2024 Portuguese legislative election#Aftermath

The Socialist Party (PS), led by Prime Minister António Costa, won an absolute majority in the 2022 legislative election with 41 percent of the votes and 120 seats in the 230 seat Assembly of the Republic. The main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), got 77 seats and 29 percent of the votes, while the populist party Chega (Enough) gained 12 seats and seven percent. The Liberal Initiative (IL) were able to win eight seats and gather almost five percent of the votes. The far-left parties, the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Left Bloc (BE), achieved one of their worst results ever with four percent of the votes and six and five seats, respectively. PAN and LIVRE were able to win just one seat each.

António Costa's third government was sworn in on 30 March 2022. This government proved to be rather unstable and experienced several scandals and controversies. By mid-2023, the government had seen the resignations of 11 secretaries of state and two ministers.[https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/07/07/as-13-demissoes-no-governo-em-16-meses/ "Terceiro Governo de Costa já teve 13 baixas em apenas 16 meses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708173052/https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/07/07/as-13-demissoes-no-governo-em-16-meses/ |date=8 July 2023 }}, ECO, 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023. The biggest scandal involved TAP Air Portugal and a compensation payment to a government member, Alexandra Reis.[https://eco.sapo.pt/2022/12/28/26-dias-alexandra-reis-durou-menos-tempo-no-governo-que-miguel-alves/ "26 dias. Alexandra Reis durou menos tempo no Governo que Miguel Alves "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708173054/https://eco.sapo.pt/2022/12/28/26-dias-alexandra-reis-durou-menos-tempo-no-governo-que-miguel-alves/ |date=8 July 2023 }}, ECO, 28 December 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023. This case was followed by a violent incident, in late April 2023, at the Ministry of Infrastructure, between government staff members and an advisor to Minister João Galamba regarding an alleged stolen laptop.[https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/governo/agressao/acusacoes-ocultacoes-suspeitas-de-agressoes-ate-houve-pessoas-a-protegerem-se-no-wc-guia-para-entender-a-nova-crise-no-governo-mas-da-mesmo-para-entende-la/20230428/644c120ed34ef47b8753505c "Acusações, ocultações, suspeitas de agressões – até houve pessoas refugiadas no WC: guia para entender a nova crise no Governo (mas dá mesmo para entendê-la?)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708173051/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/governo/agressao/acusacoes-ocultacoes-suspeitas-de-agressoes-ate-houve-pessoas-a-protegerem-se-no-wc-guia-para-entender-a-nova-crise-no-governo-mas-da-mesmo-para-entende-la/20230428/644c120ed34ef47b8753505c |date=8 July 2023 }}, CNN Portugal, 28 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023. The deployment of the Portuguese Secret Services in this case stirred a clash between Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the incumbent president of Portugal, and Prime Minister António Costa concerning the future of Galamba and the government itself.[https://www.dn.pt/politica/marcelo-arrasa-galamba-e-promete-ser-mais-interventivo-e-atento-com-costa-16295951.html "Marcelo arrasa Galamba e promete ser mais "interventivo" e "atento" com Costa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708173052/https://www.dn.pt/politica/marcelo-arrasa-galamba-e-promete-ser-mais-interventivo-e-atento-com-costa-16295951.html |date=8 July 2023 }}, Diário de Notícias, 4 May 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

{{Main|Operation Influencer}}

On 7 November 2023, the Public Security Police and the Public Prosecutor's office carried out a series of searches at the official residence of the Prime Minister and other ministries, leading to the arrest of the Prime Minister's chief of staff.{{Cite web |last=Lopes |first=Maria |date=7 November 2023 |title=Buscas da PSP na residência oficial de Costa e ministérios do Ambiente e Infra-estruturas; chefe de gabinete e Lacerda Machado detidos |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/11/07/politica/noticia/buscas-psp-residencia-oficial-costa-ministerios-ambiente-infraestruturas-vitor-escaria-lacerda-machado-detidos-2069310 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107162110/https://www.publico.pt/2023/11/07/politica/noticia/buscas-psp-residencia-oficial-costa-ministerios-ambiente-infraestruturas-vitor-escaria-lacerda-machado-detidos-2069310 |url-status=live }} Costa was named as a suspect in a corruption case involving the awarding of contracts for the lithium and hydrogen businesses, but denied any wrongdoing.{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Governo investigado: António Costa é suspeito e vai ser alvo de inquérito pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/justica/2023-11-07-Governo-investigado-Antonio-Costa-e-suspeito-e-vai-ser-alvo-de-inquerito-pelo-Supremo-Tribunal-de-Justica-41956925 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107155616/https://expresso.pt/sociedade/justica/2023-11-07-Governo-investigado-Antonio-Costa-e-suspeito-e-vai-ser-alvo-de-inquerito-pelo-Supremo-Tribunal-de-Justica-41956925 |url-status=live }} He met President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in the Presidential Palace and announced his resignation shortly after, stating that he would not run for re-election.{{Cite web |title=António Costa demite-se: "Obviamente" |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/antonio-costa/governo/antonio-costa-apresenta-a-demissao/20231107/654a3b7fd34e65afa2f7496e |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112104825/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/antonio-costa/governo/antonio-costa-apresenta-a-demissao/20231107/654a3b7fd34e65afa2f7496e |url-status=live }}

The President heard all parties after Costa's resignation.{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Presidente da República ouve partidos esta quarta-feira |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/politica/2023/11/08/presidente-da-republica-ouve-partidos-esta-quarta-feira/354245/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108232959/https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/politica/2023/11/08/presidente-da-republica-ouve-partidos-esta-quarta-feira/354245/ |url-status=live }} The Socialist Party proposed a new cabinet led by President of the Assembly of the Republic Augusto Santos Silva,{{Cite web |last=Tavares |first=Rita |title=PS apresentará Santos Silva como primeiro-ministro provisório se Marcelo não quiser eleições |url=https://observador.pt/2023/11/08/ps-apresentara-santos-silva-como-primeiro-ministro-provisorio-se-marcelo-nao-quiser-eleicoes/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108232958/https://observador.pt/2023/11/08/ps-apresentara-santos-silva-como-primeiro-ministro-provisorio-se-marcelo-nao-quiser-eleicoes/ |url-status=live }} Governor of the Bank of Portugal Mário Centeno{{Citation |title=Mário Centeno sucessor de António Costa? "Falamos depois" |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/mario-centeno-sucessor-de-antonio-costa-falamos-depois/654cf9840cf25f99538a60fe |access-date=9 November 2023 |language=pt |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109215419/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/mario-centeno-sucessor-de-antonio-costa-falamos-depois/654cf9840cf25f99538a60fe |url-status=live }} or by former minister António Vitorino,{{Citation |title=Santos Silva, Carlos César, António Vitorino? Os nomes que o PS pode propor para liderar o Governo |url=https://tviplayer.iol.pt/programa/cnn-hoje/619392270cf2cc58e7d362ab/video/654b6f670cf265bc9687e051 |access-date=5 February 2025 |language=pt |date=8 November 2023}} that would last until the end of the government's term in 2026, while all opposition parties, except PAN, supported an early election.{{Cite web |last=Miguel |first=Inês Pinto |date=8 November 2023 |title=Partidos defendem eleições antecipadas para resolver demissão de Costa |url=https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/partidos-defendem-eleicoes-antecipadas-para-resolver-trapalhada-de-costa/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=O Jornal Económico – Notícias, Economia, Política, Empresas, Mercados e Opinião |language=pt-PT |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108233019/https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/partidos-defendem-eleicoes-antecipadas-para-resolver-trapalhada-de-costa/ |url-status=live }} The President has the power to dissolve the Assembly of the Republic at their discretion; they are not required to do so when a prime minister resigns.{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/dissolucao-assembleia-republica|title=Dissolução da Assembleia da República|publisher=Diário da República|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227195915/https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/dissolucao-assembleia-republica|url-status=live}} President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, after meeting with the Council of State, dissolved the assembly and called an early election for 10 March 2024.{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Marcelo marca eleições para 10 de março |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/especial/politica/2023/11/09/marcelo-marca-eleicoes-para-10-de-marco/354511/ |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109200826/https://rr.sapo.pt/especial/politica/2023/11/09/marcelo-marca-eleicoes-para-10-de-marco/354511/ |url-status=live }}

The Prime Minister's resignation was not made official immediately; it was postponed until 8 December 2023, so that the State Budget for 2024 could be approved by parliament.{{cite news |last1=Novais |first1=Filipa |last2=Morais |first2=Miguel |last3=Teixeira |first3=Sara |title=Marcelo dissolve Parlamento. António Costa no Governo até às próximas eleições a 10 de março |trans-title= Marcelo dissolves Parliament. António Costa in Government until the next elections on 10 March |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/politica/detalhe/marcelo-dissolve-parlamento-antonio-costa-no-governo-ate-as-proximas-eleicoes |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=Correio da Manhã |date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116161538/https://www.cmjornal.pt/politica/detalhe/marcelo-dissolve-parlamento-antonio-costa-no-governo-ate-as-proximas-eleicoes |archive-date=16 November 2023 |language=Portuguese}}{{cite web |title=Presidente da República decreta demissão do Governo |trans-title=President of the Republic decrees government resignation |url=https://www.presidencia.pt/atualidade/toda-a-atualidade/2023/12/presidente-da-republica-decreta-demissao-do-governo/ |website=Presidência da República Portuguesa |access-date=8 December 2023 |date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208001823/https://www.presidencia.pt/atualidade/toda-a-atualidade/2023/12/presidente-da-republica-decreta-demissao-do-governo/ |archive-date=8 December 2023 |language=Portuguese}} It was the first time a single party majority government did not complete its full term in democratic Portugal.{{cite web |title=Quantos governos e quantas maiorias absolutas teve cada um? PS e PSD concentram mais de 65% dos votos em legislativas desde 1987 |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-04-Quantos-governos-e-quantas-maiorias-absolutas-teve-cada-um--PS-e-PSD-concentram-mais-de-65-dos-votos-em-legislativas-desde-1987-6a82cfdc |website=Expresso |access-date=22 December 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |language=Portuguese}}

According to the Portuguese Constitution, an election must be called between 14 September and 14 October of the year that the legislature ends. The election is called by the President of Portugal but is not called at the request of the Prime Minister; however, the President must listen to all of the parties represented in Parliament and the election date must be announced at least 60 days before the election.{{cite web |url=http://app.parlamento.pt/site_antigo/ingles/cons_leg/Constitution_VII_revisao_definitive.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022091934/http://app.parlamento.pt/site_antigo/ingles/cons_leg/Constitution_VII_revisao_definitive.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2014}} If an election is called during an ongoing legislature (dissolution of parliament) it must be held at least after 55 days. Election day is the same in all multi-seat constituencies, and should fall on a Sunday or national holiday. In normal circumstances, the next legislative election would, therefore, have taken place no later than 11 October 2026.{{Cite web |url=http://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/legis_lear_2015_0.pdf |title=Electoral law to the Assembly of the Republic |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214094123/https://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/legis_lear_2015_0.pdf |url-status=live }}

On 9 November 2023, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa announced he would dissolve the parliament and called an early election for 10 March 2024. On 15 January 2024, the President signed the decree that officially dissolved Parliament and set the date for the elections.{{cite news |title=Presidente da República decretou a dissolução do parlamento |trans-title=President of the Republic decreed the dissolution of the parliament |url=https://www.jn.pt/2394796484/presidente-da-republica-decretou-a-dissolucao-do-parlamento/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=Jornal de Notícias |date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115133958/https://www.jn.pt/2394796484/presidente-da-republica-decretou-a-dissolucao-do-parlamento/ |archive-date=15 January 2024 |language=Portuguese}} Campaigning officially began on 25 February and lasted for two weeks.{{cite news |title=Corruption scandals cast a shadow over Portugal's early general election and may favor populists |url=https://apnews.com/article/portugal-campaign-begins-early-election-march-10-781173c00fe310d9c6dc665f0be329c8 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Associated Press |date=25 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225154858/https://apnews.com/article/portugal-campaign-begins-early-election-march-10-781173c00fe310d9c6dc665f0be329c8 |url-status=live }}

In the 2022 elections, the CDS – People's Party was wiped out from Parliament for the first time in 47 years of democracy.[https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/legislativas/resultados/pela-primeira-vez-em-democracia-o-cds-nao-elege-nenhum-deputado/20220131/61f725070cf2cc58e7e02e8d "Histórico: CDS fora do Parlamento"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212192850/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/legislativas/resultados/pela-primeira-vez-em-democracia-o-cds-nao-elege-nenhum-deputado/20220131/61f725070cf2cc58e7e02e8d |date=12 February 2022 }}, CNN Portugal, 31 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. CDS leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos resigned on election night and announced that a leadership ballot would be held and that he would not run again, despite his promise made before the legislative elections.{{Citation |title=Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos anuncia que vai recandidatar-se à liderança do CDS |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/01/26/politica/noticia/francisco-rodrigues-santos-anuncia-vai-recandidatarse-lideranca-cds-1993203 |access-date=5 February 2025 |language=pt |date=26 January 2022}}[https://www.dn.pt/politica/francisco-rodrigues-dos-santos-demite-se-de-presidente-do-cds-pp--14543692.html "Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos demite-se de presidente do CDS-PP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201204201/https://www.dn.pt/politica/francisco-rodrigues-dos-santos-demite-se-de-presidente-do-cds-pp--14543692.html |date=1 February 2022 }}, Diário de Notícias, 31 January 2022. Retrieved February 2022. On 11 February, it was announced that a new leader would be elected in a party congress on 2 and 3 April 2022 held in Guimarães.[https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/congresso-cds/rodrigues-dos-santos/conselho-nacional-do-cds-pp-aprova-realizacao-do-congresso-e-ja-tem-data-marcada/20720211/6206e1c60cf2c7ea0f188db0 "Conselho Nacional do CDS-PP aprova antecipação do congresso para 2 e 3 de abril"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212192848/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/congresso-cds/rodrigues-dos-santos/conselho-nacional-do-cds-pp-aprova-realizacao-do-congresso-e-ja-tem-data-marcada/20720211/6206e1c60cf2c7ea0f188db0 |date=12 February 2022 }}, CNN Portugal, 11 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. MEP Nuno Melo, former MP Nuno Correia da Silva, 2016 leadership candidate Miguel Mattos Chaves and Bruno Filipe Costa announced they would contest the ballot.[https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/o-cds-faz-falta-a-portugal-nuno-melo-oficializa-candidatura-a-presidencia-do-partido/62113a790cf2cc58e7e3e533 "“O CDS faz falta a Portugal”, Nuno Melo oficializa candidatura à presidência do partidol"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220123634/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/o-cds-faz-falta-a-portugal-nuno-melo-oficializa-candidatura-a-presidencia-do-partido/62113a790cf2cc58e7e3e533 |date=20 February 2022 }}, CNN Portugal, 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.{{Cite web |title=Nuno Correia da Silva é candidato à liderança do CDS-PP |url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/nuno-correia-da-silva-e-candidato-a-lideranca-do-cds-pp-14695855.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=www.jn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326204657/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/nuno-correia-da-silva-e-candidato-a-lideranca-do-cds-pp-14695855.html |url-status=live }}[https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/psd-miguel-mattos-chaves-anuncia-candidatura-a-lideranca_n1385830 "CDS-PP. Miguel Mattos Chaves anuncia candidatura à liderança"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220123632/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/psd-miguel-mattos-chaves-anuncia-candidatura-a-lideranca_n1385830 |date=20 February 2022 }}, CNN Portugal, 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.[https://www.publico.pt/2022/04/01/politica/noticia/candidato-cds-bruno-filipe-costa-inspirase-conservadores-britanicos-2000899 "Candidato ao CDS Bruno Filipe Costa inspira-se nos conservadores britânicos "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402132330/https://www.publico.pt/2022/04/01/politica/noticia/candidato-cds-bruno-filipe-costa-inspirase-conservadores-britanicos-2000899 |date=2 April 2022 }}, Público, 1 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022. During the congress, Bruno Filipe Costa and Nuno Correia da Silva dropped out from the race.[https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/congresso-cds-pp-miguel-mattos-chaves-e-o-unico-adversario-de-nuno-melo_v1395960 "Congresso CDS-PP. Miguel Mattos Chaves é o único adversário de Nuno Melo "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403004120/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/congresso-cds-pp-miguel-mattos-chaves-e-o-unico-adversario-de-nuno-melo_v1395960 |date=3 April 2022 }}, RTP, 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. Nuno Melo was easily elected as leader with more than 77 percent of the votes. The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 2 April 2022}}

|- style="background-color:#0c68b0"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|CDS – People's Party}}|

| align=left | Nuno Melo

| align=right | 854

| align=right | 77.5

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|CDS – People's Party}}|

| align=left | Miguel Mattos Chaves

| align=right | 104

| align=right | 9.4

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|CDS – People's Party}}|

| align=left | Others{{efn|name=CDS}}

| align=right | 144

| align=right | 13.1

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 1,102

| align=center |

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://observador.pt/liveblogs/cds-reunido-no-congresso-em-que-o-portismo-vai-tentar-recuperar-o-partido/ Observador]

|}

{{Main|2022 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election}}

File:Luís Montenegro, 40.º Congresso do PSD 2022.png addressing the 40th Congress of the PSD in Porto]]

After the Social Democratic Party's (PSD) defeat in the 2022 legislative election, Rui Rio announced he would call a leadership ballot to elect a new leader, adding that he would not be a candidate again.[https://www.dn.pt/politica/rui-rio-confirma-que-nao-se-vai-recandidatar-a-lideranca-do-psd-14557586.html "Rui Rio confirma que não se vai recandidatar à liderança do PSD"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210171054/https://www.dn.pt/politica/rui-rio-confirma-que-nao-se-vai-recandidatar-a-lideranca-do-psd-14557586.html |date=10 February 2022 }}, Diário de Notícias, 3 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. The ballot was held on 28 May 2022.{{Cite web|date=15 March 2022|title=Sucessor de Rio escolhido a 28 de maio. Ribau Esteves e Pedro Rodrigues marcam posição|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-03-14-Sucessor-de-Rio-escolhido-a-28-de-maio.-Ribau-Esteves-e-Pedro-Rodrigues-marcam-posicao-36d3a4cc|access-date=14 March 2022|website=Expresso|language=pt-PT|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315012117/https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-03-14-Sucessor-de-Rio-escolhido-a-28-de-maio.-Ribau-Esteves-e-Pedro-Rodrigues-marcam-posicao-36d3a4cc|url-status=live}} Luís Montenegro, former PSD parliamentary group leader (2011–2018), and Jorge Moreira da Silva, former Environment minister (2013–2015), were the only candidates on the ballot.{{cite web|url=https://visao.sapo.pt/atualidade/politica/2022-05-16-psd-montenegro-e-moreira-da-silva-confirmados-como-dois-candidatos-a-lideranca/|title=PSD: Montenegro e Moreira da Silva confirmados como dois candidatos à liderança|work=Visão|date=16 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516211117/https://visao.sapo.pt/atualidade/politica/2022-05-16-psd-montenegro-e-moreira-da-silva-confirmados-como-dois-candidatos-a-lideranca/|url-status=live}} Around 45,000 party members, out of more than 85,000 active members, registered to vote.{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/politica/menos-militantes-pagam-quotas-para-escolha-entre-montenegro-ou-moreira-da-silva-14859082.html|title=Menos militantes pagam quotas para escolha entre Montenegro ou Moreira da Silva|work=Diário de Notícias|date=16 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516185053/https://www.dn.pt/politica/menos-militantes-pagam-quotas-para-escolha-entre-montenegro-ou-moreira-da-silva-14859082.html|url-status=live}} Montenegro defeated Moreira da Silva by a landslide, becoming the 19th leader of the party.{{Cite web |author1=Rui Pedro Antunes |author2=Miguel Santos Carrapatoso |title=Em direto/ Luís Montenegro sucede a Rui Rio na liderança do PSD |url=https://observador.pt/liveblogs/psd-escolhe-este-sabado-sucessor-de-rio/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Observador |date=28 May 2022 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528132715/https://observador.pt/liveblogs/psd-escolhe-este-sabado-sucessor-de-rio/ |url-status=live }} The results were as follows:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 28 May 2022}}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor=orange|

| align=left | Luís Montenegro

| align=right | 19,241

| align=right | 72.5

|-

|bgcolor=orange|

| align=left | Jorge Moreira da Silva

| align=right | 7,306

| align=right | 27.5

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots

| align=right | 437

| align=right | –

|-

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 26,984

| align=right | 60.46

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://www.psd.pt/sites/default/files/2022-06/Diretas%202022%20-%20Homologac%CC%A7a%CC%83o%20de%20resultados%20.pdf Official results]

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File:Paulo Raimundo, Conferência Nacional do PCP 2022.png speaking during the Party's Conference that elected him as the Secretary-General of the PCP]]

On 5 November 2022, the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) unexpectedly announced that Jerónimo de Sousa, party leader since 2004, was departing from the leadership for health reasons and the demands that the post requires.{{Cite web|title=Jerónimo de Sousa sai da liderança do PCP, 18 anos depois. Paulo Raimundo é o sucessor|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-11-05-Jeronimo-de-Sousa-sai-da-lideranca-do-PCP-18-anos-depois.-Paulo-Raimundo-e-o-sucessor-80c6d217|date=5 November 2022|access-date=5 November 2022|website=Expresso|language=pt-PT|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105224007/https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-11-05-Jeronimo-de-Sousa-sai-da-lideranca-do-PCP-18-anos-depois.-Paulo-Raimundo-e-o-sucessor-80c6d217|url-status=live}} The party chose Paulo Raimundo, a rather unknown party cadre and member since 1994, as new leader{{Cite web|title=Paulo Raimundo será o novo secretário-geral do PCP|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/paulo-raimundo-sera-o-novo-secretario-geral-do-pcp-15322497.html|date=5 November 2022|access-date=5 November 2022|website=Jornal de Notícias|language=pt-PT|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105224006/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/paulo-raimundo-sera-o-novo-secretario-geral-do-pcp-15322497.html|url-status=live}} whose nomination was confirmed in a Central Committee meeting on 12 November 2022 by unanimous vote, with one abstention, from Raimundo himself.{{Cite web|title=PCP. Paulo Raimundo eleito novo secretário-geral por unanimidade|url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/785411/pcp-paulo-raimundo-eleito-novo-secretario-geral-por-unanimidade?seccao=Portugal_i|date=12 November 2022|access-date=12 November 2022|website=i|language=pt-PT|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112221244/https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/785411/pcp-paulo-raimundo-eleito-novo-secretario-geral-por-unanimidade?seccao=Portugal_i|url-status=live}} The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 12 November 2022}}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor=#f00|

| align=left | Paulo Raimundo

| align=right | 128

| align=right | 99.2

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Against

| align=right | 0

| align=right | 0.0

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Abstention

| align=right | 1

| align=right | 0.8

|-

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 129

| align=center |

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://observador.pt/2022/11/12/paulo-raimundo-traz-de-volta-a-unanimidade-na-hora-da-eleicao-do-secretario-geral-do-pcp/ Observador]

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File:Rui Rocha, VII Convenção Nacional Iniciativa Liberal (Agência Lusa).png delivering his victory speech at the Party's Convention on 22 January 2023 in Lisbon]]

On 23 October 2022, party leader João Cotrim Figueiredo announced he was leaving Liberal Initiative's party leadership and called a snap leadership election.{{Cite web|title=João Cotrim Figueiredo não vai voltar a candidatar-se à liderança da IL|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/joao-cotrim-figueiredo-nao-vai-voltar-a-candidatar-se-a-lideranca-da-il_n1441688|date=23 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|website=RTP|language=pt-PT|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023155924/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/joao-cotrim-figueiredo-nao-vai-voltar-a-candidatar-se-a-lideranca-da-il_n1441688|url-status=live}} Shortly after Cotrim's announcement, an MP Rui Rocha from Braga constituency, stepped forward and announced his intention to run for the leadership.{{Cite web|title=Deputado Rui Rocha é candidato à liderança da Iniciativa Liberal nas eleições antecipadas|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-10-23-Deputado-Rui-Rocha-e-candidato-a-lideranca-da-Iniciativa-Liberal-nas-eleicoes-antecipadas-cb4e5eaa|date=23 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|website=Expresso|language=pt-PT|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023181152/https://expresso.pt/politica/2022-10-23-Deputado-Rui-Rocha-e-candidato-a-lideranca-da-Iniciativa-Liberal-nas-eleicoes-antecipadas-cb4e5eaa|url-status=live}} Two days later, Carla Castro, a Lisbon MP, also presented her candidacy for the leadership.{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Inês André |title=Carla Castro, deputada da Iniciativa Liberal, é candidata à presidência |url=https://observador.pt/2022/10/25/carla-castro-e-candidata-a-presidencia-da-iniciativa-liberal/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025103956/https://observador.pt/2022/10/25/carla-castro-e-candidata-a-presidencia-da-iniciativa-liberal/ |url-status=live }} A few weeks later, the party decided on a date and location for the leadership ballot – the new leader would be elected in a National Convention between 21 and 22 January 2023 in Lisbon.{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Sofia |title=Iniciativa Liberal escolhe novo líder a 21 e 22 de Janeiro |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/11/06/politica/noticia/iniciativa-liberal-escolhe-novo-lider-21-22-janeiro-2026706 |date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Público |language=pt-PT |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106225854/https://www.publico.pt/2022/11/06/politica/noticia/iniciativa-liberal-escolhe-novo-lider-21-22-janeiro-2026706 |url-status=live }} A third candidate for the leadership, José Cardoso, a critic of Figueiredo's leadership and strategy, announced his candidacy on 2 January 2023.{{Cite web|last=Sá|first=Paula|title=Há mais um candidato à presidência da Iniciativa Liberal|url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/01/02/ha-mais-um-candidato-a-presidencia-da-iniciativa-liberal/|date=2 January 2023|access-date=2 January 2023|website=ECO|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102155657/https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/01/02/ha-mais-um-candidato-a-presidencia-da-iniciativa-liberal/|url-status=live}} Around 2,300 party members registered to vote in the leadership convention.{{Cite web |title=IL vai escolher o seu 4.º líder e pela primeira vez há disputa interna |url=https://www.rtp.pt/madeira/politica/il-vai-escolher-o-seu-4-lider-e-pela-primeira-vez-ha-disputa-interna-_109917 |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=RTP Madeira |language=pt-PT |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119160347/https://www.rtp.pt/madeira/politica/il-vai-escolher-o-seu-4-lider-e-pela-primeira-vez-ha-disputa-interna-_109917 |url-status=live }} Rui Rocha, supported by Cotrim, was elected as the 4th President of the Liberal Initiative with almost 52 percent of the votes.{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Rui Rocha é o novo presidente da Iniciativa liberal |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/01/22/rui-rocha-e-o-novo-presidente-da-iniciativa-liberal/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=ECO |language=pt-PT |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122190624/https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/01/22/rui-rocha-e-o-novo-presidente-da-iniciativa-liberal/ |url-status=live }} The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 22 January 2023}}

|- style="background-color:#0c68b0"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor=#00ADEF|

| align=left | Rui Rocha

| align=right | 888

| align=right | 51.7

|-

|bgcolor=#00ADEF|

| align=left | Carla Castro

| align=right | 757

| align=right | 44.0

|-

|bgcolor=#00ADEF|

| align=left | José Cardoso

| align=right | 74

| align=right | 4.3

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots

| align=right | 9

| align=right | –

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 1,728

| align=right | 74.26

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://www.dn.pt/politica/iniciativa-liberal-margem-curta-na-vitoria-da-continuidade-15704596.html Diário de Notícias]

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People Animals Nature (Pessoas-Animais-Natureza – PAN) held a leadership ballot on 20 May 2023.{{Cite web|title=Já há data para o IX Congresso do PAN|url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/pan/ines-sousa-real/ja-ha-data-para-o-ix-congresso-do-pan/20230407/64302c580cf2c84d7fd04e8f|access-date=7 April 2023|website=www.cnnportugal.iol.pt|language=pt-PT|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407152947/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/pan/ines-sousa-real/ja-ha-data-para-o-ix-congresso-do-pan/20230407/64302c580cf2c84d7fd04e8f|url-status=live}} Two candidates were on the ballot: Incumbent leader Inês Sousa Real and Nelson Silva, MP between 2019 and 2022. Silva accused Sousa Real of leading the party to irrelevance and said that now it's time to "save" and "rebuild" the party.{{Cite web|title=Candidato a porta-voz, Nelson Silva quer "reconstruir" o PAN|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-03-31-Candidato-a-porta-voz-Nelson-Silva-quer-reconstruir-o-PAN-5204cc7a|access-date=4 April 2023|website=www.expresso.pt|language=pt-PT|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005701/https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-03-31-Candidato-a-porta-voz-Nelson-Silva-quer-reconstruir-o-PAN-5204cc7a|url-status=live}} In a rather tense congress, with strong accusations between both sides,{{Cite web|title="Estamos numa escola básica": tensão, atrasos e críticas marcam arranque do Congresso do PAN. Sousa Real e Nelson Silva trocam argumentos|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-05-20-Estamos-numa-escola-basica-tensao-atrasos-e-criticas-marcam-arranque-do-Congresso-do-PAN.-Sousa-Real-e-Nelson-Silva-trocam-argumentos-dc6bc1cd|access-date=20 May 2023|website=www.expresso.pt|date=20 May 2023|language=pt-PT|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520195038/https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-05-20-Estamos-numa-escola-basica-tensao-atrasos-e-criticas-marcam-arranque-do-Congresso-do-PAN.-Sousa-Real-e-Nelson-Silva-trocam-argumentos-dc6bc1cd|url-status=live}} Inês Sousa Real was re-elected party leader with 73 percent of the votes.{{Cite web |title=Inês de Sousa Real reeleita porta-voz do PAN |url=https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/detalhe/-ines-de-sousa-real-reeleita-porta-voz-do-pan |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=www.jornaldenegocios.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520195039/https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/detalhe/-ines-de-sousa-real-reeleita-porta-voz-do-pan |url-status=live }} The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 20 May 2023}}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor=teal|

| align=left | Inês Sousa Real

| align=right | 97

| align=right | 72.9

|-

|bgcolor=teal|

| align=left | Nelson Silva

| align=right | 35

| align=right | 26.3

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots

| align=right | 1

| align=right | 0.8

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 133

| align=center |

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-05-20-Ines-de-Sousa-Real-reeleita-lider-do-PAN-com-73-dos-votos-8efa616f Expresso]

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File:Conferências de imprensa, Lisboa, Fev.2023 (52715560628).jpg announcing her candidacy on 27 February 2023 in Lisbon]]

On 14 February 2023 party coordinator Catarina Martins announced that she would not run for another term as party leader.{{Cite web |title=Catarina Martins vai deixar liderança do Bloco de Esquerda |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/bloco-de-esquerda/catarina-martins/catarina-martins-nao-se-recandidata-a-lideranca-do-bloco-de-esquerda/20230214/63eb65e60cf2c84d7fc7e1bf |date=14 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt-PT |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214122623/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/bloco-de-esquerda/catarina-martins/catarina-martins-nao-se-recandidata-a-lideranca-do-bloco-de-esquerda/20230214/63eb65e60cf2c84d7fc7e1bf |url-status=live }} Her reasons were that in the party very long periods of leadership are not desirable and that the "new political cycle" demanded a change. A party leadership convention was held between 27 and 28 May 2023, in Lisbon.{{Cite web |last=Santa-Bárbara |first=Bárbara |title=Bloco de Esquerda agenda convenção para maio |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/politica/bloco-de-esquerda-agenda-convencao-para-maio-15781184.html |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=TSF |language=pt-PT |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214122623/https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/politica/bloco-de-esquerda-agenda-convencao-para-maio-15781184.html |url-status=live }}

After MEP Marisa Matias and caucus leader Pedro Filipe Soares declined to run, MP Mariana Mortágua decided to run for the party leadership.{{Cite web |title=BE: Mariana Mortágua vai avançar para a liderança |url=https://www.dn.pt/politica/be-mariana-mortagua-vai-avancar-para-a-lideranca-15838368.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214211457/https://www.dn.pt/politica/be-mariana-mortagua-vai-avancar-para-a-lideranca-15838368.html |url-status=live }} Her candidacy was confirmed on 27 February 2023.{{Cite web |title=Entre críticas ao PS e elogios a Catarina, Mariana Mortágua confirma: "Sou candidata" |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-02-27-Entre-criticas-ao-PS-e-elogios-a-Catarina-Mariana-Mortagua-confirma-Sou-candidata-353a71d4 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=www.expresso.pt |date=27 February 2023 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227125408/https://expresso.pt/politica/2023-02-27-Entre-criticas-ao-PS-e-elogios-a-Catarina-Mariana-Mortagua-confirma-Sou-candidata-353a71d4 |url-status=live }} A list of critics of the then party leadership, led by former MP {{Ill|Pedro Manuel Bastos Rodrigues Soares|lt=Pedro Soares|pt|Pedro Soares (político)}}, opposed Mortágua in the convention ballot.{{Cite web |title=Moção de críticos da direção quer parar caminho de perda de influência do BE |url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/mocao-de-criticos-da-direcao-quer-parar-caminho-de-perda-de-influencia-do-be--15913348.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=www.jn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228014933/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/mocao-de-criticos-da-direcao-quer-parar-caminho-de-perda-de-influencia-do-be--15913348.html |url-status=live }} On 28 May 2023, Mariana Mortágua was easily elected as new party coordinator with 83 percent of the delegates' votes.{{Cite web |title=Mariana Mortágua é a nova líder do Bloco de Esquerda |url=https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/mariana-mortagua-e-a-nova-lider-do-bloco-de-esquerda |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=www.sabado.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528122342/https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/mariana-mortagua-e-a-nova-lider-do-bloco-de-esquerda |url-status=live }} The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 28 May 2023}}

|- style="background-color:#0c68b0"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}|

| align=left | Mariana Mortágua

| align=right | 439

| align=right | 83.1

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}|

| align=left | {{ill|Pedro Manuel Bastos Rodrigues Soares|lt=Pedro Soares|pt|Pedro Soares (político)}}

| align=right | 78

| align=right | 14.8

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Abstentions

| align=right | 11

| align=right | 2.1

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 528

| align=right | 80.74

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/bloco-de-esquerda/mariana-mortagua/e-oficial-mariana-mortagua-e-a-nova-coordenadora-do-bloco-de-esquerda/20230528/647342b7d34ea91b0aacfb22 CNN Portugal]

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{{Main|2023 Portuguese Socialist Party leadership election}}

After the resignation of António Costa as Prime Minister on 7 November 2023, following the Operation Influencer corruption investigation, and his announcement that he would not run again for office, the Socialist Party (PS) held a leadership election to elect a new leader{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Eleições ou novo primeiro-ministro? PS "preparado" para todos os cenários, diz Carlos César |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/11/07/eleicoes-ou-novo-primeiro-ministro-ps-preparado-para-todos-os-cenarios-diz-carlos-cesar/ |website=www.eco.pt |language=pt-PT |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107230807/https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/11/07/eleicoes-ou-novo-primeiro-ministro-ps-preparado-para-todos-os-cenarios-diz-carlos-cesar/ |url-status=live }} on 15 and 16 December 2023.{{Cite web |title=PS vai escolher o próximo secretário-geral a 15 e 16 de dezembro. Congresso marcado para 6 e 7 de janeiro |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/partido-socialista/congresso/ps-vai-escolher-o-proximo-secretario-geral-a-15-e-16-de-dezembro-congresso-marcado-para-6-e-7-de-janeiro/20231110/654d77f8d34e371fc0b9b434 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110011046/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/partido-socialista/congresso/ps-vai-escolher-o-proximo-secretario-geral-a-15-e-16-de-dezembro-congresso-marcado-para-6-e-7-de-janeiro/20231110/654d77f8d34e371fc0b9b434 |url-status=live }} On 9 November 2023, former Minister of Infrastructure and Housing Pedro Nuno Santos announced his candidacy for the party leadership,{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Pedro Nuno Santos candidata-se à liderança do PS |url=https://www.dn.pt/politica/pedro-nuno-santos-candidata-se-a-lideranca-do-ps-17310596.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109200825/https://www.dn.pt/politica/pedro-nuno-santos-candidata-se-a-lideranca-do-ps-17310596.html |url-status=live }} while Minister of Internal Administration José Luís Carneiro announced his intention to run on the following day.{{Cite web |title=José Luís Carneiro: "Sou candidato para garantir segurança e estabilidade" |url=https://www.jn.pt/3846568709/jose-luis-carneiro-sou-candidato-para-garantir-seguranca-e-estabilidade/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=www.jn.pt |language=pt |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110171926/https://www.jn.pt/3846568709/jose-luis-carneiro-sou-candidato-para-garantir-seguranca-e-estabilidade/ |url-status=live }} On 18 November 2023, Daniel Adrião, a member of the National Commission of PS and candidate in the PS leadership elections of 2016, 2018 and 2021, announced his candidacy.{{cite web |title=Daniel Adrião candidata-se pela "descontinuidade" à liderança do PS |url=https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/detalhe/daniel-adriao-candidata-se-pela-descontinuidade-a-lideranca-do-ps |website=Jornal de Negócios |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119112229/https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/detalhe/daniel-adriao-candidata-se-pela-descontinuidade-a-lideranca-do-ps |archive-date=19 November 2023 |language=Portuguese}} On 16 December, Pedro Nuno Santos was easily elected with almost 61 percent of the votes, compared with 37 percent for José Luís Carneiro.{{cite web |url= https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2023-12-16-Pedro-Nuno-Santos-eleito-secretario-geral-do-PS-com-62-2af44f67 |title= Pedro Nuno Santos eleito secretário-geral do PS com 62% |website= sicnoticias.pt |publisher= SIC Notícias |date= 17 December 2020 |access-date= 17 December 2023 |archive-date= 17 December 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231217002309/https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2023-12-16-Pedro-Nuno-Santos-eleito-secretario-geral-do-PS-com-62-2af44f67 |url-status= live }} The results were the following:

{{election table|title=Ballot: 15 and 16 December 2023}}

|- style="background-color:#0c68b0"

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes

! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}|

| align=left | Pedro Nuno Santos

| align=right | 24,219

| align=right | 60.8

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}|

| align=left | José Luís Carneiro

| align=right | 14,891

| align=right | 37.4

|-

|bgcolor={{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}|

| align=left | Daniel Adrião

| align=right | 382

| align=right | 1.0

|-

| colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots

| align=right | 322

| align=right | 0.8

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"

| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout

| align=right | 39,814

| align=right | 68.65

|-

| colspan="4" align=left|Source: [https://ps.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Provisorio-Federacoes.pdf Official results]

|}

File:Boletim de voto legislativas Portugal 2024.pdf.]]

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected for four-year terms. Governments do not require an absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposition MPs is larger than that of its supporters, the opposition still needs to be equal to or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.{{cite web|url = http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf|title = Constitution of the Portuguese Republic|access-date = 29 October 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222446/http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf|archive-date = 3 March 2016|url-status = dead}}

The number of seats assigned to each constituency depends on the district magnitude.{{cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514235946/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status=live|title=Effective threshold in electoral systems |publisher=Trinity College, Dublin |access-date=21 October 2015}} The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.Gallaher, Michael (1992). "[https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/BJPS1992.pdf Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201223529/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/BJPS1992.pdf |date=1 December 2017 }}"

The distribution of MPs by constituency for the 2024 legislative election is the following:{{cite web|url=https://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/eleicoes/2024_ar/docs_geral/2024_ar_mapa_deputados.pdf |date=16 January 2024 |title=Mapa Oficial n.º 1-A/2024|publisher=CNE – Comissão Nacional de Eleições|access-date=16 January 2024}}{{cbignore}}

Voters were also able to vote early, which happened on 3 March, one week before election day. Voters had to register between 25 and 29 February 2024 in order to be eligible to cast an early ballot. By the 29 February deadline, 208,007 voters had requested to vote early, a number well below the 2022 figures.{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Mais de 208 mil eleitores inscreveram-se para o voto antecipado e em mobilidade |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-01-Mais-de-208-mil-eleitores-inscreveram-se-para-o-voto-antecipado-e-em-mobilidade-f1339f2e |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301230801/https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-01-Mais-de-208-mil-eleitores-inscreveram-se-para-o-voto-antecipado-e-em-mobilidade-f1339f2e |url-status=live }} On 3 March, 180,835 voters (86.9 percent of voters that requested) cast an early ballot.{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Quase todos os inscritos para o voto antecipado foram votar: taxa de participação foi superior a 95% |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/eleicoes-legislativas/voto-antecipado/quase-todos-os-inscritos-para-o-voto-antecipado-foram-votar-taxa-de-participacao-foi-superior-a-95/20240308/65eb68acd34e8d13c9b89b58 |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309014256/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/eleicoes-legislativas/voto-antecipado/quase-todos-os-inscritos-para-o-voto-antecipado-foram-votar-taxa-de-participacao-foi-superior-a-95/20240308/65eb68acd34e8d13c9b89b58 |url-status=live }}

{{main list|Party lists for the 2024 Portuguese legislative election}}

Parties and/or coalitions that intended to run had until 29 January 2024 to file lists of candidates.{{Cite web |title=Legislativas: entrega de listas de deputados até 29 de janeiro e campanha entre 25 de fevereiro e 8 de março |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/crise/2023-11-09-Legislativas-entrega-de-listas-de-deputados-ate-29-de-janeiro-e-campanha-entre-25-de-fevereiro-e-8-de-marco-78021b34 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=www.expresso.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222172450/https://expresso.pt/politica/crise/2023-11-09-Legislativas-entrega-de-listas-de-deputados-ate-29-de-janeiro-e-campanha-entre-25-de-fevereiro-e-8-de-marco-78021b34 |url-status=live }} Eighteen parties and/or coalitions filed lists to contest the election. The Social Democratic Party (PSD), CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) contested the election in a coalition called Democratic Alliance (AD). This coalition was on the ballot in mainland Portugal and the Azores. In Madeira, the coalition was only between PSD and CDS–PP, called Madeira First.{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=PSD/Madeira vai "defender" região mesmo que tenha de ir contra o partido |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/politica/2485592/psdmadeira-vai-defender-regiao-mesmo-que-tenha-de-ir-contra-o-partido |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123030639/https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/politica/2485592/psdmadeira-vai-defender-regiao-mesmo-que-tenha-de-ir-contra-o-partido |url-status=live }} PPM ran alone in Madeira.{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=PPM Madeira entregou lista de candidata às legislativas |url=https://www.dnoticias.pt/2024/1/25/391546-ppm-madeira-entregou-lista-de-candidata-as-legislativas/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Diário de Notícias da Madeira |language=pt |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126143516/https://www.dnoticias.pt/2024/1/25/391546-ppm-madeira-entregou-lista-de-candidata-as-legislativas/ |url-status=live }} The Communist Party (PCP) renewed their coalition with the Greens (PEV), Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU), as has been the case since 1987. The Earth Party (MPT) and Alliance (A) also contested the election under a coalition called Alternative 21 (A21).

The table below lists the parties and/or coalitions represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 15th legislature (2022–2024) and that also contested the 2024 elections:

• On 10 January 2024, Social Democratic MP António Maló de Abreu announced he was leaving his party, citing deep disagreements with the leadership and that the party elections prospects were bad.{{Cite web |title=Maló de Abreu abandona PSD e não prevê um bom resultado para o partido nas eleições |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/malo-de-abreu-abandona-psd-e-nao-preve-um-bom-resultado-para-o-partido-nas-eleicoes_v1542854 |date=12 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2025 |website=www.rtp.pt |language=pt-PT}} He remained in Parliament as an Independent.{{Cite web |title=Deputado Maló de Abreu deixa PSD e passa a deputado não inscrito |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/parlamento/2024-01-10-Deputado-Malo-de-Abreu-deixa-PSD-e-passa-a-deputado-nao-inscrito-73a5c9a0 |date=10 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2025 |website=www.rtp.pt |language=pt-PT}}

• On 22 January 2024, Social Democratic MP Rui Cristina announced he was also leaving his party, after the party's leadership put him in an unelectable spot on the lists.{{Cite web |title=Deputado Rui Cristina deixa PSD: liderança de Montenegro só está preocupada com “ajustes de contas internos” |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2024-01-22-Deputado-Rui-Cristina-deixa-PSD-lideranca-de-Montenegro-so-esta-preocupada-com-ajustes-de-contas-internos-765afdb9 |date=22 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2025 |website=www.rtp.pt |language=pt-PT}} Rui Cristina was then selected as a Chega candidate for the March election.{{Cite web |title=Ex-PSD Rui Cristina é mesmo o cabeça de lista do Chega por Évora |url=https://observador.pt/2024/01/26/ex-psd-rui-cristina-e-mesmo-o-cabeca-de-lista-do-chega-por-evora/ |date=26 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2025 |website=www.observador.pt |language=pt-PT}} He remained MP as an Independent, but because his resignation came after the dissolution of Parliament, he never sat as an Independent.

The table below lists the parties and/or coalitions not represented in the Assembly of the Republic and that also ran in the elections.

File:Debate com todos os partidos com assento parlamentar, Fev.2024 (53548399645).jpg.]]

The issue of government formation after the elections was central during the campaign, with the two major parties arguing over whether they would enable the victor to form a minority government. The Socialist Party (PS) leader Pedro Nuno Santos changed positions regarding the scenario of a Democratic Alliance (AD) minority, with first being against it but, as the official campaign started, expressed his openness to letting the AD govern. AD leader Luís Montenegro, initially against the idea of letting the PS govern, also changed his tone but speculation remained regarding his position.{{cite news |date=23 February 2024 |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-02-23-Quem-viabiliza-quem--A-pergunta-que-marca-o-arranque-da-campanha-eleitoral-d158130f |title=Legislativas. Quem viabiliza quem? A pergunta que marca o arranque da campanha eleitoral |language=pt |work=SIC Notícias |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226022210/https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-02-23-Quem-viabiliza-quem--A-pergunta-que-marca-o-arranque-da-campanha-eleitoral-d158130f |url-status=live }} Healthcare and education were also crucial issues for voters, according to surveys.{{cite news |date=7 February 2024 |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/02/07/politica/noticia/sondagem-saude-educacao-sao-assuntos-preocupam-inquiridos-2079637 |title=Sondagem: Saúde e Educação são os assuntos que mais preocupam os inquiridos |language=pt |work=Público |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226022210/https://www.publico.pt/2024/02/07/politica/noticia/sondagem-saude-educacao-sao-assuntos-preocupam-inquiridos-2079637 |url-status=live }}

In an interview with Expresso on 8 March, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa said that he would do everything in his ability to prevent Chega from gaining power, which drew criticism due to his position's mandate of neutrality.{{cite news |date=10 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/10/voting-under-way-in-portugal-general-elections-amid-populist-surge |title=Voting under way in Portugal general elections amid populist surge |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310102019/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/10/voting-under-way-in-portugal-general-elections-amid-populist-surge |url-status=live }} In a televised address on 9 March, Rebelo de Sousa called for people to vote, citing the risk of economic problems caused by elections in the European Parliament and the United States later in the year, and the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East.{{cite news |date=10 March 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/portugal-election-populist-party-europe-corruption-hardship-2507301c18e4bbe3c8a84152bef07fc4 |title=Polls open in Portugal's general election with mainstream moderates trying to keep populists at bay |language=en |work=Associated Press |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310061445/https://apnews.com/article/portugal-election-populist-party-europe-corruption-hardship-2507301c18e4bbe3c8a84152bef07fc4 |url-status=live }}

Although economic indicators had been improving since 2014 – growth of 2.3 percent in 2023, well above the European average (0.5 percent), an unemployment rate of 6.5 percent and public debt falling below 100 percent of gross domestic product – discontent prevailed in Portugal, particularly due to the lack of response to social issues. The country faced {{ill|housing crisis in Portugal|pt|Crise da habitação em Portugal|lt=a housing crisis}} and soaring rent prices, a deteriorating public health and education system, shortages of teachers and doctors, very low wages and high inflation.{{Cite news |date=10 March 2024 |title=Portugal's far right on the rise as country returns to polls |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/10/portugal-s-far-right-on-the-rise-as-country-votes-in-legislative-elections_6602897_4.html |access-date= |work= |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310154759/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/10/portugal-s-far-right-on-the-rise-as-country-votes-in-legislative-elections_6602897_4.html |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Opinion polling for the 2024 Portuguese legislative election}}

{{excerpt|Opinion polling for the 2024 Portuguese legislative election|Graphical summary}}

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout was higher in this election, with a record 6.5 million voters casting a ballot, thus surpassing the 1980 record. In Portugal alone, turnout stood at 66.2 percent, an increase of more than eight percent compared with 2022, and the best turnout share since 1995.{{Cite news |last=Borges |first=Liliana |date=11 March 2024 |title=Taxa de abstenção desce: é a mais baixa desde 1995 |trans-title=Abstention rate drops: it is the lowest since 1995 |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/03/11/politica/noticia/taxa-abstencao-desce-baixa-desde-1995-2083165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311021150/https://www.publico.pt/2024/03/11/politica/noticia/taxa-abstencao-desce-baixa-desde-1995-2083165 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=Público |language=Portuguese}}

The final results of the election were released late on 20 March, when the counting of overseas ballots that constitute four seats was concluded.{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Portugal's center-right wins an election but surging populists want a say in the government |url=https://apnews.com/article/portugal-election-populist-radical-right-036bf49bf7d395be7b85e96b8b233a7c |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}

In the closest legislative election in Portuguese history, the Democratic Alliance narrowly won, gathering 28.8 percent of the votes and winning 80 seats.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=AD ganha, mas com berbicacho, PS e esquerda ficam na "oposição" |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/resultados/2024-03-11-AD-ganha-mas-com-berbicacho-PS-e-esquerda-ficam-na-oposicao-bcba5700 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311111700/https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/resultados/2024-03-11-AD-ganha-mas-com-berbicacho-PS-e-esquerda-ficam-na-oposicao-bcba5700 |url-status=live }} The Alliance won all districts in the North Region and recovered their support in strongholds such as the districts of Leiria and Viseu.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Os resultados finais, distrito a distrito: AD venceu no Porto por 1000 votos, PS em Lisboa por 9000, Chega foi 1.º em Faro |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-Os-resultados-finais-distrito-a-distrito-AD-venceu-no-Porto-por-1000-votos-PS-em-Lisboa-por-9000-Chega-foi-1.-em-Faro-747a40f3 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311111120/https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-Os-resultados-finais-distrito-a-distrito-AD-venceu-no-Porto-por-1000-votos-PS-em-Lisboa-por-9000-Chega-foi-1.-em-Faro-747a40f3 |url-status=live }} During election day, the Democratic Alliance issued a warning that many voters were casting ballots for the National Democratic Alternative (ADN) due to confusion surrounding the similar name and abbreviation on ballot papers.{{Cite web |date=10 March 2024 |title=AD ou ADN? Da confusão no boletim à polémica abafada pela lei eleitoral |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-10-AD-ou-ADN--Da-confusao-no-boletim-a-polemica-abafada-pela-lei-eleitoral-72ca2336 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311010752/https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-10-AD-ou-ADN--Da-confusao-no-boletim-a-polemica-abafada-pela-lei-eleitoral-72ca2336 |url-status=live }} ADN won more than 100,000 votes, with many considering that this confusion between the names may have "stolen" seats from the Democratic Alliance.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=ADN passou de 10.000 votos em 2022 para mais de 100 mil e pode ter "roubado" três deputados à AD |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-ADN-passou-de-10.000-votos-em-2022-para-mais-de-100-mil-e-pode-ter-roubado-tres-deputados-a-AD-c6376b32?_gl=1*1d0v9hw*_ga*Y1RTRHlBUnlFbFJzU2pGODhtejBlYTRwRWxLUmxvMkNMbzFUQU9OY3pNMFc5WXpVWlQwc1hMY3dnV1dnOF9XRQ.. |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022157/https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-ADN-passou-de-10.000-votos-em-2022-para-mais-de-100-mil-e-pode-ter-roubado-tres-deputados-a-AD-c6376b32?_gl=1*1d0v9hw*_ga*Y1RTRHlBUnlFbFJzU2pGODhtejBlYTRwRWxLUmxvMkNMbzFUQU9OY3pNMFc5WXpVWlQwc1hMY3dnV1dnOF9XRQ.. |url-status=live }} The Socialist Party (PS) won 28 percent of the votes and 78 seats. Despite the narrow margin between the Alliance and the Socialists, the PS fell 13 points and lost more than 40 seats compared with the 2022 election. On election night, leader Pedro Nuno Santos conceded defeat and said that the PS would now lead the opposition.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title="O PS perdeu e vai agora liderar a oposição": o momento em que Pedro Nuno Santos assume a derrota |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/o-ps-perdeu-e-vai-agora-liderar-a-oposicao-o-momento-em-que-pedro-nuno-santos-assume-a-derrota/65ef00150cf23360556e5ba9 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022206/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/videos/o-ps-perdeu-e-vai-agora-liderar-a-oposicao-o-momento-em-que-pedro-nuno-santos-assume-a-derrota/65ef00150cf23360556e5ba9 |url-status=live }}

Chega made large gains, winning 18 percent of the vote and receiving nearly 1.2 million votes.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Legislativas. Chega consegue mais de um milhão de votos |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/legislativas-chega-consegue-mais-de-um-milhao-de-votos_v1556870 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=RTP |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022152/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/legislativas-chega-consegue-mais-de-um-milhao-de-votos_v1556870 |url-status=live }} The party also won 50 seats and received the most votes in Faro district, the first time since the 1991 legislative election that a third party won a district.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Chega vence no Algarve e mapa de Portugal volta a ter três cores… 33 anos depois |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/chega/faro/mapa-de-portugal-volta-a-ter-tres-cores-33-anos-depois/20240310/65ee34afd34e87e0c08a946c |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022154/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/chega/faro/mapa-de-portugal-volta-a-ter-tres-cores-33-anos-depois/20240310/65ee34afd34e87e0c08a946c |url-status=live }} The Liberal Initiative (IL) held on to their eight seats and their vote share from 2022, earning 4.9 percent of the vote; however, the results were below the party's expectations.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=IL falha meta, mas segura bancada e promete 'responsabilidade' em qualquer cenário |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-IL-falha-meta-mas-segura-bancada-e-promete-responsabilidade-em-qualquer-cenario-218f3300 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022212/https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-IL-falha-meta-mas-segura-bancada-e-promete-responsabilidade-em-qualquer-cenario-218f3300 |url-status=live }} The Left Bloc (BE) also performed below expectations by retaining their five seats from 2022 and winning exactly the same vote share in 2022 at 4.4 percent.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Bloco de Esquerda fará parte "de qualquer solução que afaste a direita do Governo" |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-11-Bloco-de-Esquerda-fara-parte-de-qualquer-solucao-que-afaste-a-direita-do-Governo-dd366db3 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311010738/https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/eleicoes-legislativas/2024-03-11-Bloco-de-Esquerda-fara-parte-de-qualquer-solucao-que-afaste-a-direita-do-Governo-dd366db3 |url-status=live }}

The Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU), composed by the Portuguese Communist Party and the Ecologist Party "The Greens", lost seats. The CDU won four seats, a decrease of two compared with 2022, and just 3.2 percent of the votes, their worst nationwide electoral performance to date.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=CDU desce ainda mais e renova pior resultado eleitoral de sempre |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/cdu-desce-ainda-mais-e-renova-pior-resultado-eleitoral-de-sempre |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Sapo24 |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022157/https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/cdu-desce-ainda-mais-e-renova-pior-resultado-eleitoral-de-sempre |url-status=live }} The coalition further lost their historic seat in Beja district; for the first time under democratic rule, it also lost all MPs in the Alentejo region.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Alentejo. PCP fica sem deputados no ex-bastião e Chega elege três |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/politica/2024/03/11/alentejo-pcp-fica-sem-deputados-no-ex-bastiao-e-chega-elege-tres/370327/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Renascença |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022211/https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/politica/2024/03/11/alentejo-pcp-fica-sem-deputados-no-ex-bastiao-e-chega-elege-tres/370327/ |url-status=live }} LIVRE received almost the same number of votes as the CDU, winning 3.2 percent of the votes, and electing four seats from Lisbon, Porto and Setúbal districts.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Rui Tavares considera que Livre "sabe crescer e sabe crescer bem" |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/rui-tavares-considera-que-livre-sabe-crescer-e-sabe-crescer-bem_v1556770 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=RTP |language=pt |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022159/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/rui-tavares-considera-que-livre-sabe-crescer-e-sabe-crescer-bem_v1556770 |url-status=live }} People Animals Nature (PAN) held its sole seat, held by leader Inês Sousa Real, and won 2 percent of the votes.

{{For|detailed results by constituency|Results breakdown of the 2024 Portuguese legislative election}}

{{bar box

|title=Vote share

|titlebar=#ddd

|width=550px

|barwidth=500px

|bars=

{{bar percent|AD|{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}|28.01}}

{{bar percent|PS|{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}|27.98}}

{{bar percent|CH|#202056|18.06}}

{{bar percent|IL|#00ADEF|4.94}}

{{bar percent|BE|{{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}|4.36}}

{{bar percent|CDU|{{party color|Portuguese Communist Party}}|3.17}}

{{bar percent|L|{{party color|LIVRE}}|3.16}}

{{bar percent|PAN|teal|1.95}}

{{bar percent|ADN|{{party color|National Democratic Alternative (Portugal)}}|1.58}}

{{bar percent|MF|{{party color|Portugal Ahead}}|0.82}}

{{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.62}}

{{bar percent|Blank/Invalid|#DDDDDD|4.36}}

}}

{{bar box

|title=Parliamentary seats

|titlebar=#ddd

|width=550px

|barwidth=500px

|bars=

{{bar percent|PS|{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}|33.91}}

{{bar percent|AD|{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}|33.48}}

{{bar percent|CH|#202056|21.74}}

{{bar percent|IL|#00ADEF|3.48}}

{{bar percent|BE|{{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}|2.17}}

{{bar percent|CDU|{{party color|Portuguese Communist Party}}|1.74}}

{{bar percent|L|{{party color|LIVRE}}|1.74}}

{{bar percent|MF|{{party color|Portugal Ahead}}|1.30}}

{{bar percent|PAN|teal|0.43}}

}}

{{election table|title=Results of the 2024 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency|sortable=yes}}

|- class="unsortable"

!rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S

!rowspan=2|Total
S

|- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"

!colspan=2 | PS

!colspan=2 | AD

!colspan=2 | CH

!colspan=2 | IL

!colspan=2 | BE

!colspan=2 | CDU

!colspan=2 | L

!colspan=2 | MF{{efn|name=PSD/CDS}}

!colspan=2 | PAN

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Azores

| 29.2

| 2

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|39.8

| 2

| 15.8

| 1

| 2.7

| –

| 3.4

| –

| 1.1

| –

| 1.7

| –

|colspan="2" rowspan="12" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|

| 1.6

| –

| 5

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro

| 27.7

| 5

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|35.1

| 7

| 17.3

| 3

| 5.1

| 1

| 4.1

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 2.2

| –

| 1.7

| –

| 16

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Beja

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|31.7

| 1

| 16.7

| 1

| 21.6

| 1

| 2.2

| –

| 4.4

| –

| 15.0

| –

| 1.8

| –

| 1.2

| –

| 3

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Braga

| 28.2

| 6

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|33.2

| 8

| 16.9

| 4

| 6.1

| 1

| 3.8

| –

| 1.8

| –

| 2.3

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 19

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Bragança

| 29.6

| 1

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|40.0

| 2

| 18.2

| –

| 1.7

| –

| 1.9

| –

| 1.1

| –

| 1.0

| –

| 0.8

| –

| 3

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|34.2

| 2

| 28.5

| 1

| 19.5

| 1

| 2.7

| –

| 4.1

| –

| 2.2

| –

| 2.0

| –

| 1.3

| –

| 4

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|32.7

| 4

| 30.6

| 3

| 15.5

| 2

| 4.0

| –

| 5.1

| –

| 2.8

| –

| 2.8

| –

| 1.6

| –

| 9

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | {{hs|Evora}}Évora

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|32.8

| 1

| 22.4

| 1

| 20.0

| 1

| 2.6

| –

| 4.3

| –

| 10.9

| –

| 2.0

| –

| 1.1

| –

| 3

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Faro

| 25.5

| 3

| 22.4

| 3

| style="background:#202056; color:white;" |27.2

| 3

| 4.6

| –

| 5.8

| –

| 3.2

| –

| 2.8

| –

| 2.6

| –

| 9

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Guarda

| 31.9

| 1

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|34.1

| 1

| 18.6

| 1

| 2.3

| –

| 2.7

| –

| 1.6

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 1.0

| –

| 3

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Leiria

| 22.5

| 3

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|35.2

| 5

| 19.7

| 2

| 5.7

| –

| 4.3

| –

| 2.4

| –

| 2.6

| –

| 1.7

| –

| 10

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|27.7

| 15

| 27.0

| 14

| 17.0

| 9

| 6.6

| 3

| 5.0

| 2

| 3.7

| 2

| 5.5

| 2

| 2.5

| 1

| 48

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Madeira

| 19.8

| 2

|colspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|

| 17.6

| 1

| 3.9

| –

| 2.9

| –

| 1.6

| –

| 1.2

| –

| style="background:{{party color|Portugal Ahead}}; color:white;"|35.4

| 3

| 2.1

| –

| 6

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|34.1

| 1

| 23.3

| –

| 24.6

| 1

| 1.9

| –

| 3.1

| –

| 5.9

| –

| 1.4

| –

|colspan="2" rowspan="9" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|

| 0.8

| –

| 2

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Porto

| 30.3

| 13

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|30.4

| 14

| 15.3

| 7

| 5.7

| 2

| 4.7

| 2

| 2.4

| 1

| 3.4

| 1

| 2.1

| –

| 40

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Santarém

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|27.9

| 3

| 27.3

| 3

| 23.3

| 3

| 3.8

| –

| 4.5

| –

| 4.1

| –

| 2.5

| –

| 1.6

| –

| 9

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal

| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}}; color:white;"|31.3

| 7

| 17.2

| 4

| 20.3

| 4

| 5.4

| 1

| 6.0

| 1

| 7.7

| 1

| 4.3

| 1

| 2.6

| –

| 19

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo

| 28.2

| 2

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|34.7

| 2

| 18.6

| 1

| 3.6

| –

| 3.5

| –

| 2.2

| –

| 2.0

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 5

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real

| 29.6

| 2

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|39.3

| 2

| 17.1

| 1

| 2.0

| –

| 2.5

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 0.9

| –

| 5

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Viseu

| 27.5

| 3

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|36.4

| 3

| 19.5

| 2

| 2.8

| –

| 2.8

| –

| 1.4

| –

| 1.7

| –

| 1.2

| –

| 8

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Europe

| 16.2

| 1

| 14.2

| –

| style="background:#202056; color:white;" | 18.3

| 1

| 2.4

| –

| 2.7

| –

| 1.0

| –

| 1.7

| –

| 2.2

| –

| 2

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe

| 14.6

| –

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|22.9

| 1

| 18.3

| 1

| 1.9

| –

| 1.9

| –

| 0.8

| –

| 0.7

| –

| 2.4

| –

| 2

|- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"

| style="text-align:left;" | Total

| 28.0

| 78

| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)}}; color:white;"|28.0

| 77

| 18.1

| 50

| 4.9

| 8

| 4.4

| 5

| 3.2

| 4

| 3.2

| 4

| 0.8

| 3

| 1.9

| 1

| 230

|-

| colspan=23 style="text-align:left;" | Source: [https://www.legislativas2024.mai.gov.pt/resultados/globais Official results page]

|}

File:2024 Portuguese legislative election district results.svg|Winner and seats by constituency.

File:2024 vencedor concelho.svg|2024 election by municipality: AD/MF (orange), PS (pink), CH (blue)

Following the release of the results, Luis Montenegro claimed victory on behalf of AD early on 11 March, while Pedro Nuno Santos conceded defeat on behalf of his party.{{cite news |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/11/luis-montenegro-claims-victory-for-portugals-centre-right-in-snap-polls |title=Luis Montenegro claims victory for Portugal's centre-right in snap polls |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311020435/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/11/luis-montenegro-claims-victory-for-portugals-centre-right-in-snap-polls |url-status=live }}{{cite web | last=Hernández-Morales | first=Aitor | title=Portugal's far right comes roaring back | website=POLITICO | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/portugal-far-right-back-democratic-alliance-chega-antonio-costa/ | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=11 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311123602/https://www.politico.eu/article/portugal-far-right-back-democratic-alliance-chega-antonio-costa/ | url-status=live }} Santos discounted the prospect of forming a left-leaning coalition.{{cite news |last1=Vasconcelos e Sousa |first1=João |last2=Salcedas |first2=Rita |title=Pedro Nuno Santos assume derrota do PS e garante resistência à Direita: "Seremos a oposição" |url=https://www.jn.pt/329054586/pedro-nuno-santos-assume-derrota-do-ps-e-garante-resistencia-a-direita-seremos-a-oposicao/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=Jornal de Notícias |date=11 March 2024 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311214108/https://www.jn.pt/329054586/pedro-nuno-santos-assume-derrota-do-ps-e-garante-resistencia-a-direita-seremos-a-oposicao/ |url-status=live }} Minister of Finance Fernando Medina, who had been considered as a possible replacement as leader of PS, said that the defeat was due to the entire party and not Santos' leadership. Chega's André Ventura said that the results showed that the "two-party system in Portugal is finished."{{cite news |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/portugal-election-populist-party-europe-corruption-hardship-2507301c18e4bbe3c8a84152bef07fc4 |title=Portugal is in suspense after an election produces no clear winner and a surging populist party |language=en |work=Associated Press |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310151955/https://apnews.com/article/portugal-election-populist-party-europe-corruption-hardship-2507301c18e4bbe3c8a84152bef07fc4 |url-status=live }} His party was congratulated by representatives of European right-wing populist parties for its performance.{{Cite news |last=Bayer |first=Lili |date=11 March 2024 |title=Surge for far-right party in Portugal – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/mar/10/portugal-elections-tight-race-expected-with-far-right-hopeful-of-kingmaker-role-live-updates |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311101000/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/mar/10/portugal-elections-tight-race-expected-with-far-right-hopeful-of-kingmaker-role-live-updates |url-status=live }} Montenegro reiterated that he would not come to a political agreement with Chega.{{cite news |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68526833 |title=Centre right wins Portuguese election as far right surges |language=en |work=BBC |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311004209/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68526833 |url-status=live }} President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, who was a member of PSD prior to his election, met with political parties between 14 March and 20 March, told Expresso on 8 March that he would do what he could to prevent Chega from gaining power. His remarks attracted criticism because the country's president is mandated to remain neutral.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Portugal's Center Right Prepares to Rule; Far Right Warns of Instability |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/portugal-s-center-right-prepares-to-rule-far-right-warns-of-instability/7523734.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312011043/https://www.voanews.com/a/portugal-s-center-right-prepares-to-rule-far-right-warns-of-instability/7523734.html |url-status=live }}

Liberal Initiative leader Rui Rocha said that it was the responsibility of other parties to lead the formation of a government, but that his party would contribute as long as any proposals excluded Chega.{{cite news |title="Seremos responsáveis nos cenários que se venham a colocar", clama Rui Rocha |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/seremos-responsaveis-nos-cenarios-que-se-venham-a-colocar-clama-rui-rocha_v1556798 |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=RTP |date=11 March 2024 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311020445/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/seremos-responsaveis-nos-cenarios-que-se-venham-a-colocar-clama-rui-rocha_v1556798 |url-status=live }} CDU leader Paulo Raimundo blamed what he saw as misgovernance by the PS for the right-wing gains in the election,{{cite news |title=Paulo Raimundo diz que vitória da AD constitui "um risco sério de empobrecimento democrático" |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/paulo-raimundo-diz-que-vitoria-da-ad-constitui-um-risco-serio-de-empobrecimento-democratico_v1556758 |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=RTP |date=11 March 2024 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311000640/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/paulo-raimundo-diz-que-vitoria-da-ad-constitui-um-risco-serio-de-empobrecimento-democratico_v1556758 |url-status=live }} while PAN spokesperson Inês Sousa Real blamed President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in part for Chega's advances.{{cite news |title=Inês Sousa Real responsabiliza Belém pela instabilidade política |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/ines-sousa-real-responsabiliza-belem-pela-instabilidade-politica_v1556799 |access-date=12 March 2024 |publisher=RTP |date=11 March 2024 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311023947/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/ines-sousa-real-responsabiliza-belem-pela-instabilidade-politica_v1556799 |url-status=live }} Mariana Mortágua of the Left Bloc said that her party would either be a part of any left-leaning coalition or oppose any right-leaning government,{{cite news |last=Inácio |first=Alexandra |date=11 March 2024 |title=Sem geringonça, Mariana Mortágua promete combate à Direita |url=https://www.jn.pt/6326383299/seremos-parte-de-qualquer-solucao-que-afaste-a-direita-do-governo-diz-mariana-mortagua/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312183452/https://www.jn.pt/6326383299/seremos-parte-de-qualquer-solucao-que-afaste-a-direita-do-governo-diz-mariana-mortagua/ |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=Jornal de Notícias |language=Portuguese}} and LIVRE leader Rui Tavares expressed satisfaction that his party grew to four seats and could form a parliamentary group for the first time.{{cite news |date=11 March 2024 |title=Rui Tavares satisfeito com conquista de grupo parlamentar, mas aguarda clareza sobre governabilidade |url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/1438994305/rui-tavares-satisfeito-com-conquista-de-grupo-parlamentar-mas-aguarda-clareza-sobre-governabilidade/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312183452/https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/1438994305/rui-tavares-satisfeito-com-conquista-de-grupo-parlamentar-mas-aguarda-clareza-sobre-governabilidade/ |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=DInheiro Vivo |language=Portuguese}}File:Luís Montenegro, discurso de tomada de posse 2024-04-02 (Agência Lusa).png delivering his swearing in speech at Palace of Ajuda on 2 April 2024 in Lisbon.]]Pedro Nuno Santos said in his concession speech that the PS would not vote in favour of a motion of rejection of the AD government, although he also said that "AD should not count on the support of PS to govern", implying that his party would vote against the AD government's State Budgets. André Ventura said that Chega would vote against the State Budgets unless AD negotiated with the party.{{Cite news |last=Machado |first=Delfim |date=11 March 2024 |title=Ventura promete chumbar orçamento da AD se não houver negociação |trans-title=Ventura promises to vote against the AD's budget if there is no negotiation |url=https://www.jn.pt/443790018/ventura-promete-chumbar-orcamento-da-ad-se-nao-houver-negociacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312043618/https://www.jn.pt/443790018/ventura-promete-chumbar-orcamento-da-ad-se-nao-houver-negociacao/ |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=Jornal de Notícias |language=Portuguese}}

On 21 March, Luis Montenegro was formally asked by President Rebelo de Sousa to form a minority government{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Portugal's centre-right leader Luis Montenegro appointed prime minister |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240321-portugal-s-centre-right-leader-luis-montenegro-appointed-prime-minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321051332/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240321-portugal-s-centre-right-leader-luis-montenegro-appointed-prime-minister |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en}} following the latter's consultations with party leaders.{{Cite web |last=Vock |first=Ido |date=21 March 2024 |title=Luís Montenegro: Centre-right leader invited to form minority government |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68622683 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240321051720/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68622683 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=BBC |language=en}} The final, certified election results were published in the Portuguese official journal, Diário da República, on 23 March 2024.{{Cite web |title=Mapa Oficial n.º 2-A/2024, Diário da República n.º 59-A/2024, Série I de 2024-03-23 |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/mapa-oficial/2-a-2024-857147316 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240410022457/https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/mapa-oficial/2-a-2024-857147316 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Diário da República |language=Portuguese}} The new government was then presented and approved by President Rebelo de Sousa on 28 March{{cite news |last1=Goncalves |first1=Sergio |last2=Demony |first2=Catarina |date=28 March 2024 |title=Economist Miranda Sarmento named Portugal's new finance minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugals-president-accepts-new-governments-cabinet-lineup-2024-03-28/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240410023536/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugals-president-accepts-new-governments-cabinet-lineup-2024-03-28/ |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{cite news |last=Donn |first=Natasha |date=28 March 2024 |title=Composition of Portugal’s minority government to be presented today |url=https://www.portugalresident.com/composition-of-portugals-minority-government-to-be-presented-today/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401122350/https://www.portugalresident.com/composition-of-portugals-minority-government-to-be-presented-today/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |accessdate=1 April 2024 |work=Portugal Resident}} and took office on 2 April.{{Cite news |date=2 April 2024 |title=Presidente deu posse ao primeiro-ministro e ministros do XXIV Governo Constitucional |trans-title=President swears in the Prime Minister and ministers of the XXIV Constitutional Government |url=https://www.sapo.pt/noticias/atualidade/presidente-deu-posse-ao-primeiro-ministro-e_660c3efa708c9d4acd938c86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185229/https://www.sapo.pt/noticias/atualidade/presidente-deu-posse-ao-primeiro-ministro-e_660c3efa708c9d4acd938c86 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=Lusa |language=Portuguese |via=Sapo}}

The lack of a workable majority means that the AD minority government is forced to negotiate with Opposition parties to pass major legislation, including the 2025 state budget.{{Cite web |date=29 September 2024 |title=Marcelo aumenta pressão: "Um Governo que está pendurado por um fio fraco, que é uma maioria fraca, sem orçamento fica pendurado por linhas" |url=https://observador.pt/2024/09/29/marcelo-aumenta-pressao-um-governo-que-esta-pendurado-por-um-fio-fraco-que-e-uma-maioria-fraca-sem-orcamento-fica-pendurado-por-linhas/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Observador |language=pt}} The Government decided to start negotiations on the budget with the Socialist Party (PS){{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Governo e PS tentam aproximar posições sobre o Orçamento do Estado para 2025 |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2024/09/11/governo-e-ps-tentam-aproximar-posicoes-sobre-o-orcamento-do-estado-para-2025/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=ECO |language=pt}} but the two were at odds regarding corporate tax cuts and the "Youth IRS" scheme, which provided an income tax rate cut for young people under the age of 35. The Government refused to drop these two policies, while PS said that if they remain in the budget, the party would vote against.{{Cite web |date=27 September 2024 |title=PS só viabiliza Orçamento para 2025 sem IRS Jovem e IRC do Governo |url=https://pt.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/27/ps-so-viabiliza-orcamento-para-2025-sem-irs-jovem-e-irc-do-governo |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Euronews |language=pt}} President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa warned that a lack of a deal would lead to snap legislative elections,{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Marcelo deve avançar para eleições antecipadas se Orçamento do Estado for chumbado |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/orcamento-do-estado/2024-09-19-marcelo-deve-avancar-para-eleicoes-antecipadas-se-orcamento-do-estado-for-chumbado-84a2fd37 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}} and admitted he was indeed putting pressure on both the major parties to reach some kind of deal.{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title="Estou a fazer pressão". Marcelo volta a instar Governo e PS a entenderem-se no Orçamento |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/estou-a-fazer-pressao-marcelo-volta-a-instar-governo-e-ps-a-entenderem-se-no-orcamento_n1603463 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=RTP |language=pt}}

Luís Montenegro ultimately dropped several parts of his government's Youth IRS scheme and corporate tax cuts proposals and adapted them to PS policies, calling it an "irrecusable proposal" for the Socialists.{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=A “proposta irrecusável” de Montenegro: IRC com recuo de 1%, IRS Jovem custa 645 milhões de euros |url=https://www.tsf.pt/4141384549/a-proposta-irrecusavel-de-montenegro-irc-com-recuo-de-1-irs-jovem-com-custo-de-645-milhoes-de-euros/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=TSF |language=pt}} Pedro Nuno Santos recognized the concessions made by the government, but pressed for more conditions on corporate tax cuts, mainly on their timing.{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=OE2025: Pedro Nuno Santos reforça que "estamos a caminho da solução do impasse", tendo já entregue contraproposta ao Governo|url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/oe2025-pedro-nuno-santos-fala-sobre-contraproposta-ao-governo |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Sapo |language=pt}} Montenegro rejected these last conditions made by PS, but said he was "confident" in the budget being approved by Parliament.{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=A grande entrevista de Luís Montenegro à SIC, nas vésperas da entrega do Orçamento do Estado|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/orcamento-do-estado/2024-10-08-a-grande-entrevista-de-luis-montenegro-a-sic-nas-vesperas-da-entrega-do-orcamento-do-estado-30b2e9c2 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}} A week later, on 17 October 2024, PS leader Pedro Nuno Santos announced that the Socialist Party would abstain in the budget vote, thus ensuring its approval with the votes of the AD coalition. Though his conditions were not met, Santos justified the decision with the desire to avoid a snap election less than a year after the previous one, but stressed that the government was now "isolated" and "absolutely dependent" on the opposition.{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=OE2025: a declaração de Pedro Nuno Santos |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/orcamento-do-estado/2024-10-17-video-oe2025-a-declaracao-de-pedro-nuno-santos-b033ceec |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}} On 31 October, Parliament passed the budget in its first general reading by an 80-72 vote, with the 78 PS members abstaining:

On 29 November 2024, after the approval of several amendments, some against the will of the government,{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=OE2025 vai à votação final global com mais de 300 milhões de nova despesa|url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2024/11/29/oe2025-vai-a-votacao-final-global-com-mais-de-300-milhoes-de-nova-despesa/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=ECO |language=pt}} the budget was reconfirmed in the final global vote by a 79-72 vote, with 77 PS members abstaining.{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Orçamento aprovado. Abstenção do PS viabilizou documento|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/orcamento-aprovado-abstencao-do-ps-viabilizou-documento_v1618429 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=RTP |language=pt}}

Following the revelations in the Spinumviva case, around alleged conflicts of interests and payments to Luís Montenegro and his family via a business, called Spinumviva, while he was already in office,{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2025 |title=Mulher e filhos de Luís Montenegro têm uma empresa imobiliária|url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/montenegro/luis-montenegro/mulher-e-filhos-de-luis-montenegro-tem-uma-empresa-imobiliaria/20250215/67b0a925d34ef72ee4424edf |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=CNN Portugal |language=Portuguese}}{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=28 February 2025 |title=Solverde paga avença de 4.500 euros à empresa familiar de Montenegro |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/solverde-paga-avenca-de-4500-euros-a-empresa-familiar-de-montenegro_n1637520 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=RTP|language=Portuguese}} two motions of no confidence were presented but rejected by Parliament.{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=21 February 2025 |title=Moção de censura. Iniciativa do Chega foi chumbada no Parlamento |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/mocao-de-censura-iniciativa-do-chega-foi-chumbada-no-parlamento_n1636060 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=RTP |language=Portuguese}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-05 |title=Moção de censura do PCP chumbada e Governo avança com moção de confiança |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/mocao-de-censura-do-pcp-chumbada-e-governo-avanca-com-mocao-de-confianca_n1638668 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=RTP |language=pt}} However, after the Socialist Party (PS) announced a Parliamentary inquiry committee to investigate the Prime Minister, Montenegro announced a vote of confidence in his government, warning that its rejection would lead to early elections in May 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-05 |title=O discurso e anúncio de Luís Montenegro: Governo vai apresentar uma moção de confiança |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/politica/2025-03-05-video-o-discurso-e-anuncio-de-luis-montenegro-governo-vai-apresentar-uma-mocao-de-confianca-a1632678 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}} On 11 March 2025, Luís Montenegro government lost the vote of confidence and the government fell, the first since 1977.

File:Portugal assembly of the Republic ConfidenceVoteScholzGov.svg

After the motion result was announced, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa held meetings with parties on 12 March, and a Council of State meeting on 13 March.{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=11 March 2025 |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/presidente-da-republica-convoca-partidos-politicos-para-amanha-conselho-de-estado-reune-quinta-feira|title=Presidente da República convoca partidos políticos para amanhã. Conselho de Estado reúne quinta-feira|language=pt |newspaper=Sapo|location=Lisbon |access-date=11 March 2025}} President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa called an early election for 18 May 2025.{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Salomé |last2= |first2= |date=13 March 2025 |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2025/03/13/e-oficial-marcelo-marca-eleicoes-para-18-de-maio/|title=É oficial. Marcelo marca eleições para 18 de maio |language=pt |newspaper=Eco|location=Lisbon |access-date=13 March 2025}}

{{notelist

| refs =

{{efn

| name = Madeira

| Sum of the votes of the Democratic Alliance (AD) in mainland Portugal and Azores with the PSD/CDS coalition and PPM list in Madeira. The 3 MPs elected in the PSD/CDS Madeira coalition are all from the PSD.

}}

{{efn

| name = Unitary Democratic Coalition

| The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) contested the 2022 election in a coalition called Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 4.3% of the vote and elected 6 MPs to parliament. The 6 MPs elected in 2022 are all from PCP. PEV elected zero.

}}

{{efn

| name = LIVRE

| LIVRE has no formal single leader; the party has a 15-member leadership committee of which Rui Tavares and Teresa Mota serve as spokespersons.}}

{{efn

| name = CDS

| CDS members that presented party motions but who were not running for the party's leadership.

}}

{{efn

| name = PSD 2022

| The 77 MPs elected in 2022 are all from the Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD). CDS–PP and PPM elected zero.

}}

{{efn

| name = PSD/CDS

| In Madeira, the PSD and the CDS–PP contested the elections in a coalition called Madeira First (Madeira Primeiro).

}}

{{efn

| name = PSD/CDS/PPM

| PSD/CDS–PP/PPM list in mainland Portugal, Azores and Overseas.

}}

{{efn

| name = PPM

| PPM list only in Madeira

}}

{{efn

| name = Democratic Alliance 2022

| Democratic Alliance results are compared to the combined totals of the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic and Social Centre and the People's Monarchist Party in the 2022 election.

}}

}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons}}

• [http://www.marktest.com/wap/a/p/id~112.aspx#t Marktest Opinion Poll Tracker]
• [http://www.eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/ Official results site, Portuguese Justice Ministry]
• [http://www.cne.pt/ Portuguese Electoral Commission]
• [http://www.erc.pt/pt/sondagens ERC – Official publication of polls]
• [https://tiagotvv.github.io/app/polls.html Average of polls and seat simulator]

{{Portuguese elections}}

Legislative

Legislative election

Category:Legislative elections in Portugal