1883 in science

The year 1883 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is established.{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/abouthko/history_e.htm|title=History of the Hong Kong Observatory|date=2011-05-20|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|access-date=2011-08-07|archive-date=2019-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111223013/http://www.hko.gov.hk/abouthko/history_e.htm|url-status=dead}}

April 5 – Liquid oxygen is produced for the first time.
Svante Arrhenius develops ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes.{{cite web|title=Svante August Arrhenius|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/svante-august-arrhenius|website=Science History Institute|accessdate=21 March 2018}}{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|chapter-url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Svante August Arrhenius|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/32 32–34]}}
The Claus process is first patented by German chemist Carl Friedrich Claus.{{cite book|last1=Kutney|first1=Gerald|title=Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications & Industry|date=2007|publisher=ChemTec Publishing|isbn=9781895198379|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4rzzkUQyzIC&pg=PA62|language=en}}
The Schotten–Baumann reaction is first described by chemists Carl Schotten and Eugen Baumann.

August 26 – Krakatoa begins its final phase of eruptions at 1:06{{nbsp}}pm local time. These produce a number of tsunami, mainly in the early hours of the next day, which result in about 36,000 deaths on the islands of Sumatra and Java. The final explosion at 10:02{{nbsp}}am on August 27 destroys the island of Krakatoa itself and is heard up to 3000 miles away.
Vasily Dokuchaev publishes Russian Chernozem.

The concept and term Eugenics are formulated by Francis Galton.{{cite book|last=Galton|first=Francis|title=Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development|url=https://archive.org/details/inquiriesintohu00galtgoog|publisher=Macmillan|year=1883|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/inquiriesintohu00galtgoog/page/n217 199]}}

German psychiatrist Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum identifies a disorder characterized by recurring mood cycles which he and his student Ewald Hecker name cyclothymia.{{cite journal|last1=Baethge|first1=C.|last2=Salvatore|first2=P.|last3=Baldessarini|first3=R. J.|title=Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder|journal=History of Psychiatry|date=September 2003|volume=14|issue=55 Pt 3|pages=377–390|pmid=14621693|doi=10.1177/0957154X030143008|s2cid=145076032}}{{cite journal|last1=Koukopoulos|first1=A.|title=Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=January 2003|volume=73|issue=1–2|pages=199–205|pmid=12507752|doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00326-9}}
Thomas Clouston publishes Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases.
Emil Kraepelin publishes Compendium der Psychiatrie.
Journal of the American Medical Association first published under this title.

Osborne Reynolds popularizes use of the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics.{{cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=Osborne|year=1883|title=An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|volume=174|pages=935–982|jstor=109431|doi=10.1098/rstl.1883.0029|doi-access=free|bibcode=1883RSPT..174..935R}}{{cite journal|last=Rott|first=N.|s2cid=54583669|title=Note on the history of the Reynolds number|journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics|volume=22|issue=1|year=1990|pages=1–11|doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000245|bibcode=1990AnRFM..22....1R}}

January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey, United States, installed by Thomas Edison.
May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge opens to traffic in New York. Designed by John A. Roebling with project management assisted by his wife Emily, its main suspension span of {{convert|1595|ft|6|in|m}} exceeds the previous record by {{convert|330|ft|m}}, and will not be surpassed for twenty years.
Charles Fritts constructs the first solar cell using the semiconductor selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.

Copley Medal: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}
Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Thomas Blanford

January 4 – Johanna Westerdijk (died 1961), Dutch plant pathologist.
February 10 – Edith Clarke (died 1959), American electrical engineer, inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
March 4 – Julius Fromm (died 1945), German businessman, inventor known for the Condom machine
May 5 – Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (died 1966), American mathematician.
May 13 – Georgios Papanikolaou (died 1962), Greek-born cytopathologist, inventor of the Pap smear.
June 24 – Victor Francis Hess (died 1964), American physicist.
July 15 – Orii Hyōjirō (died 1970), Japanese animal specimen collector.
August 4 – Sydney Smith (died 1969), New Zealand-born forensic pathologist.
August 6 – Constance Georgina Adams (died 1968), South African botanist.{{cite book |last=Rall |first=Maureen |title=Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years| location=Kimberley, South Africa |publisher=Kimberley Africana Library |year=2002 |page=117 |isbn=978-0-62027-613-9}}
October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi (died 1963), Austrian "father of soil mechanics".
October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg (died 1970), German physiologist, winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

January 23 – George Miller Beard (born 1839), American neurologist.
April 10 - Maurice Krishaber (born 1836), naturalised French Hungarian otorhinolaryngologist.{{Base Léonore|LH/1409/37}}
April 14 – William Farr (born 1807), English epidemiologist.
April 28 – Rev. John Russell (born 1795), English dog breeder.
May 13 – James Young (born 1811), Scottish chemist.
June 18 – John Waterston (born 1811), Scottish physicist and civil engineer (drowned).
June 26 – General Sir Edward Sabine (born 1788), Anglo-Irish physicist, astronomer and explorer.
September 15 – Joseph Plateau (born 1801), Belgian physicist.
December 8 – François Lenormant (born 1837), French assyriologist and numismatist.
December 13 – John Stringfellow (born 1799), English pioneer of heavier-than-air flight.