1835 in science

The year 1835 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

August 5 – First sighting of the return of Comet Halley by Father Dominique Dumouchel, director of the Collegio Romano at the Vatican. It is next seen on August 21 by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve at the Dorpat Observatory. John Herschel had been expected to find the comet first, as he was at the time in South Africa with his 20 ft focal length reflector – at this time the world's largest telescope. He finally observes it in October and watches until it reaches perihelion November 16. It reappears in January 1836, and Herschel will be the last person to observe it in May.
August 25 – The first of six articles on discoveries of living creatures on the Moon supposedly made by Herschel and a fictitious companion named Dr. Andrew Grant is published in the New York Sun. This incident is now known as the Great Moon Hoax.
Berlin Observatory opened.
Caroline Herschel and Mary Somerville become the first women members of the Royal Astronomical Society.

January – J. C. Loudon begins publication of Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum.
Cell division is first observed under the microscope by German botanist Hugo von Mohl as he works over green algae Cladophora glomerata.{{NDB|17|690|691|Mohl, Hugo von|Karl Mägdefrau|118830538}}

Ordnance Geological Survey founded in Britain, under Henry De la Beche, the world's first national geological survey.
Roderick Murchison names the Silurian period,{{cite journal|first=R. I.|last=Murchison|title=On the Silurian System of rocks|journal=The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|volume=7|year=1835|pages=46–52}} and Adam Sedgwick the Cambrian.{{cite journal|first1=R. I.|last1=Murchison|first2=A.|last2=Sedgwick|title=On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems|journal=Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science|year=1835|pages=59–61}}

Adolphe Quetelet publishes Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale (translated as Treatise on Man), outlining his theory of "social physics" and describing his concept of the "average man" (l'homme moyen) who is characterized by the mean values of measured variables that follow a normal distribution.{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=141}}

George Biddell Airy provides the first full explanation of the Airy disk phenomenon.Airy, G. B. (1835) "On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture". [https://archive.org/details/transactionsofca05camb Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society] 5: 283–291.
Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis examines motion on a spinning surface and deduces the Coriolis effect.
William Rowan Hamilton states Hamilton's equations of motion.

Irish physician Robert James Graves first describes symptoms of Graves' disease.{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|695|Mathew Graves}}Graves, R. J. (1835). "New observed affection of the thyroid gland in females" (Clinical lectures). London Medical and Surgical Journal (Renshaw) 7: 516–517. Repr. in Medical Classics (1940) 5: 33–36.
French physician Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis publishes his book Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie in Paris, in which he analyzes case studies to demonstrate that bloodletting is largely ineffective as a treatment.{{cite journal|title=Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting|first=Alfredo|last=Morabia|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=99|issue=3|pages=158–160|pmc=1383766|pmid=16508057|url=|doi=10.1177/014107680609900322|date=March 2006}}
Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet publishes his books Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale, in which he presents his theory of human variance around the average, with human traits being distributed according to a normal curve.{{cite book|last=Eiseley|first=Loren|title=Darwin's Century|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise|url-access=registration|year=1961|publisher=Anchor Books (Doubleday)|page=[https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise/page/227 227]}}

August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire, England.{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|isbn=0-7181-1279-2|pages=127–8}}
September 12 – A Prussian patent is granted to Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Carl Moritz[http://vsl.co.at/en/70/3139/3153/3154/5493.vsl Vienna Symphonic Library > Vienna Academy > Brass > Tubas > Bass tuba > History.] for a valved bass tuba.
Samuel Colt invents the revolver.
Joseph Henry invents the electric relay.{{cite web|title=The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry|publisher=Georgi Dalakov|url=http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/relay.html|accessdate=2013-10-03}}
Samuel Morse develops the Morse code.

Copley Medal: William Snow Harris{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=22 July 2020 |language=en}}
Wollaston Medal: Gideon Mantell