Voiced retroflex fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʐ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʐ

|ipa number=137

|decimal=656

|xsampa=z`

|braille=dd

|braille2=z

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0290.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʐ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).

Features

File:Voiced retroflex fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant:

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{IPA|[ʐ̺]}} and laminal {{IPA|[ʐ̻]}}.

The commonality of {{IPA|[ʐ]}} cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online – Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|абжа/abža}}	{{IPA\|[ˈabʐa]}}	'half'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|жъы}} / {{lang\|kbd-Latn\|jı}} / {{lang\|kbd-Arab\|ظہـ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zheaaa2.ogg\|[ʐ̻ə]}}	'old'	Laminal.
colspan="2" \|Awetí{{Sfnp\|Drude\|2020\|p=190}} \|colspan="2" align="center"\|{{IPA\|[pɨtiˈʐɨk˺]}} \|'to pray' \|Diachronically related to {{IPAblink\|ɾ}} and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for {{IPAblink\|ɾ}} where there is {{IPA\|[ʐ]}} now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening in Waurá.{{Sfnp\|Drude\|2020\|p=190}}
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Mandarin	肉/ròu	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-ròu.ogg\|[ʐoʊ̯˥˩]}}	'meat'	Also transcribed as a retroflex approximant {{IPA\|[ɻ]}} depending on accent and dialect. See Mandarin phonology.
Changshu dialect	{{lang\|zh\|常熟}}	/dʐan ʐɔʔ/ {{IPA\|[tʂʱä̃233 ʐɔʔ23]}} (without tone sandhi)	'Changshu'	Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to a retroflex approximant {{IPA\|[ɻ]}} (similar to the Standard Mandarin r) when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.
colspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|renn}}	{{IPA\|[ʐɛn]}}	'run'
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{Harvcoltxt\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|pp=40–41}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Zygis\|2003\|pp=180–181, 190–191}}	{{lang\|dsb\|Łužyca}}	{{IPA\|[ˈwuʐɨt͡sa]}}	'Lusatia'
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}	{{lang\|arn\|rayen}}	{{IPA\|[ʐɜˈjën]}}	'flower'	May be {{IPAblink\|ɻ}} or {{IPAblink\|ɭ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}
Marrithiyel	Marri Tjevin dialect	colspan="2" align="center"\| {{IPA\|[wiˈɲaʐu]}}	'they are laughing'	Voicing is non-contrastive.
colspan="2" \| Mehináku{{sfnp\|Felipe\|2020\|pp=87-89}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɨˈʐũte]}}	'parrot'	Resulted from the voicing of {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in between vowels.{{sfnp\|Felipe\|2020\|pp=87-89}}
Pashto	Southern dialect	Pashto alphabet	{{IPA\|[ˈtəʐai]}}	'thirsty'	See Pashto phonology
rowspan="3" \| Polish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|żona}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-żona-2.ogg\|[ˈʐ̻ɔn̪ä]}}	'wife'	Also represented orthographically by {{angbr\|rz}} and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 \|title=Gwary polskie – Frykatywne rż (ř) \|access-date=2013-11-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 \|archive-date=2013-11-13 \|url-status=dead }} It is transcribed as {{IPA\|/ʒ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 \|title=Gwary polskie – Gwara regionu \|website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 \|archive-date=13 November 2013 \|url-status=dead}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|pl\|zapłacił}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'he paid'	rowspan="2" \| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/ʐ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} into {{IPAblink\|z̪\|z}} (see Szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|title=Gwary polskie – Szadzenie \|website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|archive-date=13 November 2013 \|url-status=dead}}
colspan="2" \| Romagnol	{{lang\|rgn\|diṣ}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdiːʐ]}} \| 'ten'	Apical; may be {{IPAblink\|z̺\|z̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} instead.
colspan="2" \| Russian	{{lang\|ru\|жена/žena}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-жена.ogg\|[ʐɨ̞ˈna]}}	'wife'	See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|жут}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|žut}}	{{IPA\|[ʐûːt̪]}}	'yellow'	Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Shina \| GilgitiZiya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN: 978-969-942-00-8 [https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up] \|rowspan="2" \|{{#invoke:lang\|lang\|scl\| ڙَکُݨ }} / ẓakuṇ \|rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʐəkuɳ]}} \|rowspan="2" \| 'donkey'
Kohistani
colspan="2" \| Slovak{{Harvcoltxt\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|žaba}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʐäbä]}}	'frog'
rowspan="2" \|Spanish \| rowspan="2" \|Andean \|hacer	{{IPA\|[a'seʐ]}}	'do' \|The phoneme [r] changes to [ʐ], when it is at the end of a syllable
marrón, ratón	{{IPA\|[maˈʐon]}}, {{IPA\|[ʐa'ton]}}	'brown', 'mouse'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central dialects	{{lang\|sv\|fri}}	{{IPA\|[fʐi]}}	'free'	Allophone of /ɹ/. Also may be pronounced as [r] or [ɾ]. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \|Taruma[https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view Unknown]{{Dead link \| date=February 2025 \| fix-attempted=yes}} \|{{Lang\|tdm\|hoza}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈho.ʐa]}} \|'rain' \|
colspan="2" \| Tilquiapan Zapotec{{harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	?	{{IPA\|[ʐan]}}	'bottom'
colspan="2" \| Torwali{{Harvcoltxt\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	ݜوڙ	{{IPA\|[ʂuʐ]}}	'straight'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	colspan="2" align="center"\| {{IPA\|[ʐa]}}	'firewood'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|жaбa/žaba}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʐɑbɐ]}}	'frog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=41}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Zygis\|2003\|p=180}}	{{example needed\|date=June 2015}}			Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} in the standard language.
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꏜ}} {{lang\|ii-Latn\|ry}}	{{IPA\|[ʐʐ̩˧]}}	'grass'

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative

|ipa symbol=ɻ̝

|ipa symbol2=ɻ˔

|ipa symbol3=ɖ̞

|ipa symbol4=ɖ˕

|ipa number=152 429

|xsampa=r\`_r

|soundfile=Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative.ogg

}}

= Features =

Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

= Occurrence =

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

English

Eastern Cape{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=165}}

red

'red'

Apical; typical realization of {{IPA|/r/}} in that region. See South African English phonology

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Hamann

|first=Silke

|year=2004

|title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=53–67

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001604

|s2cid=2224095

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Hanulíková

|first1=Adriana

|last2=Hamann

|first2=Silke

|year=2010

|title=Slovak

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=40

|issue=3

|pages=373–378

|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{SOWL}}
{{citation

|last=Lunsford

|first=Wayne A.

|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan

|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington

|year=2001

|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Merrill

|first=Elizabeth

|year=2008

|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=38

|issue=1

|pages=107–114

|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344

|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Sadowsky

|first1=Scott

|last2=Painequeo

|first2=Héctor

|last3=Salamanca

|first3=Gastón

|last4=Avelino

|first4=Heriberto

|year=2013

|title=Mapudungun

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=87–96

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Šewc-Schuster

|first=Hinc

|year=1984

|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče

|place=Budyšin

|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina

}}

{{citation

|last=Zygis

|first=Marzena

|year=2003

|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives

|journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics

|volume=3

|pages=175–213

|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|doi-access=

|last=Drude

|first=Sebastian

|title=A Fonologia do Awetí

|journal=Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas

|language=pt-BR|volume=3

|issue=2

|pages=190

|year=2020

|doi=10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205

|s2cid=234223262

}}

{{citation

|last=Felipe

|first=Paulo Henrique Pereira Silva de

|year=2020|type=Thesis

|title=Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua mehináku (arawak)

|pages=87–89

|hdl=20.500.12733/1640175

|hdl-access=free

}}

External links

{{phoible|ʐ}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Retroflex consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|абжа/abža}}	{{IPA\|[ˈabʐa]}}	'half'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|жъы}} / {{lang\|kbd-Latn\|jı}} / {{lang\|kbd-Arab\|ظہـ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zheaaa2.ogg\|[ʐ̻ə]}}	'old'	Laminal.
colspan="2" \|Awetí{{Sfnp\|Drude\|2020\|p=190}} \|colspan="2" align="center"\|{{IPA\|[pɨtiˈʐɨk˺]}} \|'to pray' \|Diachronically related to {{IPAblink\|ɾ}} and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for {{IPAblink\|ɾ}} where there is {{IPA\|[ʐ]}} now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening in Waurá.{{Sfnp\|Drude\|2020\|p=190}}
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Mandarin	肉/ròu	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-ròu.ogg\|[ʐoʊ̯˥˩]}}	'meat'	Also transcribed as a retroflex approximant {{IPA\|[ɻ]}} depending on accent and dialect. See Mandarin phonology.
Changshu dialect	{{lang\|zh\|常熟}}	/dʐan ʐɔʔ/ {{IPA\|[tʂʱä̃233 ʐɔʔ23]}} (without tone sandhi)	'Changshu'	Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to a retroflex approximant {{IPA\|[ɻ]}} (similar to the Standard Mandarin r) when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.
colspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|renn}}	{{IPA\|[ʐɛn]}}	'run'
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{Harvcoltxt\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|pp=40–41}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Zygis\|2003\|pp=180–181, 190–191}}	{{lang\|dsb\|Łužyca}}	{{IPA\|[ˈwuʐɨt͡sa]}}	'Lusatia'
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}	{{lang\|arn\|rayen}}	{{IPA\|[ʐɜˈjën]}}	'flower'	May be {{IPAblink\|ɻ}} or {{IPAblink\|ɭ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}
Marrithiyel	Marri Tjevin dialect	colspan="2" align="center"\| {{IPA\|[wiˈɲaʐu]}}	'they are laughing'	Voicing is non-contrastive.
colspan="2" \| Mehináku{{sfnp\|Felipe\|2020\|pp=87-89}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɨˈʐũte]}}	'parrot'	Resulted from the voicing of {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in between vowels.{{sfnp\|Felipe\|2020\|pp=87-89}}
Pashto	Southern dialect	Pashto alphabet	{{IPA\|[ˈtəʐai]}}	'thirsty'	See Pashto phonology
rowspan="3" \| Polish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|żona}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-żona-2.ogg\|[ˈʐ̻ɔn̪ä]}}	'wife'	Also represented orthographically by {{angbr\|rz}} and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 \|title=Gwary polskie – Frykatywne rż (ř) \|access-date=2013-11-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 \|archive-date=2013-11-13 \|url-status=dead }} It is transcribed as {{IPA\|/ʒ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 \|title=Gwary polskie – Gwara regionu \|website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 \|archive-date=13 November 2013 \|url-status=dead}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|pl\|zapłacił}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'he paid'	rowspan="2" \| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/ʐ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} into {{IPAblink\|z̪\|z}} (see Szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|title=Gwary polskie – Szadzenie \|website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|archive-date=13 November 2013 \|url-status=dead}}
colspan="2" \| Romagnol	{{lang\|rgn\|diṣ}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdiːʐ]}} \| 'ten'	Apical; may be {{IPAblink\|z̺\|z̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} instead.
colspan="2" \| Russian	{{lang\|ru\|жена/žena}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-жена.ogg\|[ʐɨ̞ˈna]}}	'wife'	See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|жут}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|žut}}	{{IPA\|[ʐûːt̪]}}	'yellow'	Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Shina \| GilgitiZiya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN: 978-969-942-00-8 [https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up] \|rowspan="2" \|{{#invoke:lang\|lang\|scl\| ڙَکُݨ }} / ẓakuṇ \|rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʐəkuɳ]}} \|rowspan="2" \| 'donkey'
Kohistani
colspan="2" \| Slovak{{Harvcoltxt\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|žaba}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʐäbä]}}	'frog'
rowspan="2" \|Spanish \| rowspan="2" \|Andean \|hacer	{{IPA\|[a'seʐ]}}	'do' \|The phoneme [r] changes to [ʐ], when it is at the end of a syllable
marrón, ratón	{{IPA\|[maˈʐon]}}, {{IPA\|[ʐa'ton]}}	'brown', 'mouse'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central dialects	{{lang\|sv\|fri}}	{{IPA\|[fʐi]}}	'free'	Allophone of /ɹ/. Also may be pronounced as [r] or [ɾ]. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \|Taruma[https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view Unknown]{{Dead link \| date=February 2025 \| fix-attempted=yes}} \|{{Lang\|tdm\|hoza}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈho.ʐa]}} \|'rain' \|
colspan="2" \| Tilquiapan Zapotec{{harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	?	{{IPA\|[ʐan]}}	'bottom'
colspan="2" \| Torwali{{Harvcoltxt\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	ݜوڙ	{{IPA\|[ʂuʐ]}}	'straight'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	colspan="2" align="center"\| {{IPA\|[ʐa]}}	'firewood'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|жaбa/žaba}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʐɑbɐ]}}	'frog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=41}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Zygis\|2003\|p=180}}	{{example needed\|date=June 2015}}			Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} in the standard language.
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꏜ}} {{lang\|ii-Latn\|ry}}	{{IPA\|[ʐʐ̩˧]}}	'grass'

Voiced retroflex fricative

Features

Occurrence

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative

= Features =

= Occurrence =

See also

Notes

References

External links