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1291

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{{About year|1291}}

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File:1291 siège d'Acre.jpg defends the walls at the Siege of Acre (1840)]]

File:Map of Acre in 1291.svg (1291) during the siege of the Mamluk campaign (4 April–18 May)]]

Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

= By place =

== Europe ==

== Britain ==

  • Spring – Several nobles unsuccessfully claim the Scottish throne (a process known as the 'Great Cause'), including John Balliol, Robert de Brus, John Hastings and William de Vesci. Fearing civil war, the Guardians of Scotland ask King Edward I of England to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.
  • May 10 – Edward I meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne, but they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the royal castles of the kingdom into his keeping.Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 7. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.
  • June 13 – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognize Edward I as overlord of Scotland, agreeing that the kingdom will be handed over to himd until a rightful heir has been found.Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, p. 365. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-07209-9}}.

== Levant ==

  • May 18 – Siege of Acre: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil capture Acre after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall of the city after fierce fighting. The Military Orders drive them back temporarily, but three days later the inner wall is breached. King Henry II of Cyprus escapes, but the bulk of the defenders and most of the citizens perish in the fighting or are sold into slavery. The surviving knights fall back to the fortified towers and resist for ten days until the Mamluks breakthrough on May 28.Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 351. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}. The fall of Acre signals the end of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. No effective Crusade is raised to recapture the Holy Land afterward.David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, pp. 18–19. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-862-5}}.
  • June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, p. 104. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. {{ISBN|978-1-31787-152-1}}.
  • July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed Guillaume de Beaujeu (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Sidon Sea Castle on July 14.Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 352. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.
  • August 14 – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states".Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 353. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.

== Asia ==

= By topic =

== Economy ==

  • Four towns of the County of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the County of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count Floris V. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.{{cite journal|last= Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title= The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)|journal= European Review of Economic History|year=2010|volume=14|issue=2|pages=335–359|doi=10.1017/S1361491610000055}}
  • Venetian glass manufacture is concentrated on the island of Murano (located in the Venetian Lagoon), to prevent fires in Venice itself.

== Exploration ==

  • Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Vivaldo, Ugolino and Sorleone de". Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 152. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Births

Deaths

References

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