1964 Summer Paralympics

{{Infobox Olympic games|1964|Summer|Paralympics|

| image = Paralympic Tokyo 1964.gif

| host_city = Tokyo, Japan

| nations = 21

| athletes = 375

| opening = 3 November 1964

| closing = 12 November 1964

| opened_by = Crown Prince Akihito

| events = 144 in 9 sports

| stadium = Oda Field

| prev = Rome 1960

| next = Tel Aviv 1968

}}

The {{Nihongo|1964 Summer Paralympics|1964年夏季パラリンピック|1964-Nen Kaki Pararinpikku|lead=yes}}, originally known as the 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games,[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/japanese/resource/handicap/bok001/bok001all.html The Thirteenth International Stoke Mandeville Games for The Paralysed], dinf.ne.jp, March 17, 1999 were the second Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Tokyo, Japan, and were the last Summer Paralympics to take place in the same city as the Summer Olympics until the 1988 Summer Paralympics.

The 1964 Games, although still formally an edition of the International Stoke Mandeville Games, were the first to use the term "Paralympic" in association with the event; the term "Paralympic Games" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) first in 1984, while the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was formed in 1989.[http://www.paralympic.org/export/sites/default/Media_Centre/Media_Information/2008_07_History_and_Use_of_Term_Paralympic.pdf History and Use of the Term Paralympic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216204230/http://www.paralympic.org/export/sites/default/Media_Centre/Media_Information/2008_07_History_and_Use_of_Term_Paralympic.pdf |date=2011-12-16 }}, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)[http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Rome_1960/ Rome 1960], International Paralympic Committee (IPC)

In contrast with the 1960 Games, many events had more than three participants, meaning that athletes were no longer guaranteed a medal upon completing their event.[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/index.html?type=npc#athlete IPC searchable database]

Tokyo hosted the Summer Paralympic Games again in 2020.

Sports

Nine sports were competed at the 1964 games. In athletics, a wheelchair racing event in the form of a 60 m dash was added; previously the athletics program had included only field events. Wheelchair racing has since become one of the most prominent Paralympic events.{{cite web |title=Tokyo 1964 |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |year=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games/tokyo-1964 |access-date=2011-07-12 }}

Medal table

Athletes from 17 of the 19 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) won at least one medal. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code.

With a few exceptions, each event contributed one medal of each type to the table (although for team events, multiple physical medals were actually awarded). Two bronze medals were awarded in the dartchery, snooker and table tennis events.{{cite web|title=Medallists Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games Dartchery|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/results.php?competition=1964PG&gender=x&sport=dartchery&discipline=&event=Pairs&eclass=open|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=12 May 2011|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831191332/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/results.php?eclass=open&sport=dartchery&competition=1964PG&gender=x&discipline=&event=Pairs|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Medallists Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games Snooker|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/results.php?competition=1964PG&gender=m&sport=snooker&discipline=&event=Snooker%20Event&eclass=paraplegics%20-%20open|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=12 May 2011|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111111/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/results.php?competition=1964PG&gender=m&sport=snooker&discipline=&event=Snooker%20Event&eclass=paraplegics%20-%20open|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Medallists Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games Table Tennis|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=21|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=12 May 2011|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111123/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=21|url-status=dead}} Some swimming events did not award silver or bronze medals.{{cite web|title=Medallists Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games Swimming|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=20|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=12 May 2011|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111134/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=20|url-status=dead}}

: Inaccurate reports

At the start of the Paralympic Games there was no precision in reporting the results of the competitions. The Israeli athlete Michal Escapa was reported to be of Italian nationality and without a first name, as she is mentioned in the International Paralympic Committee{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/tokyo-1964/results/swimming/womens-25-m-breaststroke-incomplete-class-2|title=Swimming - Women's 25 m Breaststroke Incomplete class 2|website=paralympic.org|access-date=15 September 2021}} of the Italian Paralympic Committee{{cite web|url=http://www.comitatoparalimpico.it/images/MediaGuideTokyo2020_web_compressed_17.08.pdf|title=Media Guide Tokyo 2020|website=comitatoparalimpico.it|language=it|access-date=15 September 2021}} web sites) for the reports of the Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics where she won two bronze medals, simply reported as Escapa and not as Michal Escapa.{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/michal-escapa|title=Michael Escapa - Profile|website=paralympic.org|access-date=15 September 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/escapa|title=Escapa - Profile|website=paralympic.org|access-date=15 September 2021}} However, as can be seen from a 1968 Israeli newspaper reporting an interview with the athlete, she was the same athlete who had won medals in swimming and table tennis in Tokyo 1964.{{cite web|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=p&d=mar19680927-01.1.56&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-%2525u05d0%2525u05e1%2525u05e7%2525u05e4%2525u05d4-------------1&p=recaptcha&l=he|title=Michal Escapa - Hi whose mistake?|website=nli.org.il|quote=... but at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964, she came to the place of success precisely. And she brought an additional Israeli team trophy as well as two sports for me|language=he|date=27 September 1968|access-date=15 September 2021}}

{{legend2|#ccffcc|{{double dagger}} First-time Paralympic appearance|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the File:Sort both.gif icon next to the column title.

{{Medals table

| caption =

| host = JPN

| flag_template = flagIPC

| event = 1964 Summer

| team = NPC

| gold_FO = 0 | silver_FO = 0 | bronze_FO = 32

| gold_GBR = 18 | silver_GBR = 23 | bronze_GBR = 20

| gold_ITA = 14 | silver_ITA = 15 | bronze_ITA = 14

| gold_AUS = 12 | silver_AUS = 11 | bronze_AUS = 7

| gold_RHO = 10 | silver_RHO = 5 | bronze_RHO = 2

| gold_RSA = 8 | silver_RSA = 8 | bronze_RSA = 3

| gold_ISR = 7 | silver_ISR = 3 | bronze_ISR = 13

| gold_ARG = 6 | silver_ARG = 15 | bronze_ARG = 16

| gold_FRG = 5 | silver_FRG = 2 | bronze_FRG = 5

| gold_NED = 4 | silver_NED = 6 | bronze_NED = 4

| gold_FRA = 4 | silver_FRA = 2 | bronze_FRA = 5

| gold_AUT = 4 | silver_AUT = 1 | bronze_AUT = 7

| gold_JPN = 1 | silver_JPN = 5 | bronze_JPN = 4 | host_JPN = yes

| gold_BEL = 1 | silver_BEL = 0 | bronze_BEL = 2

| gold_SUI = 0 | silver_SUI = 1 | bronze_SUI = 0

| gold_MLT = 0 | silver_MLT = 0 | bronze_MLT = 2

| gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 0 | bronze_SWE = 1

|gold_USA=50|silver_USA=41|bronze_USA=32}}

Athletes with outstanding performances included Margaret Harriman of Rhodesia who won two gold medals in archery,{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=1|title=Medallists-Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games-Archery|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111025/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=1|url-status=dead}} and Serge Bec of France who won two individuals gold medals, one team gold medal and one team silver medal.{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=9|title=Medallists-Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games-Wheelchair Fencing|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111036/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=9|url-status=dead}} Dick Thompson of the United Kingdom won two individual golds, one silver and one bronze in athletics.{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=2|title=Medallists-Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games-Athletics|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311111047/http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports.php?type=event&criteria=0&games=1964PG&sport=2|url-status=dead}} The United States' Ron Stein won six golds and South Africa's Daniel Erasmus won two golds and two silvers in athletics.

Participating delegations

Nineteen delegations participated in the Tokyo Paralympics.{{cite web |title= Medal Standings - Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |year=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/reports.html?type=medalstandings&games=1964PG |access-date=2011-07-12}}{{cite web|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/hira/paralympics/participants/code/PG1964|title=Participation Numbers in 1964 Paralympic Games |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |accessdate=September 10, 2024}}

The 1964 Games marked Austria, Fiji, Japan and South Africa's Paralympic Games début. South Africa had just been banned from taking part in the 1964 Summer Olympic Games, due to its policy of apartheid. It was not, however, banned from the Paralympics until 1980 Summer Paralympics,as Japan (in a host country position) did not oppose its participation.[http://www.iisg.nl/collections/anti-apartheid/history/jaren70-5.php "'The Netherlands against Apartheid' - 1970s"], International Institute of Social History[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=RSA&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all South Africa at the Paralympics], International Paralympic Committee A letter from archery medalist Irene Preslipski published in the Wilkes-Barre Times Leader on December 1, 1964, also mentions delegations from Ceylon, Mexico and the Philippines marching in the opening ceremony. However, these countries only sent in officials.

{{flagIPC|ARG|1964 Summer|25}}
{{flagIPC|AUS|1964 Summer|17}}
{{flagIPC|AUT|1964 Summer|7}}
{{flagIPC|BEL|1964 Summer|3}}
{{flagIPC|FIJ|1964 Summer|1}}
{{flagIPC|FRA|1964 Summer|13}}
{{flagIPC|GBR|1964 Summer|44}}
{{flagIPC|IRL|1964 Summer|2}}
{{flagIPC|ISR|1964 Summer|19}}
{{flagIPC|ITA|1964 Summer|19}}
{{flagIPC|JPN|1964 Summer|16}}
{{flagIPC|MLT|1964 Summer|2}}
{{flagIPC|NED|1964 Summer|11}}
{{flagIPC|RHO|1964 Summer|6}}
{{flagIPC|RSA|1964 Summer|9}}
{{flagIPC|SWE|1964 Summer|1}}
{{flagIPC|SUI|1964 Summer|1}}
{{flagIPC|USA|1964 Summer|65}}
{{flagIPC|FRG|1964 Summer|1}}

Ceremonies

File:031164 - Tokyo opening ceremony -7 - 1a - adjusted.jpg

The Opening ceremony was organized in the Yoyogi Park, and the Closing Ceremony at Yoyogi National Gymnasium. About 5000 spectators were present at both of the ceremonies. Then Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko were present in both of them.

Media coverage

Earlier it was thought that the Games might not get much media coverage, due to the focus on the Olympic Games, but both radio and television media gave high coverage to the Games.

Organizing Committee

Yoshisuke Kasai was the chairman of the board of directors. The board had 3 vice-chairmen, namely T. Azuma, H. Dazai and I. Miki. The auditor of the organizing committee was M. Tozawa, and the secretary general was K. Ujiie.

References

External links

[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/japanese/resource/handicap/jsad/z16004/z1600402.html The Tokyo Games For The Physically Handicapped - Paralympic Tokyo 1964] (Japanese)

{{succession box

| title = Summer Paralympics
Tokyo

| before = Rome

| after = Tel Aviv

| years = II Paralympic Summer Games (1964)

}}

Paralympics

Category:Sports competitions in Tokyo

Paralympics

Category:Multi-sport events in Japan

Paralympic Games

Category:Summer Paralympic Games by year

Paralympics