.br

Created and delegated to Brazil in 1989[https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/br.html IANA] - Informações sobre a delegação do .br by Jon Postel,[http://nic.br/imprensa/releases/2009/rl-2009-08.htm NIC.br] - CGI.br comemora os 20 anos do ".br" initially the domain was operated manually by Registro.br and administered by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). Originally, only researchers and institutions to which they belonged had the interest and ability to adopt the new system and register domains under .br.

At the time, networks prevalent in the Brazilian academic setting were the BITNET ("Because It's Time NETwork"), the HEPnet ("High Energy Physics Network") and the UUCP ("Unix-to-Unix Copy Program"). As such, even before Brazil officially connected to the Internet in 1991, the .br domain was used to identify the machines participating in networks already in use by academics.

In 1995 the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee ({{langx|pt|Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil}}, or simply CGI.br) was created with an objective to coordinate the allocation of Internet addresses (IPs) and the registration of .br domain names. There were 851 domains registered with the Brazilian DNS by the beginning of 1996, thereafter experiencing rapid growth with the mass arrival of companies, Internet providers and media onto the Internet. The registration system was automated in 1997 and was developed using open source software.

In 2005, CGI.br created its own executive arm, the Brazilian Network Information Center ({{langx|pt|Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR}}, or simply NIC.br),{{ cite web | url=https://www.cgi.br/noticia/notas/comunicado-ao-publico/ | title=Comunicado ao Público | publisher=CGI.br | date=14 February 2006 | access-date=18 August 2021 }} which currently serves in both administrative and operational capacity for the registry.

In 2017, accounts associated with DNS records of Brazilian banks were hacked. Kaspersky's researchers pointed out to a vulnerability in NIC.br's website and suggested its infrastructure had been compromised. NIC's director at the time, Frederico Neves, denied that NIC.br was "hacked", although NIC.br admitted the vulnerability.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/04/hackers-hijacked-banks-entire-online-operation/|title=How Hackers Hijacked a Bank's Entire Online Operation|magazine=Wired|author=Andy Greenberg|date=4 April 2017|quote= Kaspersky believes the attackers compromised NIC.br (...) Kaspersky points to a January blog post from NIC.br that admitted to a vulnerability in its website (...) [Frederico Neves] denied that NIC.br had been "hacked." But he conceded that accounts may have been altered}}

To register any domains under .br, it is necessary to enter into contact with Registro.br. Entities legally established in Brazil as a company ("pessoa jurídica") or a physical person ("profissional liberal" and "pessoas físicas") that has a contact within Brazil can register domains.{{cite web |title=Why Choose a .BR Domain for Your Business in Brazil? |url=https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/august-2021/why-register-a-br-domain-in-brazil |website=www.nominus.com |language=en}} Foreign companies that have a power-of-attorney legally established in Brazil can also do it by following [http://registro.br/dominio/reg-estrangeiros.html specific rules].

The registration of domains including non-ASCII Portuguese characters (à, á, â, ã, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü and ç) is accepted since 2005.[http://registro.br/info/dicas.html Registro.br - Tips and Rules]

• Minimum of 2 and maximum of 26 characters, not including the category. For example, in the field XXXX.COM.BR, this limitation relates to the XXXX.
• Valid characters are [A-Z, 0-9], the hyphen, and the following accented characters: à, á, â, ã, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ç.
• Domains cannot contain only numbers.
• To maintain the integrity of the registry, Registro.br sets up an equivalence mapping to compare domain names with and without accented characters. The mapping is done by converting accented characters and the cedilla for their non-accented versions and "c", respectively, and discards hyphens. A new domain will only be allowed to be registered when there is no equivalent to a pre-existing domain, or when the applicant is the same entity that owns the domain equivalent.

:Specifically for the domain .NOM.BR, it is necessary to choose two names, i.e.: NAME1.NAME2.NOM.BR.

In 1991, it was decided that universities and research institutes would be allowed second-level .br domains directly. For example: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro got ufrj.br; University of São Paulo got usp.br; National Institute for Space Research got inpe.br; and so on.{{Cite journal | url=https://www.cgi.br/publicacao/nomes-de-dominio-na-internet/ | title=Nomes de domínio na internet | lang=pt-br | first=Demi | last=Getschko | publisher=CGI.br | journal=Pesquisa sobre o uso das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação 2005 | location=São Paulo | pages=21–24 | date=1 April 2006 | access-date=18 August 2021 }}

In late 2000, the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee reported abuse in this system, and called for all institutions directly under .br to be moved to .edu.br – so, for example, ufrj.br would become ufrj.edu.br. During a meeting in early 2001, however, the Committee decided it would be of public interest to not move every second-level domain as to avoid confusion, but instead established rules regarding their registration:{{cite web | url=https://www.nic.br/registro-nota-edu/ | title=Nota de Esclarecimento sobre utilização do DPN .edu | lang=pt-br | website=NIC.br | access-date=18 August 2021 }}

• No longer accepting automatic registration of second-level domains, and evaluating every request for one individually;
• Creating edu.br, and forwarding requests from education and research institutions to it;
• Concession to education and research institutes that already had a second-level .br domain, as long as its usage is appropriate and that domain name is related to the institution's name or acronym. Domains approved are automatically duplicated under edu.br as well, and both may exist concurrently – for example, the still existing ufrj.br also has a registered ufrj.edu.br, although the latter is not used;
• Other institutions not approved above must be migrated permanently to edu.br (but would be given sufficient time for the transition).

As of September 2024, Registro.br reports 1207 domains registered directly under .br.

As of November 2024, there are 142 different second-level domains of .br under which custom domains can be registered, and they are divided into eleven categories: "Generic", "Business", "Culture", "Education", "Personals", "Entertainment", "Public Authority", "Locations", "Professions", "Technology" and "Third Sector".{{cite web | url=https://registro.br/dominio/categorias/ | title=Categorias .br | lang=pt-br | trans-title=.br Categories | website=Registro.br | access-date=23 November 2024 }} They are the following:

From 2000 until 2009, during election cycles, electoral candidates could register domains under CAN.br, with the format [name][number].can.br – where the name is the registered candidate name, and the number is the identification number for that candidate in the election (related to the party's identification number).{{cite web | url=https://www.nic.br/noticia/na-midia/eleicoes-2008-candidatos-terao-dominio-can-br/ | title=Eleições 2008: candidatos terão domínio can.br | lang=pt-br | trans-title=2008 Elections: candidates will have can.br domain | first=Larissa | last=Januário | website=NIC.br | date=24 March 2008 | access-date=18 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819013012/https://www.nic.br/noticia/na-midia/eleicoes-2008-candidatos-terao-dominio-can-br/ | archive-date=19 August 2021 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.cg.org.br/reunioes/ata/2002/02 | title=Ata da Reunião de 28 de fevereiro de 2002 | lang=pt-br | date=28 February 2002 | access-date=18 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195722/http://www.cg.org.br/reunioes/ata/2002/02 | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 July 2014 }} The second-level domain was in a category of its own, called "natural persons, special".{{cite web | url=https://www.cgi.br/resolucoes/documento/2008/008/ | title=Resolução CGI.br/RES/2008/008/P | lang=pt-br | website=CGI.br | date=28 November 2008 | access-date=18 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064005/http://cgi.br/resolucoes/documento/2008/008/ | archive-date=21 April 2014 }}

As an example, during the 2004 elections for mayor of Aracaju:{{cite web | url=https://infonet.com.br/eleicoes/2004/ler.asp-546.html | title=Como a Internet está ajudando eleitores e candidatos | lang=pt-br | first=Carlos Eduardo | last=Franciscato | website=Infonet | date=11 September 2004 | access-date=18 August 2021 }}

• Marcelo Déda had the website deda13.can.br (his surname and Worker's Party's identification number, 13);
• Susana Azevedo had the website susana23.can.br (her first name and Cidadania's identification number, 23);
• Jorge Alberto had the website jorgealberto15.can.br (his name and MDB's identification number, 15).

Domains were free for registered candidates. Additionally, domains were automatically cancelled at the end of the first round if the candidate lost, and remaining ones were cancelled after the end of the second round.

No new .can.br domains have been registered since 2009.{{cite web | url=https://registro.br/stat/can.br_2a.png | title=can.br - 31/12/1995 a 17/08/2021 | lang=pt-br | website=Registro.br | access-date=18 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819010958/https://registro.br/stat/can.br_2a.png | archive-date=19 August 2021 | url-status=live }}

In late 2024, legislation regulating online gambling in Brazil – usually referred to simply as "bets" in the country – was passed. Among the stipulations was that, from January 2025 onward, such companies must operate under a BET.br domain.{{ cite web | url=https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/fatos/brasil-contra-fake/noticias/2024/10/bets-nao-autorizadas-estao-proibidas-de-funcionar-desde-terca-feira-1o | title=Quais bets estão autorizadas a funcionar no Brasil | lang=pt-br | trans-title=What bets are authorized to operate in Brazil | website=Federal Government of Brazil | date=2 October 2024 | access-date=24 October 2024 }} By definition, any online gambling websites not operating under a .bet.br domain are operating illegally.

There are multiple agencies registered directly under .br, as second-level domains, that are not higher education or research institutions. The following list might not be exhaustive:

Most of these agencies are subsidiaries of CGI.br and, as such, they follow a similar corporate identity. The "logos" are combinations of the names of the agencies with the logo for .br, all of which are simply typed out with Brandon Schoech (Tepid Monkey)'s freeware font "Qhytsdakx":

File:DotBr logo.svg|Logo for .br, a slightly modified "br" in green

File:Cgi.br.svg|Logo for CGI.br

File:NIC.br logo.svg|Logo for NIC.br

File:Ix.br.svg|Logo for IX.br

File:DotBr domain logo.svg|Logo for Registro.br

File:IPv6.br logo.svg|Logo for IPv6.br

There are multiple networks registered directly under .br, usually of academic nature. Again, this list may not be exhaustive:

As of September 2024, .BR is the 9th most used TLD in the world and the 6th most used ccTLD, accounting for approximately 1.5% of all domain names.{{cite web |last=Schaumann |first=Jan |date=20 September 2024 |title=DNS Zone Stats |url=https://www.netmeister.org/tldstats/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917162248/https://www.netmeister.org/tldstats/ |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Netmeister.org}} It is also the most used Portuguese language TLD.{{efn|Counting existing domain names, as of September 2024:

• .BR had around 5,300,000;
• .PT had around 1,900,000;
• .ST had around 30,000;
• .GQ had around 15,000;
• .AO had around 12,000;
• .MZ had around 10,000;
• .CV had around 3,000;
• .MO had around 3,000;
• .TL had around 2,000;
• .RIO had around 700;
• .GW had around 400.}}

{{Pie chart

|caption = Usage of the .BR space, highlighting its five most registered second-level domains

|value1 = 93.04

|label1 = COM.BR

|value2 = 1.40

|label2 = NET.BR

|value3 = 0.99

|label3 = ORG.BR

|value4 = 0.91

|label4 = ADV.BR

|value5 = 0.42

|label5 = IND.BR

|other = yes

|footer=Data as of 9 September 2024.

}}

As of 9 September 2024, Registro.br's statistics page reported the following:

• {{val|5388244|fmt=commas}} total domains registered under .BR;
• {{val|1629955|fmt=commas}} ({{pct|1629955|5388244|2}}) domains using DNSSEC.

The "Education" category also includes {{val|1207|fmt=commas}} ({{pct|1207|5388244|2}} of the total) custom second-level domains registered directly under .BR – for example, the National Observatory at ON.BR.

• Internet in Brazil
• .rio

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/br.html IANA .br whois information]
• [http://www.registro.br Registro.br : Brazil's official registry administrator]
• [http://www.registro.br/estatisticas.html Second-level domain statistics] for .br
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180418044650/http://www.tepidmonkey.net/ TepidMonkey's archived website] (source of the font used in the logos, "Qhytsdakx")

{{ccTLD}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{Americas topic|Internet in }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Br}}

Category:Communications in Brazil

Category:Country code top-level domains

Category:Internet in Brazil

Category:Internet properties established in 1989

sv:Toppdomän#B