Agnes Campbell

Agnes Campbell was born in 1526, probably at Inveraray Castle. She was the second daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll, and his wife, Jean Gordon,{{Sfn|Walshe|2008}} daughter of The 3rd Earl of Huntly. Her sister, Elizabeth, married The 1st Earl of Moray, an illegitimate son of King James IV of Scotland.{{cite web |title=Lady Agnes Campbell |url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/c/agnescampbell.html |accessdate=27 June 2020 |website=Undiscovered Scotland}} According to Connolly, she was a half-brother of the Earl of Argyll.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_j7r4/page/584/mode/2up |title=The Oxford Companion to Irish History |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923483-7 |editor1-last=Connolly |editor1-first=S. J. |editor1-link=Sean Connolly (academic) |edition=2 |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199234837.001.0001 |postscript=. "Campbell, Agnes". p. 71.}} She was reared at the Stuart court.

Campbell married James MacDonald, the 6th Chief of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg and the Glens of Antrim, in 1545,Alison Cathcart, "Agency in the Croos-North Channel Context", Janay Nugent, Cathryn Spence, Mairi Cowan, Gender in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2024), p. 212. forming an alliance with the MacDonalds. This was the same year he was elected Lord of the Isles, making MacDonald and Campbell significant figures in Scotland. Allegedly, she had already been married once before.

Women in early modern Scotland did not use their husband's surnames after marriage.Jenny Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community (London, 1981), p. 30.{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Rebecca |date=30 May 2022 |title=What's in a Surname? |url=https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/womens-history/whats-in-a-surname/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=History Workshop}} They had six sons and one daughter - Finola O'Donnell, more famously known as Iníon Dubh, who married Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell, a prominent Ulster chieftain, around 1569.{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=J. Michael |date=1993 |title=The Rift within Clan Ian Mor: The Antrim and Dunyveg MacDonnells, 1590- 1603 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541605 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=865–879 |doi=10.2307/2541605|jstor=2541605 }}{{Cite journal |last=Newmann |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Newmann |date=2024 |title=Agnes Campbell ( - c.1590) |url=http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/printPerson/199 |journal=Dictionary of Ulster Biography |publisher=Ulster History Circle |access-date=2 June 2024}}

In June 1563, Campbell gave Mary, Queen of Scots, a "marvellous fair" Highland costume to wear on a progress to Argyll.John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), p. 180: Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 13 no. 13.

James MacDonald died on 5 July 1565 while being held prisoner by the Irish chieftain Shane O'Neill. At that time Shane had been supporting the English.{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Judy |date=October 2009b |title=MacDonnell, James |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macdonnell-james-a5182 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.005182.v1 |access-date=1 June 2024 |doi-access=free}}

Now a widow, Campbell commanded the loyalty of a substantial number of Scots mercenaries, who were drawn to Ireland due to changes in Scotland. She wielded significant influence in Ulster, which she used to advance her children's interests.

Once Turlough Lynagh O'Neill succeeded Shane as Lord of Tír Eoghain, he offered an alliance to the MacDonalds. In November 1567, he asked for either Finola or Agnes' hand in marriage.{{Cite journal |last=O'Byrne |first=Emmett |author-link=Emmett O'Byrne |date=October 2009 |title=MacDonnell (Nic Dhomhnaill), Fiona (Fionnghuala) ('Iníon Dubh') |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macdonnell-nic-dhomhnaill-fiona-fionnghuala-inion-dubh-a6337 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006337.v1|doi-access=free }} Turlough hoped to use his connections to the MacDonalds' to recruit Redshank mercenaries to his own armies. By April 1568, the MacDonalds had decided that Agnes would marry Turlough, and in 1569, she moved to Ireland.Alison Cathcart, 'Family, Kinship and Clan Policy in Sixteenth-Century Scottish Gaeldom', Elizabeth Ewen & Janay Nugent, Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Ashgate, 2008), p. 135. They married in July 1569 on Rathlin Island.{{cite DNB |wstitle= O'Neill, Turlough Luineach |volume= 42 |last= Dunlop |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Dunlop (historian) |pages=213-216 |short= 1}}

She took with her a dowry of 1,200 Highland troops, and Gaelic tradition allowed her to lead the troops. She personally led them against occupying English forces and proved herself a formidable leader. She also helped mobilise Scottish support for the Irish, and played a major role in the Second Desmond Rebellion.

A major factor in Turlough marrying Campbell was to recruit her family's Redshanks to attack the Pale - however, she did not always comply with Turlough's wishes. Her loyalty to the MacDonald and Campbell families strained her marriage to Turlough, and rumours of a divorce spread shortly after their honeymoon. According to historian Judy Barry, it seems Turlough "settled into a subordinate role, accepting both Agnes's judgement and her superior diplomatic skills". At her request, Turlough agreed to an accord with the English government in 1571, and in June 1575, she negotiated peace terms with the 1st Earl of Essex. Campbell maintained peaceful relations with both the MacDonalds and the English authorities. She was seen as a calming influence on Turlough; she encouraged him to conform to state policy. Agnes also established a small settlement around Turlough main castle at Strabane.

Campbell feared that Turlough's rival Sorley Boy MacDonnell, also James MacDonald's brother, was a threat to her sons' political success. She aimed to establish her sons Angus and Donald Gorm MacDonald as rivals to Sorley Boy by claiming land for them in the Glens of Antrim. She prohibited Turlough from conferring with Lord Deputy Sidney until he would assist them. It was not until January 1577 that Sidney parleyed with Turlough and Campbell at Newry.

Campbell was finally successful when in May 1586, her and Angus were granted "Bissett's lands" - estates in the Glens of Antrim long claimed by Sorley Boy.

In May 1580, she came to Scotland with her son Angus O'Neill to visit her nephew, the 6th Earl of Argyll, and the Scottish royal court to discuss issues over her Scottish property and her husband's affairs.William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574-1581, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 379 no. 454, 421 no. 489.

In 1583, Campbell was suspected of intriguing with the Scottish court. She claimed her sole reason for visiting Scotland was to securing land for her eldest son Angus. That November, on behalf of herself and Sir Turlough, she swore fealty to Elizabeth I on behalf of herself and Sir Turlough.

In 1588, Angus disputed with the 7th Earl of Argyll. Once again, Lady Agnes Campbell tried to turn the Scottish court in his favour. The same year, she also entered discussions with Lord Deputy Sir John Perrot about restoring lands leased by her husband to Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.

Sources conflict on Campbell's date of death - c. 1590,{{Sfn|Walshe|2008}} c. 1595 or 1601. James Balfour Paul stated that Agnes Campbell was imprisoned by Shane O'Neill and died in captivity,{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=James Balfour |url=https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun01pauluoft/scotspeeragefoun01pauluoft |title=The Scots peerage : founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom |date=1904–1914 |publisher= |pages=338}} though this is unlikely as Shane died in 1567.{{Cite journal |last=Brady |first=Ciaran |date=October 2009 |title=O'Neill, Shane (Seaán) |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oneill-shane-seaan-a6966 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |language=en |doi=10.3318/dib.006966.v1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-05-13}} It is known that Turlough sought Mabel Bagenal's hand in marriage at some point before August 1591.{{Sfn|McCavitt|2007|p=18}}{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Aidan |last2=Barry |first2=Judy |last3=O'Byrne |first3=Emmett |date=October 2009 |editor1-last=McGuire |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Quinn |editor2-first=James |title=Bagenal (O'Neill), Mabel |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/bagenal-oneill-mabel-a6953 |url-status=live |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.3318/dib.006953.v1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221045639/https://www.dib.ie/biography/bagenal-oneill-mabel-a6953 |archive-date=21 February 2024}}

Campbell was fluent in English and Latin, which greatly impressed the English.{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=J. Michael |date=1993 |title=The Rift within Clan Ian Mor: The Antrim and Dunyveg MacDonnells, 1590- 1603 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541605 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=865–879 |doi=10.2307/2541605|jstor=2541605 }} She was praised by Sir Henry Sidney, as "a grave, wise, well-spoken lady in Scottish, English, and French".{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/irishecclesiasti16dubluoft |title=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record |date=1865–1968 |publisher=Dublin : John F. Fowler |others=Kelly - University of Toronto}} Sir Geoffrey Fenton described her as a skilled negotiator; "eager and sharp".

Her children with James MacDonald include:

• Archibald MacDonald, 7th of Dunnyveg, died without issue in 1569.
• Angus MacDonald, 8th of Dunnyveg, died circa 1613.
• Ranald MacDonald of Smerby, married a daughter of Bannatyne of Kames, died 1616.
• Coll MacDonald, died at Eilean Mor Cormac.
• Donald Gorm MacDonald of Carey, killed during the Battle of Ardnaree, County Mayo, in 1586.
• Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm, also killed during the Battle of Ardnaree in 1586.
• Finola MacDonald (Iníon Dubh), married Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell as his second wife
• Catherine MacDonald, married Shane O'Neill.

Her children with Sir Turlough Lynagh O'Neill include:

• Art O'Neill, married a daughter of Cuconnacht Maguire

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Barry |first=Judy |date=October 2009 |title=Campbell, Lady Agnes |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/campbell-lady-agnes-a6945 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006945.v1 |url-access= |access-date=2 June 2024|doi-access=free }}
• {{Cite book |last=McCavitt |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780955509131/ |title=The Flight of the Earls: an illustrated history |date=2007 |publisher=April Sky Design |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-9555091-3-1}}
• {{Cite ODNB|title=Campbell, Lady Agnes (d. in or after 1590), noblewoman|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-69172|access-date=2024-06-02|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/69172|last=Walshe|first=Helen Coburn|orig-date=23 September 2004|date=3 January 2008}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Agnes}}

Category:1526 births

Category:Year of death unknown

Category:Nobility from Argyll and Bute

Agnes

Category:16th-century Scottish people

Category:16th-century Scottish women

Category:16th-century Scottish nobility

Category:16th-century Irish people

Category:16th-century Irish women

Category:Women in 16th-century warfare

Category:Women in European warfare

Category:Daughters of Scottish earls