voiceless retroflex fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʂ

|ipa number=136

|decimal1=642

|x-sampa=s`

|kirshenbaum=s.

|braille=256

|braille2=234

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0282.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}} which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɻ̊}}.

Features

File:Voiceless retroflex fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{IPA|[ʂ̺]}} and laminal {{IPA|[ʂ̻]}}.

The commonality of {{IPA|[ʂ]}} cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|амш/amš}}	{{IPA\|[amʂ]}}	'day'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|пшъашъэ/pšáša}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pshahsa.ogg\|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}}	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|石}}/{{lang\|cmn-Latn\|shí}}	{{IPA\|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}}	'stone'	Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol \|Romagnol \|{{lang\|rgn\|sé}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈʂĕ]}} \|'yes' \|Apical; may be {{IPAblink\|s̺\|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink\|ʃ}} instead.
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|fýrs}}	{{IPA\|[fʊʂ]}}	'eighty'
{{lang\|fo\|bert}} \| {{IPA\|[pɛɻ̊ʈ]}} \| 'only' \| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}}.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|p=115}} See Faroese phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|कष्ट/kašť}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkəʂʈ]}}	'trouble'	See Hindi phonology
colspan=2\| Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬤𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmn\|sau}}	{{IPA\|[ʂau˧]}}	'to write'
colspan="2" \|Kannada \|ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa \|{{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐ]}} \|'difficult' \|Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
colspan="2" \|Kazakh \|{{lang\|kk\|шағын, şağın}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂɑɣɯn]}} \|'small, compact' \|See Kazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	{{lang\|kca\|шаш/šaš}}	{{IPA\|[ʂɑʂ]}}	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{harvp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp\|Zygis\|2003\|pp=180–181, 190–191}}	{{lang\|dsb\|glažk}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɡläʂk]}}	'glass'
colspan="2" \| Malayalam	{{lang\|ml\|കഷ്ടം/kaštam}}	{{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐm]}}	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}	{{lang\|arn\|trukur}}	{{IPA\|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}}	'fog'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}
colspan="2" \| Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|ऋषी/reši}}	{{IPA\|[r̩ʂiː]}}	'sage'	See Marathi phonology
colspan="2" \| Nepali	{{lang\|ne\|षष्ठी/sóšthi}}	{{IPA\|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}	'Shashthi (day)'	Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian	{{lang\|no\|norsk}}	{{IPA\|[nɔʂk]}}	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \|Oʼodham	Cuk-Ṣon	{{IPA\|[tʃʊk ʂɔn]}}	Tucson \|
Pashto	Southern dialect	ښودل/šodël	{{IPA\|[ʂodəl]}}	'to show'
rowspan="3" \| Polish	Standard{{harvp\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|szum}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-szum.ogg\|[ʂ̻um]}}	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr\|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58\|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)\|first=Halina\|last=Karaś\|access-date=2013-11-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|url-status=dead}} It is transcribed {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu\|first=Barbara\|last=Taras}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|pl\|schowali}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʂxɔˈväli]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'they hid'	rowspan="2" \| Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/s/}} into {{IPAblink\|s̪\|s}} (see szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie\|first=Halina\|last=Karaś}}
rowspan="2" \|Romanian	Moldavian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}}	rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ro\|șură}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|['ʂurə]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'barn'	rowspan="2" \| Apical.{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}} See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}}
colspan="2" \| Russian	{{lang\|ru\|шут/šut}}	{{IPA\|[ʂut̪]}}	'jester'	See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|šal}} / {{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|шал}}	{{IPA\|[ʂâ̠ːl]}}	'scarf'	Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan="2" \| Slovak{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|šatka}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʂätkä]}}	'kerchief'
colspan="2" \| Swedish	{{lang\|sv\|fors}}	{{IPA\|[fɔʂ]}}	'rapids'	Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tamil \| {{lang\|ta\|கஷ்டம்/kaštham}} \| rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} \| rowspan="2" \| 'difficult' \| Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" \| Telugu \| {{lang\|te\|కష్టం/kaštam}} \| Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
colspan="2" \| Toda{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=168}}		{{IPA\|[pɔʂ]}}	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp\|Krishnamurti\|2003\|p=66}}
colspan="2" \| Torwali{{sfnp\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	šeš/ݜیݜ	{{IPA\|[ʂeʂ]}}	'thin rope'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh		{{IPA\|[ʂ̺a]}}	'head'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \|Ukrainian \|{{lang\|uk\|шахи/šahy}} \|[ˈʂɑxɪ] \|'chess' \|See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=41}}{{sfnp\|Zygis\|2003\|p=180}}	{{example needed\|date=June 2015}}	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʃ}} in standard language.
Vietnamese	Southern dialects{{sfnp\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|sữa}}	{{IPA\|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}	'milk'	See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꏂ}}/{{lang\|ii-Latn\|shy}}	{{IPA\|[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]}}	'gold'
colspan="2" \|Yurok{{cite web\|title=Yurok consonants\|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php\|website=Yurok Language Project\|publisher=UC Berkeley\|access-date=7 January 2017}}	segep	{{IPA\|[ʂɛɣep]}}	'coyote' \|
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{sfnp\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}	—	—	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA\|[a]}} and {{IPA\|[u]}}.

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

|ipa symbol=ɻ̝̊

|ipa symbol2=ɻ̊˔

|ipa symbol3=ʈ˕

|ipa number=152 402B 429

|xsampa=r\`_0_r

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant

|ipa symbol=ɻ̊

|ipa number=152 402A

|xsampa=r\`_0

}}

= Features =

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

= Occurrence =

class="wikitable"

! colspan=2|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

colspan=2|Angami{{Cite journal |date=Fall 1993 |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=87 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.16.2.03 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}

| {{lang|njm|ɻ̥ə³}}

| {{IPA|[ɻ̥ə˨]}}

| {{gloss|to plan}}

| Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}

colspan=2|Chokri{{cite journal |last1=Bielenberg |first1=Brian |last2=Zhalie |first2=Nienu |title=Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=Fall 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–122 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.24.2.04 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bielenberg2001chokri.pdf |access-date=28 December 2016}}

| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]}}

| {{gloss|sew}}

| In free variation with {{IPAslink|χ}}; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}

Ormuri{{cite thesis |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=2013 |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |type=PhD dissertation |chapter=Other Eastern Iranian Languages |publisher=Charles University |location=Prague |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |page=59 |quote=This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages}}{{cite book |last=Efimov |first=V. A. |year=2011 |editor-last=Baart |editor-first=Joan L. G. |translator-last=Baart |translator-first=Joan L. G. |title=The Ormuri Language in Past and Present |location=Islamabad |publisher=Forum for Language Initiatives |url=https://www.academia.edu/2019868 |isbn=978-969-9437-02-1 |quote=...and ř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using ṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler ṛ̌.}}

| Kaniguram dialect

| {{lang|oru|suř}}

|{{IPA|[suɻ̝̊]}}

| {{gloss|red}}

| Usually corresponds to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} in the Logar dialect

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Árnason

|first=Kristján

|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese

|year=2011

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4

}}

{{citation

|last=Canepari

|first=Luciano

|year=1992

|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana

|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation

|language=it

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|publisher=Zanichelli

|isbn=88-08-24624-8

}}

{{citation

|last = Hamann

|first = Silke

|year = 2004

|title = Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages

|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume = 34

|issue = 1

|pages = 53–67

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604

|s2cid = 2224095

|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf

|access-date = 2015-04-09

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf

|archive-date = 2015-04-14

|url-status = dead

}}

{{citation

|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162

|last1=Hanulíková

|first1=Adriana

|last2=Hamann

|first2=Silke

|year=2010

|title=Slovak

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=40

|issue=3

|pages=373–378

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Ladefoged

|first=Peter

|author-link=Peter Ladefoged

|year=2005

|title=Vowels and Consonants

|edition=2nd

|publisher=Blackwell

}}

{{citation

|last=Lunsford

|first=Wayne A.

|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan

|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington

|year=2001

|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Merrill

|first=Elizabeth

|year=2008

|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=38

|issue=1

|pages=107–114

|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344

|doi-broken-date=29 December 2024

|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Pop

|first=Sever

|year=1938

|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român

|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj

}}

{{citation

|last1=Sadowsky

|first1=Scott

|last2=Painequeo

|first2=Héctor

|last3=Salamanca

|first3=Gastón

|last4=Avelino

|first4=Heriberto

|year=2013

|title=Mapudungun

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=87–96

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Šewc-Schuster

|first=Hinc

|year=1984

|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče

|place=Budyšin

|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina

}}

{{citation

|last=Thompson

|first=Laurence

|year=1959

|title=Saigon phonemics

|journal=Language

|volume=35

|issue=3

|pages=454–476

|doi=10.2307/411232

|jstor=411232

}}

{{citation

|last=Zygis

|first=Marzena

|year=2003

|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives

|journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics

|volume=3

|pages=175–213

|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191

|doi-access=free

}}

External links

{{phoible|ʂ}}
{{phoible|ɻ̊}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Retroflex consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Voiceless approximants

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|амш/amš}}	{{IPA\|[amʂ]}}	'day'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|пшъашъэ/pšáša}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pshahsa.ogg\|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}}	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|石}}/{{lang\|cmn-Latn\|shí}}	{{IPA\|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}}	'stone'	Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol \|Romagnol \|{{lang\|rgn\|sé}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈʂĕ]}} \|'yes' \|Apical; may be {{IPAblink\|s̺\|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink\|ʃ}} instead.
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|fýrs}}	{{IPA\|[fʊʂ]}}	'eighty'
{{lang\|fo\|bert}} \| {{IPA\|[pɛɻ̊ʈ]}} \| 'only' \| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}}.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|p=115}} See Faroese phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|कष्ट/kašť}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkəʂʈ]}}	'trouble'	See Hindi phonology
colspan=2\| Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬤𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmn\|sau}}	{{IPA\|[ʂau˧]}}	'to write'
colspan="2" \|Kannada \|ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa \|{{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐ]}} \|'difficult' \|Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
colspan="2" \|Kazakh \|{{lang\|kk\|шағын, şağın}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂɑɣɯn]}} \|'small, compact' \|See Kazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	{{lang\|kca\|шаш/šaš}}	{{IPA\|[ʂɑʂ]}}	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{harvp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp\|Zygis\|2003\|pp=180–181, 190–191}}	{{lang\|dsb\|glažk}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɡläʂk]}}	'glass'
colspan="2" \| Malayalam	{{lang\|ml\|കഷ്ടം/kaštam}}	{{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐm]}}	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}	{{lang\|arn\|trukur}}	{{IPA\|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}}	'fog'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=90}}
colspan="2" \| Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|ऋषी/reši}}	{{IPA\|[r̩ʂiː]}}	'sage'	See Marathi phonology
colspan="2" \| Nepali	{{lang\|ne\|षष्ठी/sóšthi}}	{{IPA\|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}	'Shashthi (day)'	Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian	{{lang\|no\|norsk}}	{{IPA\|[nɔʂk]}}	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \|Oʼodham	Cuk-Ṣon	{{IPA\|[tʃʊk ʂɔn]}}	Tucson \|
Pashto	Southern dialect	ښودل/šodël	{{IPA\|[ʂodəl]}}	'to show'
rowspan="3" \| Polish	Standard{{harvp\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|szum}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-szum.ogg\|[ʂ̻um]}}	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr\|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58\|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)\|first=Halina\|last=Karaś\|access-date=2013-11-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|url-status=dead}} It is transcribed {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu\|first=Barbara\|last=Taras}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|pl\|schowali}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʂxɔˈväli]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'they hid'	rowspan="2" \| Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/s/}} into {{IPAblink\|s̪\|s}} (see szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie\|first=Halina\|last=Karaś}}
rowspan="2" \|Romanian	Moldavian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}}	rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ro\|șură}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|['ʂurə]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'barn'	rowspan="2" \| Apical.{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}} See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=31}}
colspan="2" \| Russian	{{lang\|ru\|шут/šut}}	{{IPA\|[ʂut̪]}}	'jester'	See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|šal}} / {{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|шал}}	{{IPA\|[ʂâ̠ːl]}}	'scarf'	Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan="2" \| Slovak{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|šatka}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʂätkä]}}	'kerchief'
colspan="2" \| Swedish	{{lang\|sv\|fors}}	{{IPA\|[fɔʂ]}}	'rapids'	Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tamil \| {{lang\|ta\|கஷ்டம்/kaštham}} \| rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} \| rowspan="2" \| 'difficult' \| Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" \| Telugu \| {{lang\|te\|కష్టం/kaštam}} \| Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
colspan="2" \| Toda{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=168}}		{{IPA\|[pɔʂ]}}	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp\|Krishnamurti\|2003\|p=66}}
colspan="2" \| Torwali{{sfnp\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	šeš/ݜیݜ	{{IPA\|[ʂeʂ]}}	'thin rope'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh		{{IPA\|[ʂ̺a]}}	'head'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \|Ukrainian \|{{lang\|uk\|шахи/šahy}} \|[ˈʂɑxɪ] \|'chess' \|See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=41}}{{sfnp\|Zygis\|2003\|p=180}}	{{example needed\|date=June 2015}}	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʃ}} in standard language.
Vietnamese	Southern dialects{{sfnp\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|sữa}}	{{IPA\|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}	'milk'	See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꏂ}}/{{lang\|ii-Latn\|shy}}	{{IPA\|[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]}}	'gold'
colspan="2" \|Yurok{{cite web\|title=Yurok consonants\|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php\|website=Yurok Language Project\|publisher=UC Berkeley\|access-date=7 January 2017}}	segep	{{IPA\|[ʂɛɣep]}}	'coyote' \|
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{sfnp\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}	—	—	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA\|[a]}} and {{IPA\|[u]}}.

voiceless retroflex fricative

Features

Occurrence

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

= Features =

= Occurrence =

See also

Notes

References

External links