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1314

{{Year dab|1314}}

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{{C14 year in topic}}

{{Year article header|1314}}

File:MK18541 Bannockburn Robert the Bruce.jpg, Scottish victor over England at the Battle of Bannockburn]]

File:Mapbannockburn1.svg

File:Mapbannockburn1.2.svg

Events

=January – March=

  • January 17 – Queen Oljath, who had been the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Georgia as wife of King Vakhtang II (d. 1292), and then his cousin, King David VIII (d. 1302), marries a third time, taking as her husband Qara Sonqur, Governor of Maragheh (in the modern-day East Azerbaijan province of Iran), in exchange for a dowry of 30,000 dinars.W. B. Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1968) p.403
  • January 21 (3 Shawwal 713 AH) – Muhammad III of Granada, Sultan from 1302 to 1309, is murdered by being drowned in the pool of the Dar al-Kubra on orders of his brother, Sultan Nasr.[https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6552/muhammad-iii "Muhammad III"], by Francisco Vidal Castro, in Diccionario Biográfico electrónico (Real Academia de la Historia (ed.)
  • February 8 (21 Shawwal 713 AH) – Sultan Nasr of Granada is forced to abdicate after 18 days as the ruler of the Emirate of Granada (in modern-day Spain) by his nephew, Abu'l-Walid Ismail I ibn Faraj, who is proclaimed at the Alhambra as the new Sultan.
  • March 18 – Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar and Geoffroi de Charney, are, by orders of King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair"), burned at the stake in front of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité in the Seine. Jacques declares his innocence and that the Templar Order is also innocent of all the charges of heresy. It is said that Jacques correctly predicts the deaths of both Philip and Pope Clement V within the year.{{Cite journal |last=Elizabeth A. R. Brown |year=2015 |title=Philip the Fair, Clement V, and the end of the Knights Templar: The execution of Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charny in March |journal=Viator |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=229–292. |doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.109474}}
  • March – Tour de Nesle Affair: After confirmation that two of his sons' wives are engaged in adultery, King Philip IV of France orders the arrest of his daughters-in-law, Margaret of Burgundy (the wife of Prince Louis X), Blanche of Burgundy (wife of Prince Charles of Valois), and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (wife of Prince Philip V). The arrests come after the accusations of King Philip's daughter, Isabella, Queen consort of England, and surveillance of the Tower of Nesle.Alison Weir, Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England (Pimlico, 2006) p.92,99 Joan II is charged with being an accessory for being aware of the crime and not reporting it, and put under house arrest until after King Philip's death later in the year. Blanche is imprisoned at the Château Gaillard until 1322. Margaret will die of illness in prison a year later, and five months after technically becoming Queen consort of France.Jacqueline Broad and Karen Green, Virtue, Liberty, and Toleration: Political Ideas of European Women, 1400–1800 (Springer, 2007) p.8 Two knights, Philip of Aunay and his older brother Walter of Aunay, are also arrested for adultery (with Margaret and Blanche respectively), imprisoned, tortured at the Place du Grand Martroy in Pontoise and brutally executed on April 19.Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis: A Cultural History, pp. 17–21. London: Leicester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7185-0147-1}}.Didier Audinot, Histoires effrayantes (Editions Grancher, 2006)

=April – June=

  • April 4 – Exeter College, Oxford, in England is founded by Walter Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, and his brother for the education of clergy.
  • April 20 – Pope Clement V dies after an 9-year pontificate at Roquemaure. During his reign, he has reorganized and centralized the administration of the Catholic Church.Menache, Sophia (2002). Clement V, p. 2. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-52198-X}}.
  • May 1 – The 1314–1316 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Clement V begins at Carpentras Cathedral in Provence with 23 cardinals in attendance, of whom the votes of 16 are necessary to elect a new Pontiff. The cardinals are divided into three factions, none of which have more than eight people, with a group from Italy (led by Guillaume de Mandagot), who want to move the papacy back to Rome; nine from Gascony, most of whom are relatives of Pope Clement (led by Arnaud de Pellegrue); and five from Provence (led by Berengar Fredol).
  • May 14 – In Italy, more than 50 of the Fraticelli spiritualists of the Franciscan order of Tuscany are excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Archbishop of Genoa after refusing to return to obedience to the Pope.William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity (Scarecrow Press, 2012) p. 131
  • June 17 – First War of Scottish Independence: English forces led by King Edward II leave Berwick-upon-Tweed to march to break the Scottish siege of Stirling Castle. They cross the River Tweed at Wark and Coldstream and march west across the flat Merse of Berwickshire towards Lauderdale. In Earlston, Edward uses an old Roman road through the Lammermuir Hills, practical for the wheeled transport of a long supply train as well as the cavalry and infantry.{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Pete|year=2002|publisher=Osprey|location=London|title=Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory|pages=38–39, 54–55, 70–71, 79, 83|isbn=1-85532-609-4}}
  • June 19 – English forces march to the environs of Edinburgh; here Edward II waits for the wagon train of over 200 baggage and supply wagons – which straggle behind the long columns, to catch up. At the nearby port of Leith, English supply ships land stores for the army – who will be well rested before the {{Convert | 35 | mi | adj = on}} march that will bring them to Stirling Castle, before the deadline of June 24.
  • June 23 – Battle of Bannockburn begins: English forces approach the Scottish positions at Torwood, mounted troops under Gilbert de Clare are confronted by Scottish forces and repulsed. During the fierce fighting, Henry de Bohun is killed in a duel by King Robert the Bruce. Edward II and forward elements, mainly cavalry, encamp at Bannockburn near Stirling in central Scotland. The baggage train and the majority of the forces arrive in the evening.
  • June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn (First War of Scottish Independence): Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at Bannockburn, securing de facto independence for Scotland.{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Brown|title=Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307-1323|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7486-3332-6}} During the battle, the Scottish pikemen formed in schiltrons (or phalanx) repulses the English cavalry (some 2,000 men). Edward II flees with his bodyguard (some 500 men), while panic spreads among the remaining forces, turning their defeat into a rout.{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=Andrew |title=What was the Battle of Bannockburn about? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk=scotland-27900285 |website=BBC |access-date=21 March 2019 |date=24 June 2014}} Stirling Castle is surrendered to the Scots.
  • June 25 – Edward II arrives at Dunbar Castle, and takes safely a ship to Bamburgh in Northumberland. His mounted escort takes the coastal route from Dunbar to Berwick.

=July – September=

=October – December=

= Undated=

  • Stephen II becomes ruler (ban) of Bosnia following the death of his father Stephen I Kotromanić. He rules the lands from the river Sava to the Adriatic Sea, but does not effectively come into full power until 1322.{{cite book |author=Gábor Ágoston |title=The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2021 |ISBN=9780691159324 |page=543}}
  • Amda Seyon I, known as "the Pillar of Zion" begins his reign as Emperor of Ethiopia, during which he expands into Muslim territory to the southeast by incorporating a number of smaller states.{{cite book|author=Brian L. Fargher|title=The Origins of the New Churches Movement in Southern Ethiopia, 1927-1944|publisher=University of Aberdeen|year=1996|ISBN=9789004106611|page=11}}

= By topic =

== Religion ==

  • The Ozbek Han Mosque is built in the realm of Özbeg Khan in the Crimea.{{cite web | title= Crimean Tatar Architecture |publisher=International Committee for Crimea |url=http://www.iccrimea.org/monuments/monuments.html |access-date=2011-02-20}}
  • Completion of Old St Paul's Cathedral in London.

== Natural environment ==

  • Approximate date – Volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand; there are few settlers here at this time.{{Cite journal|last1=Jacomb|first1=Chris|last2=Holdaway|first2=Richard N.|last3=Allentoft|first3=Morten E.|last4=Bunce|first4=Michael|last5=Oskam|first5=Charlotte L.|last6=Walter|first6=Richard|last7=Brooks|first7=Emma|year=2014|title=High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=50|pages=24–30|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023|bibcode=2014JArSc..50...24J|url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001040957/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}

Births

Deaths

References

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