2012 Myanmar by-elections
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2012 Myanmar by-election
| country = Myanmar
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2010 Myanmar general election
| previous_year = 2010
| next_election = 2015 Myanmar general election
| next_year = 2015
| seats_for_election = 40 (of the 440) seats to the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives)
6 (of the 224) seats to the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities)
2 seats to Regional Parliaments
| election_date = 1 April 2012
| image1 = 150x150px
| leader1 = Thein Sein
| leader_since1 = {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|2}}
| party1 = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| leaders_seat1 = Did not contest
| last_election1 =
| percentage1 =
| seats_before1 = 260 R / 128 N
| seats_after1 = 220 R / 123 N
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}40 R / {{decrease}}5 N
| image2 = 150x150px
| leader2 = Aung San Suu Kyi
| leader_since2 = {{start date|df=yes|1988|9|27}}
| party2 = National League for Democracy
| leaders_seat2 = Kawhmu (Pyithu)
| last_election2 =
| percentage2 =
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}37 R / {{increase}}4 N
| image3 = 150x100px
| leader3 = Sai Ai Pao
| leader_since3 = {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|8}}
| party3 = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| leaders_seat3 = Did not contest
| last_election3 =
| percentage3 =
| seat_change3 = {{steady}} R / {{increase}}1 N
| title =
| posttitle =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party =
| map_caption = Results of the election in the Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw in the 2010 General Election and by-elections up to December 2014.
}}
{{Politics of Burma}}
File:Burma By-Election 2012.JPG representative election box in the April by-elections.]]
The 2012 Myanmar by-elections were held on 1 April 2012.{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm |title=Electoral Calendar – international elections world elections |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192300/http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm |url-status=live }} The elections were held to fill 48 vacant parliamentary seats.{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/03/2012329184512429532.html|first=Aela|last=Callan|title=High stakes in Myanmar election|date=29 March 2012|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616105404/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/03/2012329184512429532.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hgbHIX2zt3sT0p0HfJA2YoIgPxYw?docId=CNG.30b3d6dd8339de2bcb1a783e5b922d18.751|title=Myanmar sets by-election date|author=Hla Hla Htay|date=30 December 2011|agency=AFP|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604051124/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hgbHIX2zt3sT0p0HfJA2YoIgPxYw?docId=CNG.30b3d6dd8339de2bcb1a783e5b922d18.751|archive-date=2012-06-04}} [http://burmanationalnews.org/burma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1264&Itemid=1 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124095512/http://burmanationalnews.org/burma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1264&Itemid=1 |date=24 November 2015 }} Three of those remained vacant as polling in three Kachin constituencies was postponed. There was no plan to fill the additional five seats cancelled in the 2010 election and one seat vacated after the death of a RNDP member.{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = People's Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | access-date = 2015-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151205095943/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/Overview.php | archive-date = 5 December 2015 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}
The main opposition party National League for Democracy was re-registered for the by-elections on 13 December 2011 as part of the reforms in Burma since 2010. It won in 43 of the 44 seats they contested (out of 45 available).{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/myanmar-elections/|title=Myanmar confirms sweeping election victory for Suu Kyi's party|author=Kocha Olarn|newspaper=CNN|date=2012-04-04|access-date=2015-11-23|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126024144/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/myanmar-elections/|url-status=live}} Its leader Aung San Suu Kyi ran for the seat of Kawhmu,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16606608|title=Aung San Suu Kyi registers for Burma election run|date=18 January 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118174259/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16606608|url-status=live}} and won.
Changes during the term of office
=House of Representatives=
- 9 September 2011: Tun Aung Khaing (USDP) replaced Aung Kyaw Zan (RNDP) who had been removed from office.{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/MPs.php | title = People's Assembly – MPs – Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | access-date = 2015-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151204052308/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/MPs.php | archive-date = 4 December 2015 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}
- 1 March 2012: Aung Sein Tha (RNDP, Arakan State's Minbya constituency) died in office and was not replaced.
=House of Nationalities=
- 28 January 2012: Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) died in office and was not replaced.{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | access-date = 2015-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719183759/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | archive-date = 19 July 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}
- 2012: Phone Myint Aung (Rangoon Division constituency 3) left the NDF to join the NNDP.
- 5 February 2013: Tin Shwe (NDF, Rangoon Division constituency 6) resigned from his seat to become a Hotels and Tourism Deputy Minister and was not replaced.
- 2013: Maung Sa Pru (RNDP, Arakan State constituency 4) died in office and was not replaced.
Election observers
In February 2012, President Thein Sein remarked that the government would "seriously consider" allowing Southeast Asian observers from the Association of South East Asian Nations to observe the election.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-election-idUSTRE81K0GK20120221|title=Myanmar says will consider ASEAN poll observers|last=Petty|first=Martin|date=21 February 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203015439/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-election-idUSTRE81K0GK20120221|url-status=live}} The Burmese government confirmed that it had requested for ASEAN election observers to arrive on 28 March, five days before the election.{{cite news|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-gets-asean-poll-monitor-boost/20949|title=Burma gets ASEAN poll monitor boost|date=20 March 2012|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325100147/http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-gets-asean-poll-monitor-boost/20949|archive-date=25 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Canada, United States, European Union, China, and North Korea, as well as ASEAN dialogue partners (India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia and Australia), were also invited to observe the election, although it remained unclear the degree of access these international observers were to have.{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/myanmar-allow-us-eu-monitors-april-vote-144855008.html|title=Myanmar will allow US, EU monitors for April vote|last=Sopheng Cheang|date=21 March 2012|agency=Associated Press|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114034617/http://news.yahoo.com/myanmar-allow-us-eu-monitors-april-vote-144855008.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17455883|title=Burma invites US and EU observers to April by-elections|date=21 March 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=22 March 2012|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321205528/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17455883|url-status=live}} The United States sent two election observers and three journalists.{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-accepts-burmas-invitation-to-observe-april-vote-143686666/179907.html|title=US Accepts Burma's Invitation to Observe April 1 Vote|date=21 March 2012|work=Voice of America|access-date=22 March 2012|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330023001/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/US-Accepts-Burmas-Invitation-to-Observe-April-Vote-143686666.html|url-status=live}}
On 13 March 2012, the Union Election Commission approved political party monitors to monitor polling stations during the election.{{cite news|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/uec-okays-poll-monitors/20768|title=UEC okays poll monitors|last=Shwe Aung|date=14 March 2012|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318043525/http://www.dvb.no/news/uec-okays-poll-monitors/20768|archive-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} In the previous election, only Union Solidarity and Development Party monitors had been allowed to observe the elections and ballot counts. A civilian-led monitoring group, including members of the 88 Generation Students Group, also scrutinised election irregularities.{{cite news|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/monitor-03232012154753.html|title=Citizens to Monitor Elections|date=23 March 2012|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911194845/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/monitor-03232012154753.html|url-status=live}}
On 28 March 2012, Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade sent a delegation consisting of Senator Consiglio Di Nino and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Deepak Obhrai.{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/03/28a.aspx?lang=eng&view=d|title=Canada Sends Witnesses to Burmese By-Elections|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade|access-date=7 April 2012|date=28 March 2012|archive-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013064439/http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/03/28a.aspx?lang=eng&view=d|url-status=live}}
Pre-election controversies
Aung Din of the US Campaign for Burma said that the Burmese government was exploiting the elections to have international economic sanctions lifted as quickly as possible, since a free and transparent election had been one of the conditions set by the European Union and American governments. Moreover, the National League for Democracy has pointed out irregularities in voter lists and rule violations by local election committees.{{cite news|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/election-03212012170629.html|title=Western Election Observers Invited|date=21 March 2012|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=22 March 2012}} On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."
With regard to the invitations of international election observers, a US State Department spokesperson said that the Burmese government fell short of expectations to accommodate observers during the entirety of the campaign season (as typically done), which is nearing the end, as a select number of observers were allowed only to observe the election:{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23261|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322143844/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23261|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2012|title=Good First Step, But Short of Complete Transparency: US|last=Kha|first=Lalit K.|date=22 March 2012|work=The Irrawaddy|access-date=24 March 2012}}{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/03/186587.htm#BURMA|title=Daily Press Briefing|last=Nuland|first=Victoria|date=21 March 2012|work=US Department of State|access-date=24 March 2012|location=Washington, DC|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127084205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/03/186587.htm#BURMA|url-status=live}}
{{cquote|"...it does fall short of international complete transparency on an election, and we hope they’ll continue to keep the system open, and open it further... A full-scale international observation effort would typically include quite a bit of pre-Election Day observation, systematic coverage on Election Day, post-election follow-up, and professional monitors from non-governmental organisations."}}
Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a Bangkok-based election monitoring organisation, has publicly called the election observations inadequate, failing to meet international standards, being too restrictive (only two observers are allowed per government, or five for ASEAN nations), and coming too late (invitations were sent less than two weeks before the election date), all of which make it logistically impossible to monitor all 48 polling stations.{{cite news|url=http://anfrel.org/myanmar-election-observation-encouraging-but-inadequate/|title=Myanmar Election Observation Encouraging But Inadequate|date=22 March 2012|work=Asian Network for Free Elections|access-date=7 November 2015|location=Bangkok|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406160424/http://anfrel.org/myanmar-election-observation-encouraging-but-inadequate/|url-status=live}} On 20 March 2012, Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of ANFREL, was deported from Yangon, purportedly for entering the country on a tourist visa.{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/03/22/burma%E2%80%99s-election-monitoring-window-dressing|title=Is Burma's election monitoring a window-dressing?|last=Zin Linn|date=23 March 2012|work=Asia Tribune|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324170957/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2012/03/22/burma%E2%80%99s-election-monitoring-window-dressing|url-status=live}}
On 23 March 2012, the three by-elections in Kachin State, namely in the constituencies of Mogaung, Hpakant and Bhamo Townships, were postponed due to the security situation there.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17491613|title=Burma postpones by-elections in troubled Kachin state|date=23 March 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330154115/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17491613|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/myanmar-postpones-vote-in-3-of-48-constituencies-because-of-security-concerns/2012/03/23/gIQAJ7cfVS_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083002/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/myanmar-postpones-vote-in-3-of-48-constituencies-because-of-security-concerns/2012/03/23/gIQAJ7cfVS_story.html|archive-date=24 March 2012|title=Myanmar postpones vote in three of 48 constituencies because of security concerns|date=23 March 2012|agency=Associated Press|access-date=24 March 2012|url-status=dead}}
Two days before the by-elections, at press conference, Suu Kyi remarked that the voter irregularities were "beyond what is acceptable for democratic elections," said she did not consider the campaign "genuinely free and fair" and referred to acts of intimidation (such as stone-throwing incidents and vandalism) toward party members.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17558542|title=Aung San Suu Kyi: Burma election not 'free and fair'|date=30 March 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403064341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17558542|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/30/aung-san-suu-kyi-burmese-elections?newsfeed=true|title=Aung San Suu Kyi criticises Burmese election irregularities|last=Golluoglu|first=Esmer|date=30 March 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 April 2012|location=London|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203015438/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/30/aung-san-suu-kyi-burmese-elections?newsfeed=true|url-status=live}} On 1 April, the opposition National League for Democracy alleged irregularities, claiming that ballot sheets had been tampered to allow the election commission to cancel the vote for Suu Kyi's party.{{cite news|title=Myanmar opposition alleges ballot irregularities|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/world/Myanmar+opposition+alleges+ballot+irregularities/6393115/story.html|publisher=Montreal Gazette|date=1 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}
Two Australian MPs (Janelle Saffin and Mathias Cormann), who were selected to observe the by-elections as part of Australia's monitoring team, were denied visas to enter the country.{{cite news|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/australian-monitors-denied-visa-ahead-of-polls/21144|title=Australian monitors denied visas ahead of polls|last=Hindstrom|first=Hanna|date=30 March 2012|publisher=Democratic Voice of Burma|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107052825/http://www.dvb.no/news/australian-monitors-denied-visa-ahead-of-polls/21144|archive-date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
Aftermath
Much of the international reaction on the by-elections revolved around the sanctions imposed by Western countries (including the United States, Australia, and the European Union). President Thein Sein and the Burmese government were eager to work with Aung San Suu Kyi to remove these measures.{{cite news|url=http://professional.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303299604577323484142162846.html?mod=googlenews_wsj&mg=reno-wsj|title=Sanctions Worked in Burma|date=4 April 2012|publisher=Wall Street Journal|access-date=5 April 2012}}
President Thein Sein remarked that the by-elections were conducted "in a very successful manner."{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/myanmar-leader-praises-by-elections-that-put-suu-kyi-in-office-as-successful/2012/04/03/gIQAjsCWsS_story.html|title=Myanmar leader praises by-elections that put Suu Kyi in office as 'successful'|date=6 April 2012|agency=Associated Press|access-date=6 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
The Union Solidarity and Development Party said it would lodge official complaints to the Union Election Commission on poll irregularities, voter intimidation, and purported campaign incidents that involved National League for Democracy members and supporters.{{cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/28768/myanmar-ruling-party-claims-poll-irregularities|title=Myanmar ruling party claims poll irregularities|date=6 April 2012|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=InterAksyon.com|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021408/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/28768/myanmar-ruling-party-claims-poll-irregularities|archive-date=7 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=793942&publicationSubCategoryId=200|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907091330/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=793942&publicationSubCategoryId=200|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2012|title=Aquino lauds Myanmar by-election|date=2 April 2012|publisher=Xinhua|access-date=6 April 2012}} The National League for Democracy also sent an official complaint to the commission, regarding ballots that it claimed had been tampered with wax.{{cite news|url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6879-nld-files-official-complaint-against-ballot-tampering.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401155159/http://mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6879-nld-files-official-complaint-against-ballot-tampering.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2012|title=NLD files official complaint against ballot tampering|last=Ko Pauk|date=1 April 2012|publisher=Mizzima|access-date=6 April 2012}}
In response to the by-elections, a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman said:{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-myanmar-idUSL3E8F50CR20120405|title=China calls for all Myanmar sanctions to go after poll|date=5 April 2012|publisher=Reuters|access-date=6 April 2012|first=Ben|last=Blanchard|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164006/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/05/china-myanmar-idUSL3E8F50CR20120405|url-status=live}}
{{cquote|China has noted that some Western countries have said they will lift sanctions on Myanmar. China has had a consistent stance on this issue. We welcome moves by these countries to lift sanctions on Myanmar and call on all parties to fully lift sanctions on Myanmar as soon as possible.}}
ASEAN leaders, including those from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia, called for the immediate removal of sanctions.{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9TUFA0O0.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407235530/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9TUFA0O0.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2012|title=Southeast Asian leaders: Lift Myanmar sanctions|date=4 April 2012|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=7 November 2015|df=dmy-all}} Singapore's Prime Minister said the following: "President Thein Sein has been much bolder than many observers have expected. ASEAN is happy that Myanmar has been able to take these steps forward."{{cite news|url=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC120405-0000070/Singapore-welcomes-Myanmars-progress--PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407121418/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC120405-0000070/Singapore-welcomes-Myanmars-progress--PM|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2012|title=Singapore welcomes Myanmar's progress: PM|last=Ramesh|first=S|date=5 April 2012|publisher=Today|access-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}} Australia's foreign minister, Bob Carr, said the Australian government was planning to loosen sanctions, but not abolish them altogether.{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/asean-leaders-call-for-sanctions-on-burma-to-be-lifted-20120404-1wd6p.html|title=ASEAN leaders call for sanctions on Burma to be lifted|last=Murdoch|first=Lindsay|date=5 April 2012|publisher=The Age|access-date=5 April 2012|location=Melbourne|archive-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015954/http://www.theage.com.au/world/asean-leaders-call-for-sanctions-on-burma-to-be-lifted-20120404-1wd6p.html|url-status=live}}
US Senator John McCain, who had met with Aung San Suu Kyi in January 2012, said:{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/1953|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406140110/http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/1953|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2012|title=McCain Calls for Lifting of Sanctions|author=Lalit K Jha|date=4 April 2012|publisher=The Irrawaddy|access-date=5 April 2012}}{{cite news|url=http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?ContentRecord_id=7948a44d-af80-89dd-2292-175c349884e9&FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases|title=Statement By Senator John McCain On Election In Burma|last=McCain|first=John|date=3 April 2012|publisher=United States Senate|access-date=5 April 2012|location=Washington, D.C.|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407212712/http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=7948a44d-af80-89dd-2292-175c349884e9|url-status=live}}
{{cquote| We should now work with our many international partners to begin the process of easing sanctions on Burma. This will be a gradual and incremental process, and the U.S. Congress will have a critical role to play.}}
On 4 April 2012, the Obama administration announced that it would nominate an ambassador to the country and ease some travel and finance restrictions, without specifying a time table.{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20120404/APW/1204040928|title=US eases some Myanmar restrictions|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=4 April 2012|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Herald Tribune|access-date=5 April 2012}} Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said of the elections:{{cite news|url=http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/04/04/secretary-hillary-clinton-on-recognizing-and-supporting-burma%E2%80%99s-democratic-reforms/|title=Secretary Hillary Clinton On Recognizing And Supporting Burma's Democratic Reforms|last=Clinton|first=Hillary Rodham|date=4 April 2012|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=5 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409192701/http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/04/04/secretary-hillary-clinton-on-recognizing-and-supporting-burma%E2%80%99s-democratic-reforms/|archive-date=9 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}
{{cquote|The results of the April 1st parliamentary by-elections represents a dramatic demonstration of popular will that brings a new generation of reformers into government. This is an important step in the country’s transformation, which in recent months has seen the unprecedented release of political prisoners, new legislation broadening the rights of political and civic association, and fledgling process in internal dialogue between the government and ethnic minority groups.}}
To normalise diplomatic relations between the countries, she also said that following the nomination of an ambassador, the US would establish USAID mission in Burma, ease restrictions on export of finance services and developmental assistance and facilitate travel for some government officials, although targeted sanctions toward "individuals and institutions that remain on the wrong side of these historic reform efforts" would remain in place. A few sanctions (in the financial, agriculture, tourism and telecommunications sectors), are directly controlled by the executive branch, but most of the imposed sanctions were legislated by Congress, and were to take a lengthy process to remove.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/asia/myanmar-sanctions.html|title=U.S. Moves Toward Normalizing Relations With Myanmar|last=Myers|first=Steven Lee|author2=Thomas Fuller|date=4 April 2012|work=New York Times|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405183332/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/asia/myanmar-sanctions.html|url-status=live}} On 6 April 2012, the Obama administration nominated Derek Mitchell, who was then serving as the American special envoy to Burma, as United States Ambassador to Burma.{{cite news|title=US nominates first ambassador to Myanmar in years|last=Robinson|first=Gwen|date=6 April 2012|publisher=Financial Times}}
The European Union, which had already eased some sanctions and travel restrictions (including on Thein Sein), agreed to review travel bans and asset freezes on individuals tied to the previous ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council on 23 April 2012.{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/EU-likely-to-further-eased-sanctions-on-Myanmar-sp-30179263.html|title=EU likely to further eased sanctions on Myanmar : spokeswoman|date=3 April 2012|work=Deutsche Presse Agentur|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103222301/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/EU-likely-to-further-eased-sanctions-on-Myanmar-sp-30179263.html|url-status=dead}} UK Foreign Secretary William Hague suggested that easing of restrictions would be contingent on the release of political prisoners and further progress.{{cite news|url=http://mizzima.com/news/regional/6905-hague-calls-for-gradual-removal-of-sanctions.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120407131957/http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/6905-hague-calls-for-gradual-removal-of-sanctions.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2012|title=Hague calls for gradual removal of sanctions|date=5 April 2012|publisher=Mizzima|access-date=5 April 2012}}
Other scholars noted that the by-elections, which were a relatively minor event, given the number of seats at stake, were not as defining and important as other steps toward national reconciliation.{{cite news|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/04/do-elections-in-myanmar-signal-real-change/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020043534/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/04/do-elections-in-myanmar-signal-real-change/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2012|title=Do Elections in Myanmar Signal Real Change?|date=4 April 2012|work=International Policy Digest|access-date=5 April 2012}} Some called removal of sanctions premature, while others considered sanctions ineffective in the reform process.
Results
=House of Nationalities=
Six of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) were up for election. A by-election was not held in one remaining vacant seat, with this seat instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
! colspan=2|Party !! Votes !! Votes % !! Seats Won !! Seats % !! Change !! Seats Before !! Seats After{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719183759/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | archive-date = 2012-07-19 }} | |||||||
| {{Full party name with color|National League for Democracy}} | 4 | 66.6 | {{increase}} 4 | 1{{refn|group=note|In December 2011, Myat Nyana Soe (Rangoon Region constituency No. 4) left NDF and joined NLD.{{cite web | url = http://archive-2.mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6922-ndf-mps-rejoin-nld.html | title = NDF MPs rejoin NLD | publisher = Mizzima | date = 2012-04-09 | access-date = 2015-11-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125082754/http://archive-2.mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6922-ndf-mps-rejoin-nld.html | archive-date = 25 November 2015 | df = dmy-all }}}} | 5 | ||
| {{Full party name with color|Union Solidarity and Development Party}} | 1 | 16.7 | {{decrease}} 5 | 128{{refn|group=note|name=Bogyi|On 28 January 2012, Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) deceased and was not replaced.}} | 123 | ||
| {{Full party name with color|National Unity Party (Burma)}} | 0 | 0 | {{steady}} | ||||
| {{Full party name with color|Kokang Democracy and Unity Party}} | 0 | 0 | {{steady}} | ||||
| {{Full party name with color|Lahu National Development Party}} | 0 | 0 | {{steady}} | ||||
| {{Full party name with color|Shan Nationalities Democratic Party}} | 1 | 16.7 | {{increase}} 1 | 3 | 4 | ||
| {{Full party name with color|Unity and Peace Party}} | 0 | 0 | {{steady}} | ||||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Vacant | 0 | 0 | {{steady}} | 1 | 1 | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total | 100 | 6 | 100 | 224 | 224 | ||
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"|Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002616/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/By-elections/By-elections.php ALTSEAN Burma] |
=House of Representatives=
37 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) were up for election. By-elections were not held in seven remaining vacant seats, with these seats instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Election summary begin|title = House of Representatives by-elections, 2012}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 37
|net = {{increase}} 37
|gain = {{increase}} 37
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 92.5
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{decrease}} 40
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{decrease}} 40
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = National Unity Party (Burma)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = National Democratic Force
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = New National Democracy Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Myanmar National Congress
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = All Mon Region Democracy Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Democratic Party (Burma)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Pa-O National Organisation
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Modern People's Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Independent (politician)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|other = Vacant due to postponement
|seats = 3
|net = {{increase}} 3
|gain = {{increase}} 3
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 7.5
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|Total||40|| || || ||100||100|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002616/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/By-elections/By-elections.php ALTSEAN Burma]
|-
{{Election box end}}
=State and Regional Hluttaws=
2 of the 860 seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws were up for election.
{{Election summary begin| title = Regional Parliaments by-elections, 2012}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 2
|net = {{increase}} 2
|gain = {{increase}} 2
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 100
|plus/minus =
}}
{{Election summary party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{decrease}} 2
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{decrease}} 2
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| colspan=2|Total||2|| || || ||100|| || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Source:{{cite web|url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2012/04/06/burma-by-elections-2012/|title=Burma (Myanmar) by-elections 2012|author=glhermine|website=World Elections|date=2012-04-06|access-date=2015-11-23|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125012746/https://welections.wordpress.com/2012/04/06/burma-by-elections-2012/|url-status=live}}
|-
{{Election box end}}
By Constituency
=House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw)=
{{Election results
|caption=Sagaing № 3
|cand1=Myint Naing|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=169727
|cand2=Tin Maung Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=55771
|cand3=Bo Myint Aung|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=13898
|cand4=U Hla San|party4=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes4=4053
|invalid=22106
|electorate=424206
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Sagaing № 7
|cand1=Tin Mya|party1=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes1=70481
|cand3=Chit Han|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=39285
|cand4=Mar Kyin|party4=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes4=28167
|invalid=13787
|electorate=146502
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Bago № 7
|cand1=Min Oo|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=81867
|cand2=Than Than Nwe|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=27124
|invalid=7986
|electorate=177378
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Magway № 4
|cand1=Aung Kyi Nyunt|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=76767
|cand2=Maung Maung Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=33389
|cand3=Maung Win (Aung Win)|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=5404
|cand4=Aung Than Tin|party4=Unity and Peace Party|votes4=1508
|invalid=10208
|electorate=174679
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Shan № 3
|cand1=Sai Sam Min|party1=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes1=47420
|cand2=Sai Myint Maung|party2=National League for Democracy|votes2=45722
|cand3=Nang Keng Phawng Tip|party3=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes3=45711
|cand4=Luo Xingguang (Law Shin Kwan)|party4=Kokang Democracy and Unity Party|votes4=17889
|cand5=Yaw Thup|party5=Lahu National Development Party|votes5=6350
|invalid=15532
|electorate=299755
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Ayeyarwady № 10
|cand1=Thein Swe|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=136413
|cand2=Aye Kyaing|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=49650
|cand3=Mahn Thein Hla|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=8728
|cand4=U Kyaw Lin|party4=Modern People's Party|votes4=4024
|invalid=15644
|electorate=339632
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180418/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=145.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=9910&token=c458cc9d95b49f917acefb25d5ad967fbe87f7e7bf35f34806b34b6e7a17181469cb1f22d4e2f1d41233dffc9623c1fae3f580c1d7f11a7d7b15a7d6669552fc UEC]
}}
=House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw)=
{{Election results
|caption=Sagaing
|cand1=Khin Maung Thein|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=95369
|cand2=Soe Naing|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=29266
|invalid=9176
|electorate=201502
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pale
|cand1=Khin San Hlaing|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=43946
|cand2=Htay Naing|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=20133
|cand3=Hein Htet Aung|party3=People's Democracy Party|votes3=831
|invalid=5298
|electorate=93360
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Mingin
|cand1=Khin Hmway Lwin|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=27982
|cand2=San Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=19779
|cand3=Htay Aung|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=1828
|invalid=3199
|electorate=67106
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Kyunsu
|cand1=Tin Tin Yi|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=35965
|cand2=Chit Than|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=15448
|invalid=5647
|electorate=75798
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Launglon
|cand1=Aung Soe|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=36865
|cand2=Sein Maung|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=7961
|invalid=3393
|electorate=57034
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Taungoo
|cand1=Aung Soe Myint|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=78956
|cand2=Wai Wai Tha|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=26908
|cand3=Win Tun|party3=National Democratic Force|votes3=3218
|invalid=7171
|electorate=164477
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Htantabin
|cand1=Sein Htun|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=30387
|cand2=Kyaw Kyaw Oo|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=10964
|cand3=Tin Win|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=2516
|cand4=Thet Oo|party4=Unity and Peace Party|votes4=744
|invalid=3563
|electorate=71827
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Letpadan
|cand1=Kyaw Min|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=54527
|cand2=Aung Thein|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=9425
|cand3=Win Hlaing|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=2627
|cand4=Nan Kyu Than Win|party4=National Democratic Force|votes4=1388
|invalid=5833
|electorate=118812
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Thanatpin
|cand1=Myint Oo|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=36416
|cand2=Sein Htoo|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=9114
|cand3=Than Hlaing|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=1991
|invalid=4280
|electorate=94554
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pakokku
|cand1=Paik Ko|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=108681
|cand2=Kyaw Tint|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=30612
|invalid=11564
|electorate=193375
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pwintbyu
|cand1=Aung Myo Nyo|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=55336
|cand2=Tint Lwin|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=20869
|cand3=Kyaw Ma Soe|party3=League of National Political Alliances|votes3=1538
|cand4=Tint Lwin|party4=National Unity Party|votes4=1458
|invalid=5926
|electorate=113053
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Magway
|cand1=Myint Thein|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=95885
|cand2=Aung Thein Kyaw|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=29815
|cand3=Hla Myint|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=3827
|cand4=Kyaw Sein Han|party4=National Democratic Force|votes4=2570
|invalid=7775
|electorate=179358
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Myaing
|cand1=Myint Aung|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=75065
|cand2=Kyaw Myint Than|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=25428
|invalid=8212
|electorate=158080
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Yezagyo
|cand1=Tin Htay Aung|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=71352
|cand2=Bo Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=29833
|cand3=Han Shin Win|party3=Independent|votes3=3162
|invalid=9070
|electorate=143551
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Zabuthiri
|cand1=Sanda Min|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=23285
|cand2=Win Htay|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=17796
|invalid=1641
|electorate=53261
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Dekkhinathiri
|cand1=Naing Ngan Lin|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=7491
|cand2=Maung Shein|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=4245
|invalid=969
|electorate=16931
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pobbathiri
|cand1=Phyo Zeya Thaw|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=23651
|cand2=Tha Htay|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=19170
|cand3=Lwin Myint Than|party3=Independent|votes3=557
|invalid=3293
|electorate=56941
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Ottarathiri
|cand1=Min Thu|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=15178
|cand2=Hla Thein Swe|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=9092
|cand3=Kyi Myint|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=1242
|invalid=2171
|electorate=37935
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Tada-U
|cand1=Khin Thanda|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=37337
|cand2=Aung Mon|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=20487
|cand3=Nan Htaik Zaw|party3=National Democratic Force|votes3=1105
|cand4=San Htun|party4=Unity and Peace Party|votes4=569
|invalid=6633
|electorate=93634
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Kyaukpadaung
|cand1=Zaw Myint Maung|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=85910
|cand2=Aung Win Kyi|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=34053
|invalid=10631
|electorate=206007
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Natogyi
|cand1=Paw Khin|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=44703
|cand2=Soe Naing Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=23452
|cand3=Aung Than|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=1695
|invalid=7954
|electorate=141010
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Maha Aungmye
|cand1=Ohn Kyaing|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=78436
|cand2=Than Htun|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=6785
|cand3=Tun Kyi|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=1171
|cand4=Than Thing Oo|party4=People's Democracy Party|votes4=428
|cand5=Hla Ko|party5=National Democratic Force|votes5=405
|cand6=Sein Hla|party6=Independent|votes6=191
|cand7=Nyunt Oo|party7=Independent|votes7=106
|cand8=Kyaw Kyaw|party8=Independent|votes8=76
|invalid=4294
|electorate=131567
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Meiktila
|cand1=Win Htein|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=62098
|cand2=Hla Myint|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=48067
|cand3=Myint Myint Aye|party3=Independent|votes3=6378
|cand4=Win Zan|party4=Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics|votes4=2650
|invalid=13814
|electorate=207400
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pyinoolwin
|cand1=Kyaw Thiha|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=54327
|cand2=Khin Maung Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=34151
|invalid=5870
|electorate=133805
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Mawlamyine
|cand1=Khin Htay Kywe|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=71480
|cand2=Tin Soe Moe Naing|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=19648
|cand3=Myint Myint Wai|party3=All Mon Region Democracy Party|votes3=4824
|cand4=Aung Than Oo|party4=National Unity Party|votes4=2082
|invalid=5964
|electorate=101735
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Kawhmu
|cand1=Aung San Suu Kyi|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=55902
|cand2=Soe Min|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=9172
|cand3=Tin Yi|party3=Unity and Peace Party|votes3=397
|invalid=2599
|electorate=87716
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Dagon Seikkan
|cand1=Myo Aung|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=36126
|cand2=Aung Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=10365
|cand3=Win Myint|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=497
|cand4=Kyi Myint|party4=National Democratic Force|votes4=490
|cand5=Win Shwe|party5=New National Democracy Party|votes5=225
|cand6=Tin Aung|party6=Myanmar National Congress|votes6=185
|cand7=Myo Nyunt|party7=People's New Democratic Party|votes7=166
|invalid=2554
|electorate=81584
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Mayangon
|cand1=May Win Myint|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=60216
|cand2=Ye Htut|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=14475
|cand3=Khin Hlaing (Zawtika)|party3=Independent|votes3=1243
|cand4=Khin Phyu Phyu Nyein|party4=National Democratic Force|votes4=1162
|cand5=Ye Min Thein (Yatha)|party5=New National Democracy Party|votes5=414
|cand6=Hayma Htay|party6=Myanmar National Congress|votes6=149
|invalid=2811
|electorate=137150
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Mingala Taungnyunt
|cand1=Phyu Phyu Thin|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=55819
|cand2=Lei Lei Aye|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=5977
|cand3=Thu Wai|party3=Democratic Party|votes3=798
|cand4=Phone Myint|party4=New National Democracy Party|votes4=765
|cand5=Kaung Myint Htut|party5=Myanmar National Congress|votes5=140
|invalid=2913
|electorate=102908
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Hlegu
|cand1=Phyo Min Thein|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=63600
|cand2=Aung Myat Thu|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=32252
|cand3=Zin Aung|party3=People's New Democracy Party|votes3=1147
|invalid=6842
|electorate=151401
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Thongwa
|cand1=Su Su Lwin|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=44889
|cand2=Aung Kyaw Min|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=18005
|cand3=Kyi Than|party3=National Democratic Force|votes3=1612
|cand4=Aung Gyi|party4=People's New Democracy Party|votes4=914
|invalid=5925
|electorate=112790
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Kalaw
|cand1=Daw Than Ngwe|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=43940
|cand2=Mya Win|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=17905
|cand3=Khun Than Maung|party3=Pa-O National Organisation|votes3=10258
|cand4=Khin Maung Hla|party4=National Unity Party|votes4=1711
|cand5=Sao Tha Oo|party5=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes5=607
|invalid=6167
|electorate=98393
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Pathein
|cand1=Win Myint|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=109326
|cand2=Aung Tin Myint|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=34645
|cand3=Tin Win|party3=National Democratic Force|votes3=3388
|invalid=10127
|electorate=217996
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Maubin
|cand1=Sein Win Han (Sein Win)|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=69015
|cand2=Myo Thant Tin|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=55558
|cand3=Maung Maung Thin|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=4206
|cand4=Khin Su Su Aung|party4=National Democratic Force|votes4=3858
|cand5=Thein Shwe|party5=Modern People's Party|votes5=1183
|invalid=12957
|electorate=202953
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Myaungmya
|cand1=Mahn Johnny|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=80573
|cand2=Phyo Ko Ko Tint San|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=40973
|cand3=Aung Myo Hlaing|party3=National Democratic Force|votes3=2148
|invalid=8129
|electorate=184856
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Myanaung
|cand1=Kyaw Myint|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=75231
|cand3=Than Htut|party3=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes3=21605
|cand4=Win Hlaing|party4=National Unity Party|votes4=3461
|invalid=11853
|electorate=151922
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
{{Election results
|caption=Wakema
|cand1=Myint Myint San|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=79733
|cand2=Htun Aung Kyaw|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=32374
|cand3=Than Aung|party3=National Unity Party|votes3=8707
|cand4=Ri Ri San|party4=Modern People's Party|votes4=3221
|invalid=11190
|electorate=184965
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160755/https://www.uec.gov.mm/show_data_content.php?name=144.pdf&type=law&code=x&sno=5268&token=2f6c966a56584b563eefe7c34f83c9c33f4952225d02280fb7d9373e9373266e518234879d0af0072317f4f5adc2b07a08adb039bd22de487e42aedece1d8385 UEC]
}}
=Regional Parliaments=
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Bago Region Hluttaw's Kawa Township № 2 by-election, 2012
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myo Khaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aye Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Kyi Lwin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Ayeyarwady Region Hluttaw's Yekyi Township № 2 by-election, 2012
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Hla Myat Thway
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tin Soe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Kyi
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box end}}
See also
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Burmese elections}}
Category:2012 elections in Asia