2018–2024 Arab protests

{{main|Arab Spring|Arab Winter}}

Tesbih Habbal and Muzna Hasnawi, Syrian editors writing in The Nation in October 2019, argued that the sustained street protests in the Arab world since 2018 constituted a second wave of the process that started with the 2010–2011 Arab Spring. Syrian protestors in October 2019 held signs stating, "Syria—Egypt—Iraq: You've revived the spirit of the Arab people, from the [Atlantic] Ocean to the [Persian] Gulf!" Habbal and Hansawi described the process as having "profoundly changed the political consciousness of the region", overcoming fear of political activity and "setting a crucial precedent for challenging the persistence of authoritarianism". Habbal and Hansawi argued that the October 2019 protests in Syria "[proved] that even ruthless repression and tyranny cannot deter the resistance."

Habbal and Hansawi argued that the new wave of protests frequently included usage of the early Arab Spring slogan "Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam" (The people want the fall of the regime). The protests were often described as being inherently "anti-systemic" covering the entirety of the political establishment rather than opposition to a single policy; fueling this is large scale unemployment (specifically youth unemployment), as well as frustration towards many government policies, reliance on international aid for basic necessities, corruption and reliance of hydrocarbons (fossil fuels), which all led to discontent towards the often cronyistic system widely in use in Middle Eastern countries.{{Cite journal |author1=Feuer, Sarah |author2=Valensi, Carmit |year=2019 |title=Arab Spring 2.0?: Making Sense of the Protests Sweeping the Region |journal=INSS Insight |publisher=Institute for National Security Studies |issue=1235 |jstor=resrep23500}}

The alternative names "second Arab Spring", "new Arab Spring" and "Arab Summer" refer to a similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in the early 2010s.{{Cite web |title='Arab Spring 2.0': What to know about the protests roiling Iraq, Lebanon and the Middle East |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/arab-spring-20-protests-roiling-iraq-lebanon-middle/story?id=66740013 |website=ABC News}} However, in this wave of protests "the similarities and differences suggest more an upgrading than a replay of the Arab Spring."{{Cite journal |last1=Feuer |first1=Sarah |last2=Valensi |first2=Carmit |date=2019 |title=Arab Spring 2.0? Making Sense of the Protests Sweeping the Region |journal=Institute for National Security Studies |issue=1235}} The wider call for democracy and human rights was replaced by more day-to-day demands, on issues including excessive costs of living and high unemployment rates.

{{Main|2017–2018 Moroccan protests}}

The 2017–2018 Moroccan protests began in Jerada in eastern Morocco following the deaths of two miners, with protesters decrying poor standards of living.{{Cite web |date=2017-12-27 |title=Thousands protest after two brothers die in Morocco's 'mines of death' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171227-morocco-thousands-protest-coal-mines-death-northern-city-jerada-two-brothers |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=France 24 |language=en}} While the country was mainly spared from the violence seen in other Arab countries, it still occasionally saw socioeconomic and anti-corruption demonstrations.{{Cite web |title=Moroccan king pardons thousands, including 'Hirak' protesters |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/moroccan-king-pardons-thousands-including-hirak-protesters-190730063730436.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330065033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/moroccan-king-pardons-thousands-including-hirak-protesters-190730063730436.html |archive-date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=www.aljazeera.com}} Methods of protesting included mostly young ultras chanting political slogans at Moroccan soccer club stadiums.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/12/20/the-soccer-politics-of-morocco/|title=The Soccer Politics of Morocco|last=Alami|first=Aida|date=2018-12-20|website=The New York Review of Books|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2020-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306191635/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/12/20/the-soccer-politics-of-morocco/|url-status=live}}{{Cite tweet|number=1179072320817844224|user=MiddleEastEye|title=Ittihad Tangier ultras sang anti-corruption chant during their teams recent game. The song called "This is a Land of Humiliation" highlights government corruption and poor economic conditions|author=Middle East Eye}}

Socioeconomic conditions continued to deteriorate as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web |last=Dumpis |first=Toms |title=COVID-19 Has Worsened Social Inequality in Morocco |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/03/338419/covid-19-has-worsened-social-inequality-in-morocco |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Morocco World News |date=28 March 2021 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Fakir |first1=Intissar |last2=Werenfels |first2=Isabelle |date=2020-06-29 |title=In Morocco, Benevolent Authoritarianism Isn't Sustainable |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2020/07/in-morocco-benevolent-authoritarianism-isnt-sustainable?lang=en |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}} In February 2021, protests in Fnideq against the closure of the borders with Ceuta and Melilla were suppressed by police, with authorities claiming that the protests violated the state of health emergency imposed in response to the pandemic.{{Cite web |last=Chahir |first=Aziz |date=2021-02-22 |title=Morocco: Repression is no answer to fear of a new popular uprising |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/morocco-uprising-popular-government-crackdown |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Middle East Eye}}{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Manifestations à Fnideq pour exiger la réouverture de la frontière avec Sebta |trans-title=Demonstrations in Fnideq to demand the reopening of the border with Sebta |url=https://mobile.ledesk.ma/2021/02/05/manifestations-fnideq-pour-exiger-la-reouverture-de-la-frontiere-avec-sebta/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Le Desk |language=fr}} In July 2021, local authorities in Sidi Bennour confiscated a food cart belonging to a 25-year-old man, Yassine Lekhmidi, as he wasn't wearing a face mask. He paid a fine, but the police did not return his cart. As a result, Lekhmidi self-immolated in an act of protest and died of his injuries on 6 August.{{Cite web |last=Schaer |first=Cathrin |date=2021-08-12 |title=Is Morocco's 'Arab Spring' moment finally here? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-moroccos-arab-spring-moment-finally-here/a-58846817 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Deutsche Welle}} His death led to demonstrations in Sidi Bennour which garnered nationwide attention, but otherwise failed to make any significant changes in the political landscape.{{Cite web |last=Chograni |first=Houda |title=Morocco Consolidates Its Authoritarianism |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/morocco-consolidates-its-authoritarianism/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US}}

{{main|2018 Jordanian protests}}

The 2018 Jordanian protests started as a general strike organized by more than 30 trade unions on 31 May 2018 after the government of Hani Mulki submitted a new tax law to Parliament. The bill followed IMF-backed austerity measures adopted by Mulki's government since 2016 that aimed to tackle Jordan's growing public debt. Although Jordan had been relatively unscathed from the violence that swept the region following the 2011 Arab Spring, its economy had taken a hit from the surrounding turmoil and from an influx of a large number of Syrian refugees into the country. Jordan also hosts a large contingent of Iraqi and Palestinian refugees, further straining its finances. The UNHCR places Jordan as the world's second largest host of refugees per capita.{{cite web |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-second-largest-refugee-host-worldwide-%E2%80%94-unhcr |title=Jordan second largest refugee host worldwide – UNHCR |access-date=5 June 2018 |date=8 March 2017 |work=The Jordan Times |archive-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614043703/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-second-largest-refugee-host-worldwide-%E2%80%94-unhcr |url-status=live }}

The day following the strike on the 31st of May, the government raised fuel and electricity prices responding to an increase in international oil prices. This led to crowds of protesters pouring onto the 4th circle in Amman, near the Prime Ministry's offices that night. Other Jordanians also gathered across the country in protest of the measure in unprecedented large numbers. On the 1st of June King Abdullah intervened and ordered the freeze of the price hikes; the government acquiesced but said the decision would cost the treasury $20 million. The protests continued for four days until Mulki submitted his resignation to the King on the 4th of June, and Omar Razzaz, his Education Minister, became prime minister. Protests only ceased after Razzaz announced his intention of withdrawing the new tax bill.

The protests have not been led by traditional opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood or leftists but by diverse crowds from the middle and poor classes. Although some protesters set aflame tires and blocked roads multiple nights, protests were largely peaceful and few casualties were reported. They were staged after daylight hours as it was during the month of Ramadan.

{{main|2018 Tunisian protests}}

The 2018 Tunisian protests were a series of protests occurring throughout Tunisia. Beginning January 2018, protests erupted in multiple towns and cities across Tunisia over issues related to the cost of living and taxes.{{Cite news |last=Blaise |first=Lilia |date=9 January 2018 |title='You Can't Survive Anymore': Tunisia Protests Rising Prices and Taxes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/world/africa/tunisia-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726190005/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/world/africa/tunisia-protests.html |archive-date=2019-07-26 |access-date=10 January 2018 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} As of 9 January, the demonstrations had claimed at least one life, and revived worries about the fragile political situation in Tunisia.

The Popular Front, an alliance of leftist opposition parties, called for continued protests against the government's "unjust" austerity measures while Tunisian Prime Minister Youssef Chahed denounced the violence and called for calm, claiming that he and his government believe 2018 "would be the last difficult year for Tunisians".

A new series of protests started on 15 January 2021, amidst the 10th anniversary of the Tunisian Revolution. Thousands rioted in cities and towns across Tunisia, which saw looting, arson, as well as mass deployment of police and army in several cities and the arrests of hundreds of people.

After 7 months of discontinuous protests, on 25 July, President Kais Saied sacked the prime minister and froze the parliament which resulted in a political crisis.

{{main|2015–2018 Iraqi protests|2019–2021 Iraqi protests}}

File:ثورة تشرين في بدايتها في ساحة الطيران.jpg

The 2018–2019 Iraqi protests over deteriorating economic conditions and state corruption started in July 2018 in Baghdad and other major Iraqi cities, mainly in the central and southern provinces. During the nationwide protests erupting in October 2019, Iraqi security forces killed over 500{{cite news | language =ar | title= الصحة: حصيلة قتلى التظاهرات منذ انطلاقتها بلغ 511 قتيلا |trans-title = Ministry of Health: total death count for the protests since they started is 511 people | date= 2019-12-12 |newspaper= Alghad Press | url= https://www.alghadpress.com/view.php?cat=226815 |access-date=2020-01-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200102222727/https://www.alghadpress.com/view.php?cat=226815 |archive-date= 2020-01-02 |url-status=live }} people and over 27,000 have been injured, leading Iraq's president Barham Salih to call the actions of security forces "unacceptable".{{cite news |last1=Loveluck |first1=Louisa |last2=Salim |first2=Mustafa |title=Iraqi military admits to 'excessive force' in crackdown against protesters |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-admits-to-excessive-force-in-crackdown-against-protesters/2019/10/07/2fb11db6-e908-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html |access-date=8 October 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026004248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-admits-to-excessive-force-in-crackdown-against-protesters/2019/10/07/2fb11db6-e908-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html |url-status=live }} Some police have also been killed in the protests.{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Iraq protests: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-protests-latest-updates-191004085506824.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511202329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-protests-latest-updates-191004085506824.html |archive-date=2020-05-11 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/03/middleeast/iraq-economic-protests-intl/index.html|title=Iraq Prime Minister calls protesters' demands 'righteous,' as 93 killed in demonstrations|last1=Alkhshali|first1=Hamdi|last2=Tawfeeq|first2=Mohammed|date=5 October 2019|website=CNN|access-date=5 October 2019|last3=Qiblawi|first3=Tamara|archive-date=2019-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027075324/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/03/middleeast/iraq-economic-protests-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} The protests are the deadliest unrest in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein,{{cite news | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/07/why-iraqs-protesters-are-still-in-the-streets | work=Foreign Policy | title=Iraq Protester's Step Up Their Tactics As the Government in Baghdad Scrambles to Respond | date=7 November 2019 | access-date=18 November 2019 | archive-date=2020-11-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126142220/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/07/why-iraqs-protesters-are-still-in-the-streets/ | url-status=live }} with the death toll reaching 511 by 2 January 2020 and 669 by 13 January 2020.

{{main|Hirak (Algeria)}}

The 2019 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles{{cite web|author=Adlène Meddi|website=Le Point|language=fr|title=Algérie, les 4 pièges à éviter pour la "révolution du sourire"|trans-title=Algeria, the 4 traps to avoid for the "smile revolution"|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085828/https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php|url-status=live}}{{cite news|newspaper=HuffPost Maghreb|author=Myriam Belkaïd|title=La révolution du sourire, Acte 1, scène 4|trans-title=The Smile Revolution, Act 1, Scene 4|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff|date=19 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171717/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=usurped}} or Hirak Movement,{{cite news|title=26th Friday Protest Marches Reiterate Main Hirak Movement's Demands|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/30521-26th-friday-protest-marches-reiterate-main-hirak-movement-s-demands|newspaper=Algeria Press Service|date=16 August 2019|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=2019-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824102431/http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/30521-26th-friday-protest-marches-reiterate-main-hirak-movement-s-demands|url-status=live}} began on 16 February 2019, ten days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. These protests, without precedent since the Algerian Civil War, have been peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019.{{cite journal |last=Tlemçani |first=Rachid |year=2008 |title=Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation |journal=Carnegie Papers |volume=7 |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec7_tlemcani_algeria_final.pdf |access-date=2019-10-18 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141559/http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec7_tlemcani_algeria_final.pdf |url-status=live }} By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother Saïd, had been arrested.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645|title=Algeria: Said Bouteflika and two spy chiefs arrested|publisher=DW|date=4 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%E2%80%99s-brother|title=Algeria Military Judge Orders Arrest of Bouteflika's Brother|publisher=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=5 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%25E2%2580%2599s-brother|url-status=live}}

{{main|2019 Egyptian protests|2020 Egyptian protests}}

The 2019 Egyptian protests consisted of protests by thousands of people in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and five other Egyptian cities starting on 20 and 21 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power.{{cite news| title= 'Leave, Sisi!': All you need to know about the protests in Egypt|date=21 September 2019|newspaper= Al Jazeera English|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html|archive-date=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite news | title= Protesters and police clash in Egypt for second day running|date=22 September 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|agency=AFP|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |access-date=22 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922102549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}} Security forces responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and live bullets and, {{as of|2019|10|06|lc=yes}}, {{val|3000}} arrests had been made,{{cite news | last1= Trew | first1= Bel | title= President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is getting away with tyranny in Egypt thanks to his UK and US allies | date= 6 October 2019 | newspaper= The Independent | url= https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/egypt-protests-sisi-alaa-uk-us-trump-johnson-a9144826.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191006212527/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/egypt-protests-sisi-alaa-uk-us-trump-johnson-a9144826.html |archive-date= 6 October 2019 |url-status=live}} based on data from the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights, the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information.{{cite news|title= Egypt: More than 1,100 protesters arrested after demonstration|date=25 September 2019|newspaper=Al Jazeera English|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-1100-protesters-arrested-demonstration-190925134137761.html |access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20201213130442/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-1100-protesters-arrested-demonstration-190925134137761.html |archive-date=13 December 2020|url-status=live}}{{cite news |title= Egypt arrests prominent critics of Sisi with 1,400 detained since Friday protests|date=25 September 2019|newspaper= Middle East Eye | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-arrests-prominent-political-scientists-critical-sisi |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190925233404/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-arrests-prominent-political-scientists-critical-sisi |archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=live}} Prominent arrestees included human rights lawyer Mahienour el-Massry,{{Cite web|url =https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/22/news/politics/lawyer-mahienour-al-massry-arrested-and-karama-party-leader-appears-before-supreme-state-security-prosecution-after-forced-disappearance/|title =Lawyer Mahienour al-Massry arrested and Karama Party leader appears before Supreme State Security Prosecution after forced disappearance|date=22 September 2019|access-date=22 September 2019|website =Mada Masr |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190923230632/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/22/news/politics/lawyer-mahienour-al-massry-arrested-and-karama-party-leader-appears-before-supreme-state-security-prosecution-after-forced-disappearance |archive-date=23 September 2019}} journalist and former leader of the Constitution Party Khaled Dawoud and two professors of political science at Cairo University, Hazem Hosny and Hassan Nafaa. The wave of arrests was the biggest in Egypt since Sisi formally became president in 2014.{{cite news | title= Biggest wave of arrests since Sisi took office: 1909 people detained |date=26 September 2019|newspaper=Mada Masr|url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/26/feature/politics/biggest-wave-of-arrests-since-sisi-took-office-1909-people-detained/|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190926213330/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/26/feature/politics/biggest-wave-of-arrests-since-sisi-took-office-1909-people-detained/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |url-status=live}} Human Rights Watch called for all those arrested for peacefully expressing their opinions to be released immediately.{{cite web| title=Egypt: Respect Right to Peaceful Protest | date=21 September 2019 | website=Human Rights Watch | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/21/egypt-respect-right-peaceful-protest |access-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191835/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/21/egypt-respect-right-peaceful-protest |archive-date=21 September 2019|url-status=live}} Amnesty International described the Sisi government being "shaken to its core" by 20–21 September protests and that the authorities had "launched a full-throttle clampdown to crush demonstrations and intimidate activists, journalists and others into silence".{{cite web|title =Egypt: World leaders must act to stop President al-Sisi's repressive crackdown|website=Amnesty International |date =24 September 2019|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/egypt-world-leaders-must-act-to-stop-president-al-sisis-repressive-crackdown/ | access-date =26 September 2019|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190926220103/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/egypt-world-leaders-must-act-to-stop-president-al-sisis-repressive-crackdown/ |archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live}}

Two thousand people, including Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) representatives, protested in Khartoum on 26 September in support of Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan, a Sudanese anti-Islamist student detained by Egyptian authorities, who gave a forced confession on MBC Masr television.{{cite news | last1= Amin| first1=Mohammed | title= Detention of Sudanese student in Cairo ignites protests in Sudan | date= 28 September 2019 |newspaper= Middle East Eye | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/detention-sudanese-student-cairo-ignites-protests-sudan |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190928231047/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/detention-sudanese-student-cairo-ignites-protests-sudan |archive-date= 28 September 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite news | title= Demonstration for Sudanese student jailed in Egypt | date= 27 September 2019 |newspaper= Radio Dabanga | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/demonstration-for-jailed-sudanese-student-in-egypt |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190928000411/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/demonstration-for-jailed-sudanese-student-in-egypt |archive-date= 28 September 2019 |url-status=live}} The SPA stated, "the era when Sudanese citizens were humiliated inside or outside their country has gone and will never return". The Sudanese Foreign Ministry summoned the Egyptian ambassador{{cite news | title= Sudan summons Egypt envoy over detained student as protesters rally | date= 29 September 2019 |newspaper= Middle East Eye | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-summons-egypt-envoy-over-detained-student-protesters-rally |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190929225204/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-summons-egypt-envoy-over-detained-student-protesters-rally |archive-date= 29 September 2019 |url-status=live}} and Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan was freed on 2 October 2019.{{cite news | title=Egyptian authorities free Sudanese student arrested in crackdown | date=2 October 2019 | newspaper=Middle East Eye | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-authorities-free-sudan-student-arrested-crackdown |access-date= 3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003224048/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-authorities-free-sudan-student-arrested-crackdown |archive-date= 3 October 2019 |url-status=live}}

On the evening of 2 October, during the lead up to the 2023 Egyptian presidential election, a Nation's Future Party rally in Mersa Matruh turned into anti-Sisi protests, with protesters burning photos of him and chanting anti-Sisi slogans.{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=فيديو: احتفالية لدعم السيسي تتحول إلى مظاهرة ضده بمطروح |trans-title=Video: A celebration in support of Sisi turns into a demonstration against him in Matrouh |url=https://rassd.com/534935.htm |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=Rasd News Network |language=ar}}

{{main|2019 Gaza economic protests|2023 Gaza economic protests}}

A series of economic protests in Gaza{{cite news |title=Gaza economic protests expose cracks in Hamas's rule |work=BBC News |date=18 March 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47616809 }}{{cite web |title=Gaza rights groups denounce Hamas crackdown on protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/19/gaza-rights-groups-denounce-hamas-crackdown-on-protests |website=Al Jazeera}} began in February 2019, and it was initiated with the popular calls "We want to live" and "Revolt of the hungry" by groups of civilians and activists. The group has been nicknamed the 14 March movement.

The protests aim at the overall dire conditions of living in the Gaza Strip. Half of the 2 million residents live in poverty.{{Cite journal |last=Hincks |first=Joseph |title=Hamas condemned over a violent crackdown on protests in Gaza |journal=TIME Magazine |volume=193 |issue=12 |pages=9}} Civilians claimed that the nonviolent protests were not meant to threaten the current ruling power, but rather asking to improve social and economic conditions. Among their requests, one is to strengthen labour organizations to safeguard workers’ rights, ease taxes, reduce the extremely high costs of living, and establish check and balance mechanisms to contrast corruption within the private sector.{{Cite news |title=Party officials support popular protests against Hamas tax increases |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2019-03-19/ty-article/.premium/fatah-spokesman-attacked-near-home-by-masked-assailants-amid-gaza-economic-protests/0000017f-e7d3-da9b-a1ff-efff87690000 |website=Haaretz}} The majority of the protestors were young people who cried out about the urgency of labour reforms. According to the World Bank, Gaza's economic conditions are in decline every year, with a rate of youth unemployment of 70 percent.{{Cite news |title=Hamas violently suppresses Gaza economic protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/21/hamas-violently-suppresses-gaza-economic-israeli-border-protests |website=The Guardian|date=21 March 2019 |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver }}{{Cite web |title=Gaza: Hamas must end brutal crackdown against protesters and rights defenders |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/03/gaza-hamas-must-end-brutal-crackdown-against-protesters-and-rights-defenders/ |website=Amnesty International|date=18 March 2019 }}

Over the previous decade, Gazans were already dependent on external humanitarian aid. The already difficult situation owing to internal mismanagement also worsened due to US President Donald Trump's "drastic cuts to US-funded Palestinian aid programme", the continued wars initiated by Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad against Israel, and the lack of support from the Palestinian Authority.

The peaceful protests were brutally crushed by the ruling Hamas, which dispatched security forces to disperse people. The neutralization by Hamas saw a spillover of violence: there have been reports of armed patrols breaking into people's homes, mass arrests and beatings in Gaza City, Jabaliya refugee camp, Deir al-Balah, Khan Yunis and Rafah. Although there are no killings recorded, over 1000 people got threatened, beaten, and detained. Journalists, photographers and activists were forbidden to cover the manifestation. Local correspondents who were able to document parts of the protests have been assaulted by Hamas officers.{{Cite news |title=Hamas Crackdown on Gaza Protests Instills Fear |work=The New York Times |date=24 March 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/24/world/middleeast/gaza-protests-hamas.html |last1=Abuheweila |first1=Iyad |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel }}

Numerous political organisations and human rights groups condemned the aggressive repression by the hand of Hamas security forces to the nonviolent demonstrations. The Palestinian Center for Human Rights denounced their actions as "a crime and violation according to the national and international laws", and urged the security forces to "respect the right to peaceful assembly and right to freedom of expression". Human Rights Watch reported that "Hamas authorities routinely arrest and torture peaceful critics and opponents with impunity." Amnesty International called for a "thorough and transparent investigation into the unnecessary and excessive use of force, arbitrary arrest and detention, and torture and other ill-treatment by security forces." Supporting groups of the demonstrators directed attention to a number of domestic political issues that worsened since the Israeli and Egyptian blockade in 2007 and the takeover of Hamas. Among those, the rivalry between Hamas and Fatah resulted in the failure to assure stability and security, notwithstanding the financial pressure put on by the Palestinian Authority.

The Hamas-led government responded with apologies on behalf of the security forces for the attacks on Palestinians and condemned their conduct. The protests were described as a moment that shook Hamas' authority since their takeover in 2007.

In late July 2023, protesters against the Hamas government rose up once more, however due to the inaccessibility of the strip and the subsequent government crackdown, the scale of the protests was unknown and may have been a larger demonstration than the protests in 2019.{{cite news |title=Thousands take to streets in Gaza in rare public display of discontent with Hamas |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-hamas-demonstration-israel-blockade-palestinians-306b19228f9dd21f1036386ce3709672 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=Associated Press |date=2023-07-30}}{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |title=Gaza Protests Struggle to Gain Traction as Police Crack Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/07/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-protests-hamas.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=New York Times |date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807182839/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/07/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-protests-hamas.html |archive-date=2023-08-07}}

{{main|17 October Revolution}}

File:Beirut protests 2019 - 1.jpg

The Lebanese protests were a series of protests that constitute a reaction against sectarian rule, stagnant economy, unemployment,{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/27/lebanon-protesters-find-strength-in-unity-ditched-sectarianism/|title=Lebanon Protesters Found Strength in Unity, Ditched Sectarianism|date=27 October 2019|website=Report Syndication|access-date=2019-12-16 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803125404/https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/27/lebanon-protesters-find-strength-in-unity-ditched-sectarianism/|url-status=live}} endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation (such as banking secrecy) that is perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979920/protesters_march_from_al_nour_square_to_central_bank_in_tripoli|title=Protesters march from Al Nour Square to Central Bank in Tripoli|website=MTV Lebanon|language=en|access-date=2019-12-15|archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131114/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979920/protesters_march_from_al_nour_square_to_central_bank_in_tripoli|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979923/protesters_block_karakoul_druze-mar_elias_road|title=Protesters block Karakoul Druze-Mar Elias road|website=MTV Lebanon|language=en|access-date=2019-12-15|archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131115/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979923/protesters_block_karakoul_druze-mar_elias_road|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/whatsapp-protests-erupt-in-lebanon-as-economic-crisis-deepens|title=Nationwide Protests Erupt in Lebanon as Economic Crisis Deepens|last=Khraiche|first=Dana|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=17 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627164750/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/whatsapp-protests-erupt-in-lebanon-as-economic-crisis-deepens|url-status=live}} It is suspected that the direct trigger to the protests were due to the planned imposed taxes on gasoline, tobacco and online phone calls such as through WhatsApp,{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493723-lebanon-to-charge-6-on-whatsapp-call-report.ashx|title=Lebanese govt to charge $0.20 a day for WhatsApp calls |website=www.dailystar.com.lb|date=17 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=2020-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609153749/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493723-lebanon-to-charge-6-on-whatsapp-call-report.ashx|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/protests-erupt-lebanon-plans-impose-taxes-191017194856354.html|title=Protests erupt in Lebanon over plans to impose new taxes|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=2019-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225124935/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/protests-erupt-lebanon-plans-impose-taxes-191017194856354.html|url-status=live}} as protests started breaking out right after unanimous Cabinet approval of the WhatsApp taxes, due to be ratified by 22 October.{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493775-protests-erupt-over-taxes-as-govt-races-to-wrap-up-budget.ashx|title=Protests erupt over taxes as govt races to wrap up budget |website=www.dailystar.com.lb|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031204311/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493775-protests-erupt-over-taxes-as-govt-races-to-wrap-up-budget.ashx|url-status=live}}

In contrast to the 2005 Cedar Revolution, and similarly to a process started in the 2015–2016 Lebanese protests, the 2019 protests were non-sectarian, crossing the Sunni–Shia Muslim / Christian sociological and religious divide and bypassing traditional political party alignments.

{{Main|2018–2019 Omani protests}}

The 2018–2019 Omani protests were nationwide protests and rallies in which tens of thousands of protesters marched against skyrocketing unemployment and inflation in the Sultanate of Oman. Over a 13-month period between January 2018 and January 2019, Omani citizens went out into the streets on several occasions to rally against decisions made by their government, whilst demanding more employment opportunities as well as economic reforms.{{Cite web |title=Oman jobs protest spreads to other cities as arrests reported |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/oman-jobs-protest-spreads-other-cities-arrests-reported |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}

Protests erupted in Omani capital Muscat outside the Ministry of Manpower on 22 January 2018. Demonstrations spread rapidly across the country, reaching other major cities such as Salalah, Sohar and Sur. Numerous people were reportedly arrested. In response, the Omani government announced that it would create 25 thousand public service jobs to accommodate protesters’ demands.{{Cite web |title=Omani government promises to address unemployment after nationwide protests |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/omani-government-promises-address-unemployment-after-nationwide-protests |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}

At the end of 2018 and into January 2019, mass protests resurfaced in Oman. Thousands of protesters rallied against economic hardship and once again requested more job opportunities. Demonstrations were oppressed by riot police, causing dozens of people to be arrested. The demonstrations triggered a swift response by the Omani government. On 6 January, the Omani government announced that it would establish a new body to alleviate the employment-crisis. The so-called National Center for Employment was created to help Omanis to navigate the national labor market.{{Cite web |date=2019-01-06 |title=Oman launches new job center service for locals as expat visa ban continues |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1431146/business-economy |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Arab News |language=en}} As a result, protests and strikes came to an end on 9 January 2019.

{{main|2020 Libyan protests}}

Street protests took place in August and September 2020 over issues of poor provision of services in several cities in Libya, including both cities controlled by the Government of National Accord (GNA) in the west (Tripoli, Misrata, Zawiya) and by the Libyan National Army (LNA) in the east of Libya (Benghazi). The de facto LNA-associated government led by Abdullah al-Thani offered its resignation on 13 September 2020 in response to the protests.

Strikes against power cuts saw hundreds attend on 29–30 October. It was met with tear gas and plastic bullets and riots were met with rubber bullets. Riots occurred on 29 October by workers and ended violently with clashes. On 31 October 2020, Fayez al-Sarraj rescinded his decision to resign.{{Cite web |title=Libyan PM al-Serraj takes back resignation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/31/libyan-prime-minister-takes-back-decision-to-resign |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}} Elections were scheduled to be held on 24 December 2021 but was postponed after the head of High National Election Commission (HNEC) ordered the dissolution of the electoral committees nationwide. Elections are indefinitely postponed.{{cite web |title=Libya electoral commission dissolves poll committees |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/21/libya-electoral-commission-dissolves-poll-committees |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2023-05-09}}

{{Main|Sudanese revolution|2019–2022 Sudanese protests}}

The Sudanese revolution was a major shift of political power in Sudan which began with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/protests-rising-prices-spread-sudan-khartoum-181220132130661.html|title=Several killed in Sudan as protests over rising prices continue|date=21 December 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220211518/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/protests-rising-prices-spread-sudan-khartoum-181220132130661.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-police-fire-live-rounds-home-slain-protester-190118093023028.html|title=Sudan police fire live rounds outside home of slain protester|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121105914/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-police-fire-live-rounds-home-slain-protester-190118093023028.html |archive-date=21 January 2019 }} and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir after thirty years in power, the Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.{{cite news | title= Sudan Constitutional Declaration signed – Sovereign Council to be announced in two weeks | date= 4 August 2019 |newspaper= Radio Dabanga | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-constitutional-declaration-signed-sovereign-council-to-be-announced-in-two-weeks |access-date= 4 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190804215014/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-constitutional-declaration-signed-sovereign-council-to-be-announced-in-two-weeks |archive-date= 4 August 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web | title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) | trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar | website= raisethevoices.org |date =4 August 2019 | url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf | access-date = 5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web | last1 = FFC | last2 = TMC | last3 = IDEA | last4 = Reeves | first4 = Eric | author1-link = Forces of Freedom and Change | author2-link = Transitional Military Council (2019) | author3-link = International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance | author4-link = Eric Reeves | title = Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period | website = sudanreeves.org | date = 10 August 2019 | url = https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ | access-date = 10 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213233/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ | archive-date = 10 August 2019 | url-status = dead }} In August and September 2019, the TMC formally transferred executive power to a mixed military–civilian collective head of state, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, and to a civilian prime minister (Abdalla Hamdok) and a mostly civilian cabinet, while judicial power was transferred to Nemat Abdullah Khair, Sudan's first female Chief Justice. Street protests continued during the 39-month planned transitionary institution period.

In southwest Syria in June 2020, worsening economic conditions led to rare anti-government protests in the city of Suweida, where demonstrators called for the removal of President Bashar al-Assad, as well as the withdrawal of Iran-backed militias and Russian troops from the region.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/protest-southwest-syria-faltering-economy-corruption-200607192940212.html|title=Protest in southwest Syria against faltering economy, corruption|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=7 June 2020|access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2020-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701185502/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/protest-southwest-syria-faltering-economy-corruption-200607192940212.html|url-status=live}} The protests led Assad to dismiss Prime Minister Imad Khamis. In addition, counter-demonstrations in support of the Assad government were also held.{{Cite news|date=11 June 2020|title=Syria war: Assad sacks PM as economic crisis sparks protests|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53006408|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=2020-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617074057/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53006408|url-status=live}} Both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the use of "arbitrary detentions", beatings and arrests by Syrian security forces, and called on the government to "immediately release" those detained.{{Cite web|title=Syria: Peaceful protesters detained in Sweida must be released immediately|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/syria-peaceful-protesters-detained-in-sweida-must-be-released-immediately/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.amnesty.org|date=24 June 2020 |publisher=Amnesty International|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708003033/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/syria-peaceful-protesters-detained-in-sweida-must-be-released-immediately/}}{{Cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Syria: Protesters Describe Beatings, Arrests|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/28/syria-protesters-describe-beatings-arrests|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328080921/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/28/syria-protesters-describe-beatings-arrests|url-status=live}}

{{Portal|Africa|Politics|Society}}

• 2019 Sudanese coup d'état
• 2019–2020 Iranian protests
• Hirak (Algeria)
• 2020s in politics
• 2021 Tunisian self-coup
• Arab Revolt (disambiguation)
• Arab Spring
• Arab Winter
• Hirak Rif Movement
• List of protests in the 21st century

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite news

|last1=Khatib|first1=Lina

|title=Lebanon is experiencing a social revolution

|date=20 October 2019

|publisher=Al Jazeera English

|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/lebanon-experiencing-social-revolution-191020065959490.html|access-date=20 October 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020135322/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/lebanon-experiencing-social-revolution-191020065959490.html |archive-date=20 October 2019

|url-status=live}}

{{cite news

|last1=Habbal|first1=Tesbih

|last2=Hasnawi|first2=Muzna

|title=In the Midst of Chaos, an Invincible Arab Spring – This month's protests in Syria, Iraq, and Egypt prove that what began in 2010 was just the beginning of a long revolution.|date=10 October 2019|newspaper=The Nation

|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protests-iraq-syria-egypt/|access-date=21 October 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021230144/http://www.thenation.com/article/protests-iraq-syria-egypt/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}

{{cite news

|title=Sudan appoints its first woman Chief Justice

|date=10 October 2019

|publisher=Radio Dabanga

|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-appoints-its-first-woman-chief-justice

|access-date=10 October 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010224602/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-appoints-its-first-woman-chief-justice

|archive-date=10 October 2019

|url-status=live}}

{{cite news | title= More than 240 people killed in Sudan uprising |trans-title = | date= 20 July 2019 |publisher= Radio Dabanga | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-240-people-killed-in-sudan-uprising |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191030213800/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-240-people-killed-in-sudan-uprising |archive-date= 30 October 2019 |url-status=live }}

{{cite news | title= Tunisian opposition leader calls for continued protests | date= 2018-01-09 |publisher= Al Jazeera English | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/anti-austerity-protests-tunisia-turn-deadly-180109070431217.html |access-date=2020-01-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180109084622/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/anti-austerity-protests-tunisia-turn-deadly-180109070431217.html |archive-date= 2018-01-09 |url-status=live }}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/iraq-president-appoints-mohammed-allawi-pm-state-tv-200201150554113.html|title=Iraq president appoints Mohammed Allawi as new prime minister|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 February 2020|access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200201184604/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/iraq-president-appoints-mohammed-allawi-pm-state-tv-200201150554113.html |archive-date=2020-02-01 |url-status=live}}

{{cite news | language =ar | title= مركز توثيق جرائم الحرب بالعراق: 669 قتيلاً بالمظاهرات |trans-title = Iraqi War Crime Documentation Centre: 669 demonstrators killed | date= 2020-01-13 |newspaper= Al Arabiya | url= https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/iraq/2020/01/13/مركز-توثيق-جرائم-الحرب-بالعراق-669-قتيلا-بالمظاهرات |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200114221744/https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/iraq/2020/01/13/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-669-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA |archive-date= 2020-01-14 |url-status=live |url-access = }}

{{cite news | last1= Zaptia | first1= Sami | title= Shooting at Tripoli demonstrations: MoI identifies shooters, will investigate and reveal results | date= 2020-09-24 |newspaper= Libya Herald | url= https://www.libyaherald.com/2020/08/24/shooting-at-tripoli-demonstrations-moi-identifies-shooters-will-investigate-and-reveal-results/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200829211249/https://www.libyaherald.com/2020/08/24/shooting-at-tripoli-demonstrations-moi-identifies-shooters-will-investigate-and-reveal-results/ |archive-date= 2020-08-29 |url-status=live }}

{{cite news | title= Anger in Libya's Benghazi over power cuts, living conditions | date= 2020-09-11 |publisher= Al Jazeera English | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/anger-libya-benghazi-power-cuts-living-conditions-200911075607648.html |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200911123511/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/anger-libya-benghazi-power-cuts-living-conditions-200911075607648.html |archive-date= 2020-09-11 |url-status=live }}

{{cite news | title= Libya's eastern-based government resigns amid protests | date= 2020-09-14 |publisher= Al Jazeera English | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/libya-eastern-based-government-resigns-protests-200914063023436.html |access-date=2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914143720/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/libya-eastern-based-government-resigns-protests-200914063023436.html |archive-date= 2020-09-14 |url-status=live }}

}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arab protests, 2018-2021}}

Category:2010s in Africa

Category:2010s in Asia

Category:2010s protests

Category:2020s in Africa

Category:2020s in Asia

Category:2020s protests

Category:Arab Winter

Category:History of North Africa

Category:Intifadas

Category:Protest marches

Category:Revolutionary waves