinfra.org/parks |website=Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}}{{cite news |title=Film city plan on fast track |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-city-plan-on-fast-track/article22526150.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 January 2018}} Other major IT, biotechnology and industrial campuses include Technocity, Bio 360 Life sciences park and Digital Science Park.{{cite news |title=Boost for Life Sciences Park development |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/boost-for-life-sciences-park-development/article19988996.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2017}}{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Unnikrishnan |title=Technopark: Riding smoothly into the future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/feb/01/technopark-riding-smoothly-into-the-future-1766890.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2018}}

Tourism is a significant economic sector.{{cite report |work=Tourism Department, Kerala |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf |title=Tourism statistics 2007 |access-date=8 May 2008}}{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S Anil |title=Good news for tourism sector |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/good-news-for-tourism-sector/article22669673.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2018}}{{Cite report |work=Kerala Tourism |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf |title=Destination wise foreign tourist visits |access-date=4 August 2016}} The presence of natural attractions like beaches, backwaters, hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, Ayurveda, medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.{{cite news |title=Brainstorming for sustainable tourism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/27/brainstorming-for-sustainable-tourism-1663732.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2017}} The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.{{cite news |last1=Saikiran |first1=KP |title=Realty sees a surge in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/realty-sees-a-surge-in-kerala/articleshow/59950656.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2017}}

Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. Vizhinjam International Seaport is a transhipment port under construction.{{cite web |title=Vizhinjam International Transhipment Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport |url=http://www.vizhinjamport.in/home.html |website=VIZL |access-date=1 March 2018}} Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy Persian Gulf-Malacca shipping lane.{{cite news |title=Vallarpadam Port loses out to Colombo on smaller draft, higher charges |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |access-date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News |date=26 February 2018}} The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge container ships.{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=A Kerala Port with Adani. Why That's a Good Thing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-kerala-port-with-adani-why-thats-a-good-thing-780831 |access-date=1 March 2018 |agency=NDTV |date=13 July 2015}} The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 TEU.{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Sailing ahead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/01/sailing-ahead-1611400.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 June 2017}}

{{Main|Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:Harverting lotus leafs.jpg.]]

Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India. Kovalam and Varkala are popular beach towns near the city.{{Cite news |title=5 best beach destinations in Kerala for sun, sand, and serenity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-best-beach-destinations-in-kerala-for-sun-sand-and-serenity/photostory/112710340.cms?picid=112710457 |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} Other important beaches include Poovar, Shankumugham Beach, Azhimala Beach, Vizhinjam Beach and Veli Beach. Other places of interest include Agasthyamala rain forests, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kallar, Braemore, Ponmudi hills, Poovar, Anchuthengu backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and Kappil-Edava lakes.

The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving Kerala Architecture with British and Dravidian influences.{{cite news |title=Timeless built heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/timeless-built-heritage/article2094594.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2011}} Napier museum, Thiruvanathapuram Zoo, Padmanabha Swamy temple, Kuthira Malika palace, Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.

The main museums include Kerala Science and Technology Museum (with its attached Priyadarsini Planetarium), Napier Museum, Kerala Soil Museum and Koyikkal Palace Museum. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is listed in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.{{cite web |title=Agasthyamala |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/agasthyamala/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=28 March 2018}}

{{Main|Culture of Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts]]

File:Attukal pongala1.JPG

Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.{{cite news |title=The Evergreen City of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644 |access-date=20 January 2025 |agency=Outlook India |date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517191347/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644/ |archive-date=17 May 2017}} Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in Southern India due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Raja Ravi Varma hail from the city.{{cite news |title=The Monarch musician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-monarch-musician/article5504087.ece |access-date=7 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2013}}{{cite magazine |title=Raja Ravi Varma: The father of Modern Indian Art |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |access-date=7 December 2017 |magazine=India Today |date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213185912/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |url-status=dead }} Prominent social reformers such as Sri Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal, Ayyankali, Vakkom Moulavi and C. V. Raman Pillai also are from Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Office of the Registrar General |last2=Narayanan |first2=Krishnaswamy |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 9: Kerala, Part 6, Issue 1 |year=1973 |publisher=Manager of Publications – India |location=University of Michigan |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8EXAAAAMAAJ}}

Two of the three Malayalam triumvirate poets, Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Kumaran Asan are from Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Ulloor/Html/Ulloorgraphy.htm |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi website |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=7 December 2017 |language=ml}}{{cite book |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India, 2008 |isbn=9780143330134 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az1XFhjzmUwC |year=2008}} Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Hosts Kovalam Literary Fest |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/kovalam-literary-fest/1869 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=12 December 2017}} Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,{{cite news |last1=Keralalibrary |title=Kerala's 188 Years Old Library Is All Set To Become Blind-Friendly |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/keralas-188-years-old-library-is-all-set-to-become-blind-friendly/302184 |access-date=12 December 2017 |publisher=Outlook Web Bureau |date=25 September 2017}} and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the Kerala University Library.{{cite web |title=Department of Library and Information Science |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/dept/deptHome.php?deptID=105 |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=12 December 2017}} Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of classical music since the days of Maharaja of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal.{{cite news |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |title=Music and Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-capital-city-as-a-hub-of-classical-music/article7761426.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 October 2015}}{{cite book |last1=K |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=My Odyssey: Memoirs of the Man behind the Mangalyaan Mission |date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385990380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxtwDQAAQBAJ}} Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India, Swathi Sangeethotsavam, Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups. The 111-day-long Soorya Festival is the biggest art and cultural event in Kerala.{{cite news |title=Soorya festival set to begin today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Soorya-festival-set-to-begin-today/article14991116.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2016}}{{cite news |title=111-day Surya festival begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/111-day-surya-festival-begins-today/articleshow/60770870.cms |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2017}} The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.

File:Iffk 2011 DSCN4617-crop.jpg 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex]]

The Malayalam film Industry was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, Vigathakumaran directed by J. C. Daniel was released in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Manoj |title=Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781946280480 |pages=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18pBDwAAQBAJ}} J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |title=J C Daniel |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}{{cite book |last1=Oommen |first1=M. A. |last2=Varkey Joseph |first2=Kumbattu |title=Economics of Indian Cinema |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |location=University of California |isbn=978-81-204-0575-2 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BkAAAAMAAJ}} The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.{{cite web |url=http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |title=11 Festivals You Will Find Only in Trivandrum! |author=Amal |date=18 February 2016 |work=EnteCity.com |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314185511/http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |last1=Cheerath |first1=Bhawani |title=IFFK 2017: A celebration of cinema from across the globe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffk-2017-a-cinematic-extravaganza/article21288507.ece |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2017}} In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the Central Board of Film Certification's regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, Chitranjali Studio, Merryland Studio, Kinfra Film and Video Park and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.{{cite news |title=The Capital of cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-capital-of-cinema/article5401273.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Baiju Chandran |date=28 November 2013}}{{cite news |title=A week-long theatre extravaganza in Kerala capital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/21/a-week-long-theatre-extravaganza-in-kerala-capital-1660772.html |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2017}}

Apart from the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the city's architecture is championed by the Napier Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in India.{{cite web |title=Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |website=Kerala Culture |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=22 January 2018}} Other architectural landmarks include Kuthira Malika Palace, Kowdiar Palace, Attukal temple, Beemapally Mosque, Connemara Market, and the Mateer Memorial Church. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of Laurie Baker's architecture.{{cite web |title=A film on the life and work of Laurie Baker |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/film-life-work-laurie-baker/ |website=Architectural Digest |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017}}

Along with the major festivals of Onam, Vishu, Deepavali, and Navaratri, Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakrid and Milad-e-sheriff, the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like Attukal Pongala,{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aswin J |title=Review meeting of arrangements for Attukal pongala held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/review-meeting-of-arrangements-for-attukal-pongala-held/articleshow/62543741.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018}} Beemapally Uroos,{{cite news |title=All set for beemapally uroos |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/feb/20/all-set-for-beemapally-uroos-1572772.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 February 2017}} Vettukaad Church Festival,{{cite news |title=Vettucaud church festival from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vettucaud-church-festival-from-friday/article7863783.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2015}} Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu and Lakshadeepam festival.{{cite news |last1=Ajai Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple fest begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Sree-Padmanabha-Swamy-temple-fest-begins/articleshow/26096472.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 November 2013}} During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.{{cite news |title=Onam celebration from Sept.12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Onam-celebration-from-Sept.12/article14620306.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 September 2016}} The Attukal Pongala festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.{{cite web |title=Largest gathering of women |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-annual-gathering-of-women/ |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=29 November 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Mary Koshy |first1=Sneha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Janaki |title=In Kerala, a festival that marks the world's largest gathering of women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/in-kerala-a-festival-that-marks-the-worlds-largest-gathering-of-women-514543 |access-date=22 January 2018 |date=26 February 2013}} Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.{{cite news |title=FILCA int'l film fest from Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/filca-intl-film-fest-from-friday/articleshow/61730445.cms |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}{{cite news |title=Twice the fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/french-bands-colt-silvers-and-last-train-come-to-town/article21076113.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2017}}{{cite news |title=Water Princess' to bring awareness on water conservation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/26/water-princess-to-bring-awareness-on-water-conservation-1711822.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2017}}

The general cuisine of the people is Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines, are popular.{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Authentic Kerala cuisine and ayurvedic massage bowl over Ind and NZ teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/authentic-kerala-cuisine-and-ayurvedic-massage-bowl-over-ind-and-nz-teams/articleshow/61532997.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}} Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering Arabic, Italian, Thai and Mexican cuisines.{{cite book |last1=Stott |first1=David |title=Kerala Footprint Focus Guide |date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=9781909268791 |pages=41–43 |edition=illustrated}}{{cite news |last1=Sahadevan |first1=Sajini |title=Meals on wheels |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meals-on-wheels/article18790841.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 June 2017}}

Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, has a robust healthcare system, with both government and private medical institutions offering comprehensive services. The Government Medical College, one of the oldest medical colleges in India, is a prominent center for medical education and healthcare. The Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) is a well-known institution specializing in cardiology, neurology, and biomedical research. Other significant medical institutions include Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), which focuses on advanced biotechnological research, and Kerala Institute of Medical Scienceshttps://www.kimshealth.org/trivandrum/ (KIMS), known for its multi-specialty services. Private hospitals like NIMS Hospital,https://nicollegeofdentalscience.com/ Aster capitol, and Lord's Hospitalhttps://lordshospital.org/ provide advanced care across various specialties, including cardiology, oncology, and orthopedics. Additionally, Ayurvedic treatment centers are prevalent in the city, offering traditional healing methods. The city also provides palliative care services, with initiatives like the Arike Home Daycare Program, which supports patients in need of end-of-life. care at home.

Other major hospitals in Trivandrum include Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institutes (AHRI),https://www.ananthapurihospitals.com/ SP Fort Hospital,https://www.spfort.com/ Aster Capitol,https://www.asterhospitals.in/blogs-events-news/aster-open-550-bed-super-specialty-hospital-keralas-capital-trivandrum Trivandrum International Medical Center,https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/09112016FJ0Q2A1WAnnexure_documentofForm1.pdf PRS Hospital,https://www.prshospital.com/ NIMS

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| caption1 = Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace

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{{Main|Transport in Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg]]

File:Double Decker bus in Trivandrum.jpg Double-decker bus in the city]]

The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.{{cite news |title=Private bus strike shows signs of failure |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |issue=19 February 2018}} The city buses operated by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the Central Bus Station in Thampanoor, where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in East Fort, where most city buses ply from.{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Anasooya |title=Thampanoor station is now a role model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thampanoor-station-is-now-a-role-model/articleshow/61540168.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S.Anil |title=New bus shelter for East Fort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/New-bus-shelter-for-East-Fort/article14000787.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2016}} Three-wheeled, yellow and black auto-rickshaws and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.{{cite news |title=Pre-paid auto drivers oppose fee for parking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pre-paid-auto-drivers-oppose-fee-for-parking/article19290497.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2017}}{{cite news |title=App-based taxi service at rly station from tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/app-based-taxi-service-at-rly-station-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62013228.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2017}} Thiruvananthapuram Metro is a fully elevated metro rail – rapid transit system planned to ease the congestion in the city.{{cite web |title=Trivandrum Metro Features |url=http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |website=Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=3 March 2018}}

Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed road transport infrastructure.{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=New metro policy to affect Kazhakoootam-Kesavadasapuram stretch |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063832/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |url-status=dead }} The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and Kerala PWD.{{cite news |title=Mr Minister, prove charges or retract statement: TRDCL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mr-minister-prove-charges-or-retract-statement-trdcl/articleshow/60930916.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |date=4 October 2017}} TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |website=IL&FS |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303183626/https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |url-status=dead }} TRCIP is a Public-private partnership project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project to tackle congestion |url=http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |website=World Highways |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920160302/http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |url-status=dead }} TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.{{cite web |title=2015 Global Road Achievement Awards Book of Winning Projects |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1341/trdcl_award.pdf |website=IL&FS |access-date=4 March 2018}} TCRIP has also been selected by United Nations as a replicable Public Private Partnership model.{{cite news |title=United Nations finds Kerala's road is a model |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/160516/united-nations-finds-kerala-s-road-is-a-model.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicle |date=16 May 2016}} It was one of the 12 Public-private partnership project case studies from across the world which fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN Agenda 2030.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project – The UN Recognition for achieving sustainable development goals |url=http://www.itnlinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TCRIP-AT-UNECE-GENEVA-n.pdf |website=ITNL International |publisher=TCRIP |access-date=3 March 2018}}{{cite web |title=Case 25 India Road Sector Thiruvananthapuram City Improvement |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ceci/documents/2016/PPP/Forum_PPP-SDGs/Presentations/Case_25_India_Thiruvananthapuram_City_Improvement.pdf |website=UNECE |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |access-date=3 March 2018}} In 2024, Thiruvananthapuram became the first Indian city to win the UN global sustainability award.{{Cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is India's first city to win global sustainability award: Key success factors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/thiruvananthapuram-is-indias-first-city-to-win-global-sustainability-award-key-success-factors/articleshow/114971969.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}

Thiruvananthapuram is served by National Highway 66 of India's National Highways system.{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Soil testing for Kazhakuttam flyover begins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/soil-testing-for-kazhakuttam-flyover-begins/article19360441.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2017}} The city is connected to the North-South Corridor of the National Highway system at Aralvaimozhi, which is 80 km south of the city.{{Cite map |date=3 March 2018 |title=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi |map=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi distance |map-url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=osrm_car&route=8.2652%2C77.5580%3B8.4826%2C76.9613#map=11/8.3059/77.3438 |work=OpenStreetMap |access-date=3 March 2018}} The State Highway 1, which commonly known as the Main Central Road is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are State Highway 2 and State Highway 45.{{cite web |title=State Highways in Kerala |url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |website=Kerala Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}} The Mahatma Gandhi Road is the main arterial road in the city.{{cite news |title=Paid parking on M.G. Road from today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/paid-parking-on-mg-road-from-today/article7849208.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2015}}{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Ahead of the times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ywca-trivandrum-celebrates-its-centenary/article19316560.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 July 2017}} Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace.{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Green spaces that are the breathing lungs of Trivandrum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/green-spaces-that-are-the-breathing-lungs-of-trivandrum/articleshow/58516479.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 May 2017}}

Thiruvananthapuram is a divisional headquarters in the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1370348346435-Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |website=Southern Railway |access-date=4 March 2018}} Long-distance trains originate from Thiruvananthapuram Central and Thiruvananthapuram North railway terminals. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.{{cite news |title=Kochuveli railway terminal opened |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Kochuveli-railway-terminal-opened/article20272059.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu Business line |date=30 March 2005}} Thiruvananthapuram Central is the busiest railway station in Kerala.{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram Central to be made a world-class station |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thiruvananthapuram-Central-to-be-made-a-world-class-station/article14730334.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2016}} Other railway stations in the city are Thiruvananthapuram North, Thiruvananthapuram Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram South railway station, Veli railway station and Kazhakoottam railway station. Being the southernmost municipal corporation in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express, Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express and Thiruvananthapuram North - Amritsar Weekly Express. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at Thiruvananthapuram South railway station to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central.{{cite news |title=Railway to give priority to Nemom terminal: Ashwani Lohani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/railway-to-give-priority-to-nemom-terminal-ashwani-lohani/articleshow/61279808.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 October 2017}}

* (Indicates that its currently under construction)

Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, located at Chakai, only {{cvt|6.7|km|mi}} from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in Kerala.{{cite news |title=Kerala celebrates 75th anniversary of civil aviation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-celebrates-75th-anniversary-of-civil-aviation/article15796809.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2010}} Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the Maldives and Sri Lanka. As the city is headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force, Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/southern-air-command |work=Indian Air Force |access-date=5 March 2018}} IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology which carries out pilot-training activities.{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology gets its wings back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/aviation-academy-gets-its-wings-back/articleshow/57638475.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2017}}

Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.{{cite news |title=Cruise ship arrives at Vizhinjam port |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cruise-ship-arrives-at-Vizhinjam-port/article14703558.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2016}} A cruise terminal is under trial run at Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal and some of the world's largest container vessels had already docked here.{{cite news |title=Master plan for Vizhinjam Seaport released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/master-plan-for-vizhinjam-seaport-released/article4766869.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |date=31 May 2013}}{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=P |title=Cruise terminal being planned at Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cruise-terminal-being-planned-at-vizhinjam/article3595756.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2016}} Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.{{cite news |title=Immigration check-post facility for Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/immigration-check-post-facility-for-vizhinjam/article20554516.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=19 November 2017}}

The Thiruvananthapuram Metro is a proposed 42.1km Conventional Metro rail system with 37 stations. With 2 primary lines connecting key hubs like Kazhakuttom and Karamana. The idea of the Thiruvananthapuram Metro was first proposed in the early 2000s to cater to the growing population.

{{See also|Schools in Thiruvananthapuram|Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:Model School Thiruvananthapuram.JPG Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.{{cite news |last1=Anilkumar |first1=B S |title=A model for generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/a-model-for-generations/articleshow/60934565.cms |access-date=8 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2017}}|200px]]

File:Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|200px]]

File:Medical college Gate Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|200px]]

File:Observatory at IIST.jpg|200px]]

Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.{{cite news |title=No PSC postings in aided schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/no-psc-postings-in-aided-schools/articleshow/57421702.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |date=2 March 2017}}{{cite web |title=List of Schools |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=460&Itemid=143 |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}} The government schools are run directly by the Kerala State Education Board and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.{{cite web |title=Selected Educational Statistics |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/selected%20educational%20statistics%202010-11.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}} The aided schools also follow the state syllabus. Malayalam and English are the primary languages of instruction; Tamil and Hindi are also used. The schools are affiliated with The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in Kerala.{{cite web |title=National Achievement Survey |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/NAS/NAS.html |website=National Council of Educational Research and Training |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}{{cite news |title=NCERT survey: Gaping holes visible in Kerala education system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ncert-survey-gaping-holes-visible-in-kerala-education-system/articleshow/63122119.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 March 2018}}

The notable schools in the city include St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,{{cite news |last1=Pradeep Kumar |first1=Kaavya |title='Twin' fete at school to mark Kerala Piravi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/twin-fete-at-school-to-mark-kerala-piravi/article6555133.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2014}}{{cite news |title=A song for a better earth by 12,000 children |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-song-for-a-better-earth-by-12000-children/article6086390.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 May 2016}} Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum, SMV School, Trivandrum International School, Chinmaya Vidyalayas, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Loyola School, Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram, Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School, Arya Central School, Jyothi Nilayam School, St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, St. Thomas Residential School, The Oxford School and VSSC Central School.{{cite web |title=List of High schools in Thiruvananthapuram District |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/hs/tvm.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala}}

Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of space science, information technology, physical science, biotechnology, engineering and medicine. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two state universities and one deemed university. The state universities are the University of Kerala and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.{{cite web |title=About Institute |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) |publisher=Department of Space, Govt. of India |access-date=6 March 2018}} IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer graduate courses and research in space sciences, space technology and space applications.{{cite web |url=http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |title=About IIST |access-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814133048/http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |archive-date=14 August 2011 |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}} The city also houses two Institutes of National Importance; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER).{{cite web |title=Institutions of National Importance |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |website=Department of Higher Education |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}} Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).{{cite web |title=Welcome to Trivandrum Regional Centre |url=http://rctrivandrum.ignou.ac.in/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Open University Website |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University. |access-date=6 March 2018}}

The Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram is the first and a premier medical school in Kerala, founded in 1951.{{cite web |title=History of Medical College |url=http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |website=Trivandrum Medical College |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}} Other notable medical schools apart from SCTIMST (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.{{cite web |title=Professional College list |url=https://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |website=Office of the commissioner for entrance examinations |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705153420/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |url-status=dead }}

The city houses several prominent legal education institutions. The Government Law College, formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.{{cite web |title=About Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://glctvpm.com/college/college_about.shtml |website=Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=GLCT |access-date=6 March 2018}} The Kerala Law Academy is another major legal education institution.{{cite web |title=About Kerala Law Academy |url=https://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |website=Kerala Law Academy Website |publisher=Kerala Law Academy |access-date=6 March 2018}} The major Business schools include Asian School of Business, CET School of Management and Institute of Management in Kerala (IMK).{{cite web |title=CET School of Management |url=http://www.mba.cet.ac.in/ |website=CET Management school |publisher=Department of Business Administration, Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.asb.ac.in/about-us |website=Asian School of Business |publisher=ASB |access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite web |title=IMK |url=http://www.imk.ac.in/abtus.htm |website=Institute of Management in Kerala |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=6 March 2018}} There are over 23 engineering education institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |title=Kerala Technological University List of Affiliated Courses 2015–16 |url=https://ktu.edu.in/data/Affiliated%20courses-WEBSITE%2027%20JULY%202015.pdf |website=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}} Apart from IIST and IISER, the other major engineering education institutions include College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET), which is the first engineering college in Kerala,{{cite web |title=About CET |url=http://www.cet.ac.in/ |website=College of Engineering, Trivandrum |publisher=CET |access-date=6 March 2018}} Government Engineering College BartonHill (GEC), Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering (SCT), ER & DCI Institute of Technology, University College of Engineering, Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology. The University College Thiruvananthapuram established in 1866 and H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/ |website=University College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite web |title=Govt. College for Women, Our History |url=http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |website=Government college for Women, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}

Other prominent undergraduate and postgraduate colleges include the Government Arts College, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Sanskrit College, Loyola College of Social Sciences, St. Xavier's College and All Saints College.{{cite web |title=List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/downloads/list_of_affiliated_colleges.pdf |website=Kerala University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}} Major fine arts colleges are Swathi Thirunal College of Music, which is the first music academy in Kerala{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/rel_akademi.htm |website=Swathi Thirunal College of Music |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=6 March 2018}} and College of Fine Arts Trivandrum.{{cite news |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=Carving space through art |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/carving-space-through-art/article22678712.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 February 2018}} The Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education is one of the two physical education academic institutes of the Sports Authority of India (SAI).{{cite web |title=Regional Centres |url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |website=Sports Authority of India |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115080952/http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |url-status=dead }}

The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala (IIITMK),{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management – Kerala (IIITM-K) |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-details?id=9948 |website=Technopark |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=8 March 2018}} National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH),{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.nish.ac.in/about-us |website=National Institute of Speech and Hearing |access-date=8 March 2018}} Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology,{{cite web |title=RGCB Profile |url=http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |website=Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) |access-date=8 March 2018}} Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-Dit),{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.cdit.org/about-us |website=Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT) |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}} Centre for Development Studies (CDS),{{cite web |title=An Overview |url=http://www.cds.edu/about-cds/an-overview/ |website=Centre for Development Studies (CDS) |access-date=8 March 2018}} Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,{{cite news |title=Experts brainstorm over ways to tackle viruses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-science-congress-concludes/article22594529.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018}} National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS),{{cite web |title=Contact Directory |url=http://www.ncess.gov.in/contact-us/contact-directory.html |website=National Centre for Earth Science Studies |publisher=Earth System Science OrganizationMinistry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}} Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC){{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=CorporateProfile |website=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}} and Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library.{{cite news |title=Science festival at Kerala varsity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/varsity-to-open-its-doors-to-public/article22747411.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2018}}

Kerala University is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the MHRD's National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).{{cite web |title=University Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/UniversityRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}} Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.{{cite web |title=Overall Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}} In engineering, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.{{cite web |title=Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}} College of Engineering, Trivandrum is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.{{cite web |title=Architecture Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}} The University College is listed as the best college in Kerala.{{cite web |title=College Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/CollegeRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}{{cite news |title=University College joins the big league |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/university-college-joins-the-big-league/article23809815.ece |access-date=25 May 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2018}}

Thiruvananthapuram is the birthplace of India's space operations.https://kspace.kerala.gov.in/ The first rocket launch in India occurred in Thiruvananthapuram in 1963 at the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). Since then, the city has emerged as a major hub for space research, institutions, and companies.

Trivandrum is the location of the Consulate of the United Arab Emirates and the Consulate of the Maldives. The city also has the Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia, and Germany, facilitating diplomatic and cultural engagements.

{{Main|Media in Thiruvananthapuram}}

Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in Kerala are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, Doordarshan Malayalam began broadcasting from the city in 1981.{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Kendra, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |website=Doordarshan Kendra Trivandrum |publisher=Prasar Bharathi, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}} Asianet, the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.{{cite news |last1=Mohandas |first1=Vandana |title=The world's his oyster |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/141117/the-worlds-his-oyster.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicles |date=14 November 2017}} The other Malayalam channels based in the city include Asianet News, Amrita TV, Kappa TV, Kairali TV, Kairali We, Mathrubhumi News, Kaumudy TV, JaiHind TV, News18 Kerala and People TV.{{cite web |title=Media in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/a676e856-d611-4b3f-b164-3036916fb740 |website=Official Kerala Government website |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 March 2018}} All major Malayalam channels, including Asianet, Janam TV, Jeevan TV, MediaOne TV and Manorama News have production facilities or offices in the city. TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services, or internet-based television.{{cite news |title=Competition Commission orders probe against Star India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/competition-commission-orders-probe-against-star-india/article22331327.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Anil |title=DDK Trivandrum ends analogue terrestrial TV transmission |url=https://keralaitnews.com/6385/ddk-trivandrum-ends-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmission-goes-digital |access-date=9 March 2018 |agency=Kerala IT News |date=5 March 2018}}{{cite news |title=BSNL launches IPTV in State |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/BSNL-launches-IPTV-in-State/article16562478.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2010}} Prominent Direct-to-Home (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include Sun Direct DTH, DD Direct+, Videocon d2h, Dish TV, Reliance Digital TV, Airtel digital TV and Tata Play.

Major Malayalam newspapers available are Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Madhyamam, Janmabhumi, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj Daily, Deepika and Rashtra Deepika. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express, The Hindu, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India.

All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs Medium wave and Shortwave radio stations in the city.{{cite web |title=South Zone Region Services |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/South%20Zone%20Regional%20Services%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite web |title=About All India Radio Trivandrum |url=http://www.airtvm.com/about.pdf |website=All India Radio, Trivandrum |access-date=9 March 2018}} The Vividh Bharati of All India Radio also airs an FM radio station known as Ananthapuri FM.{{cite web |title=Vividh Bharati FM Service |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/VIVIDH%20BHARTI%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite news |title=Ananthapuri FM looking for anchors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-fm-looking-for-anchors/article17591891.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2017}} Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are Big FM 92.7 MHz,{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Jest for laughs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jest-for-laughs/article6793892.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2015}} Club FM 94.3 MHz,{{cite web |title=Club FM |url=http://clubfm.in/ |publisher=Club FM |access-date=6 March 2011}} Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz,{{cite web |title=Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Entertainment Network (India) Limited |access-date=6 March 2011}} Red FM 93.5 MHz and Radio DC 90.4 MHz.{{cite web |title=Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://radiodcfm.com/ |publisher=Radio DC |access-date=9 March 2018}}

{{Main|Sports in Thiruvananthapuram}}

File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala 2.jpg]]

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The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are cricket and football. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the University Stadium in 1984.{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/06/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-t20-international-cricket-match-1692992.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2017}} The city also hosted the first Twenty20 International cricket match in Kerala.{{cite news |title=TVPM to host India-NZ T20 on November 7 |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2017/08/03/kerala-thiruvananthapuram-host-india-nz-t20-november.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=3 August 2017}} The Kerala Cricket Association is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/ |website=Kerala Cricket Association |publisher=KCA |access-date=10 March 2018}} Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include Sanju Samson, Raiphi Gomez, Ryan Ninan, Aneil Nambiar, K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan, Rohan Prem, Udiramala Subramaniam, P. M. K. Mohandas, Bhaskar Pillai and Padmanabhan Prasanth. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58479.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}} St Xavier's College Ground,{{cite web |title=St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1053905.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}} KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,{{cite web |title=KCA Cricket Stadium – Mangalapuram |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/kca-cricket-stadium-mangalapuram |website=KCA Website |publisher=Kerala Cricket Association |access-date=28 March 2018}} Medical College ground{{cite web |title=Medical College Ground Profile |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1237.html |website=Cricketarchive |access-date=28 March 2018}} and Vellyani Agricultural College Ground{{cite web |title=Vellyani Agricultural College Ground |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58481.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}} are the main cricket grounds in the city. The Sports Hub, Trivandrum, commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the largest cricket and football stadiums in India.{{cite news |title=Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jun/12/greenfield-stadium-touching-new-heights-754477.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2015}} Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 2015 SAFF Championship at the Greenfield Stadium.{{cite news |last1=Mohanarangan |first1=Vinayakk |title=SAFF Cup final, as it happened: Chhetri the match-winner as India reclaim title from Afghans |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/saff-cup-final-india-vs-afghanistan-live-can-sunil-chhetri-and-co-halt-a-rampaging-afghan-side-2569120.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=3 January 2016}} SBI Kerala, Titanium FC, KSEB, Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Titanium football club to turn professional; plans to establish fan club |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/titanium-football-club-to-turn-professional-plans-to-establish-fan-club/article7533034.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2016}}{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Back in the game: Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/back-in-the-game-football-in-kerala/article22716585.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2018}} Football is usually played in the Greenfield International Stadium(The Sports Hub), Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and University Stadium.{{cite news |title=Chirag United holds Salgaocar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chirag-united-holds-salgaocar/article2684728.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2011}} Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include Jobby Justin, Vinu Jose, Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan.

The city has facilities to host most types of sports.{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title=Come and play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 April 2016}} Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the 2015 National Games of India.{{cite web |title=Venues |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/kerala2015/venues/ |website=2015 National Games of India |access-date=27 March 2018}} Athletic competitions are usually held at the University Stadium, Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and Central Stadium.{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/venues/university-stadium/ |website=National Games Kerala 2015 |publisher=35th National Games – Kerala 2015 |access-date=27 March 2018}} The Trivandrum Marathon is a marathon organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.{{cite news |last1=V N |first1=Aswin |title=First-ever midnight marathon in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/first-ever-midnight-marathon-in-kerala/article21310110.ece |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 December 2017}} There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.{{cite news |title=Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-marathon-on-december-9-midnight/articleshow/61937083.cms |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017}} Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.{{cite news |title=Run to raise funds for cancer treatment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/07/run-to-raise-funds-for-cancer-treatment-1747243.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 January 2018}}

Jimmy George Indoor Stadium is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting basketball, volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, aquatics and martial arts. The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.{{cite web |title=Astra |url=http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |website=Sports Kerala |access-date=28 March 2018}} The major sports training and coaching institutions include the Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.{{cite news |title=Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/junior-badminton-league-on-july-30-at-greenfield-1633002.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=25 July 2017}}

Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.{{cite news |title=Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/30/kazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2017}} Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.{{cite web |title=Information of NSF |url=http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6 |website=The National Rifle Association of India |access-date=27 March 2018}} Surfing is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and standup paddleboarding tournaments are held in the city.{{cite news |title=National surfing contest begins at Kovalam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/national-surfing-contest-begins-at-kovalam/article20611361.ece1 |access-date=27 March 2018 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 May 2013}} The surf competitions are usually held on Kovalam Beach and Varkala Beach.{{cite web |title=Kovalam Surf Club: No school, no surfing |url=http://www.kovalamsurfclub.com/ |website=Kovalam Surf Club |access-date=27 March 2018}} Paragliding is another adventure sport usually seen on Varkala Beach.{{cite news |title=5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/travel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=News 18 |date=2 March 2018}}

The SAI Trivandrum golf club, established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.{{cite web |title=History |url=http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |website=SAI Trivandrum Golf Club |publisher=Sports Authority of India |access-date=27 March 2018}} It is leased to the Sports Authority of India.

{{Portal|India}}

• List of people from Thiruvananthapuram
• List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum
• Arikkadamukku Trivandrum
• Largest Indian cities by GDP

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2 |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. |page=7063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7063 |isbn=9788177552577}}
• {{cite book |title=Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Gudm1iW78C&q=thiruvananthapuram |access-date=28 March 2018 |year=2008}}

{{Sister project links|Thiruvananthapuram|voy=Thiruvananthapuram}}

• [http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ Official District website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102009/http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ |date=15 August 2019 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191835/http://www.tvm.kerala.gov.in/home.htm Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District]

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

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