:Voiced postalveolar fricative

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʒ

|ipa number=135

|decimal=658

|x-sampa=Z

|kirshenbaum=Z

|braille=2346

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0292.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh {{angbr|Ʒ ʒ}} ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ʒ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Voiced postalveolar fricative.wav}}), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is {{angbr|ž}}, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph {{angbr|zh}}.

File:Palatoalveolar fricative.svg

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[j]}} in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with {{angbr|g}} and {{angbr|j}}).

It occurs as a borrowed phoneme in a number of languages under the influence of French, Persian or Slavic languages, as in the Germanic languages (Dutch, English, German and Luxembourgish), the Romance languages (Italian, and Romanian), the Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Turkish, and Uyghur), and the Uralic languages (Estonian and Hungarian), Breton and Maltese.{{Cite book |last=Stolz |first=Thomas |url=https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/Areal_Linguistics_within_the_Phonologica/ZQVGEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=english+%5B%CA%92%5D+occurs+in+loanwords&pg=PA274&printsec=frontcover |title=Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution |last2=Levkovych |first2=Nataliya |date=2021-08-23 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-067260-2 |pages=261-274 |language=en}} The phoneme has the lowest consonant frequency in both English and Persian.{{Cite journal |last=Qaracholloo |first=Mahmoud |last2=Nejad |first2=Ali |date=2012 |title=Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272690831_Frequency_System_of_Phonemes_Contrastive_Analysis_of_Common_Standard_Persian_and_English_Consonants_in_Context-Based_Corpora |journal=Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora |pages=85}}

The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ({{IPA|[ʒʷ]}}), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

{{sibilant}}

{{palato-alveolar}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

The sound in Russian denoted by {{angbr|ж}} is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

|ipa number=151 414 429

|ipa symbol=ɹ̠˔

|ipa symbol2=ɹ̝˗

|x-sampa=r\_-_r

}}

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠˔}} (retracted constricted {{IPA|[ɹ]}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

• Ezh
• Voiceless postalveolar fricative
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{{refend}}

• {{phoible|ʒ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

Category:Postalveolar consonants

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Labial–coronal consonants