Alfonso XIII

{{Main|Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain}}

{{See also|Regency of Maria Christina of Austria}}File:Alfonso_XIII, cadete, de Manuel García Hispaleto.jpg]]

Alfonso XIII was born at the Royal Palace of Madrid on 17 May 1886. He was the posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, who had died in November 1885, and became king upon his birth. Just after he was born, he was carried naked to the prime minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta on a silver tray.

Five days later, he was carried in a solemn court procession with a Golden Fleece around his neck and was baptised with water specially brought from the River Jordan in Palestine.Magnificent Monarchs (Fact Attack series) p. 21 by Ian Locke; published by Macmillan in 1999; {{ISBN|978-0330-374965}} The French newspaper {{lang|fr|Le Figaro}} described the young king in 1889 as "the happiest and best-loved of all the rulers of the earth"."The Happiest Living Monarch", The New York Times. 14 August 1889. His mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as his regent until his sixteenth birthday. During the regency, in 1898, Spain lost its colonial rule over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States as a result of the Spanish–American War.

Alfonso became seriously ill during the 1889–1890 pandemic.Kempińska-Mirosławska, B., & Woźniak-Kosek, A. (2013). The influenza epidemic of 1889–90 in selected European cities{{snd}}a picture based on the reports of two Poznań daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century. Medical Science Monitor, 19, 1131–1141. {{doi|10.12659/MSM.889469}} His health deteriorated around 10 January 1890, and doctors reported his condition as the flu attacked his nervous system leaving the young king in a state of indolence. He eventually recovered.

When Alfonso came of age in May 1902, the week of his majority was marked by festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.[https://www.nytimes.com/1902/03/29/archives/alfonsos-reign-begins-may-17-he-will-take-the-oath-on-that-day.html?sq=Alfonso+XIII&scp=101&st=p "Alfonso's Reign Begins on 17 May; He Will Take the Oath on That Day – Festivities to Last a Week,"] New York Times, 29 March 1902. He took his oath to the constitution before members of the Cortes on 17 May.

Alfonso received, to a large extent, a military education that imbued him with "a Spanish nationalism strengthened by his military vocation". Besides the clique of military tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings from a liberal, {{ill|Vicente Santamaría de Paredes|es}}, and moral precepts from an integrist, José Fernández de la Montaña.{{Cite book|first=Xavier|last=Casals|title=Franco y los Borbones. Historia no oficial de la corona española|year=2019|publisher=Ariel|isbn=978-84-344-2970-3|author-link=Xavier Casals|orig-year=2005|location=Barcelona|url=https://xaviercasals.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/portada-sumario-fragmento-franco-y-los-borbones.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://xaviercasals.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/portada-sumario-fragmento-franco-y-los-borbones.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|page=32}}

{{Main|Wedding of King Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie}}

File:The Nine Sovereigns at Windsor for the funeral of King Edward VII.jpg for the funeral of King Edward VII, photographed on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right: Haakon VII of Norway, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, Manuel II of Portugal, Wilhelm II of Germany, George I of Greece and Albert I of Belgium. Seated, from left to right: Alfonso XIII of Spain, George V of the United Kingdom and Frederick VIII of Denmark.]]By 1905, Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort. On a state visit to the United Kingdom, he stayed in London at Buckingham Palace with King Edward VII. There he met Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, the daughter of Edward's youngest sister Princess Beatrice, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He found her attractive, and she returned his interest. There were obstacles to the marriage. Victoria was a Protestant, and would have to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother, Leopold, was a haemophiliac, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry a member of her family, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, or some other Catholic princess, as she considered the Battenbergs to be non-dynastic.

Victoria was willing to change her religion, and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition. In January 1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match. Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in Biarritz, France, later that month, and converted to Catholicism in San Sebastián in March.

File:Anarchist attack on the King of Spain Alfonso XIII (1906).jpg on their wedding day]]

In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were married at the Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo in Madrid on 31 May 1906, with British royalty in attendance, including Victoria's cousins the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King George V and Queen Mary). The wedding was marked by an assassination attempt on Alfonso and Victoria by Catalan anarchist Mateu Morral. As the wedding procession returned to the palace, he threw a bomb from a window which killed 30 bystanders and members of the procession, while 100 others were wounded.{{cite web|url=http://edwardianpromenade.com/weddings/royal-wedding-1-victoria-eugenie-alfonso-xiii/|title=Royal Wedding #1: Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg & King Alfonso XIII of Spain|work=Edwardian Promenade|date=25 March 2011|access-date=25 June 2015}}

On 10 May 1907, the couple's first child, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, was born. Victoria was in fact a haemophilia carrier, and Alfonso inherited the condition.

Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers, but another of their sons, Gonzalo (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself from his wife for transmitting the condition to their sons.{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2002/339/1018871276.html|title=Reinas Borbones de cuidado|work=elmundo.es|access-date=25 June 2015}} From 1914 on, he had several mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children. A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage.

{{See also|European War Office|Spain during World War I}}

File:Alphonse à Vaux, 1919, 3.jpg in 1919]]

During World War I, because of his family connections with both sides and the division of popular opinion, Spain remained neutral.His wife was British, his mother Austrian, amongst other family relationships. The King established an office for assistance to prisoners of war on all sides. This office used the Spanish diplomatic and military network abroad to intercede for thousands of POWs – transmitting and receiving letters for them, and other services. The office was located in the Royal Palace.

Alfonso attempted to save the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his family from the Bolsheviks who captured them, sending two telegrams offering the Russian imperial family refuge in Spain. He later learned of the execution of the Romanov family, but was mistaken in believing that only Nicholas II and his son Alexei had been killed. As such, he continued to push for the Tsarina Alexandra, a first cousin of Victoria Eugenie, and her four daughters to be brought to Spain, not having realized that they had also been murdered.{{cite news|last=Olaya|first=Vicente G.|title=Cuando Alfonso XIII intentó salvar al zar|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/11/06/actualidad/1541517435_674442.html|language=Spanish|work=El País|date=6 November 2018}}

Alfonso became gravely ill during the 1918 flu pandemic. Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions, so his illness and subsequent recovery were reported to the world, while flu outbreaks in the belligerent countries were concealed. This gave the misleading impression that Spain was the most affected area and led to the pandemic being dubbed "the Spanish Flu".Barry 171.

{{main|Rif War|1923 Spanish coup d'état|Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09411, Primo de Rivera und der König von Spanien.jpg]]

Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious Rif War (1920–1926) to preserve its colonial rule over northern Morocco. Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso el Africano ("the African").{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hTl3WyxE3cC&pg=PA115|title=Alfonso XIII: un político en el trono|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|publisher=Marcial Pons Historia|year=2003|location=Madrid|language=es|isbn=84-95379-59-7|access-date=12 May 2023|page=115}} Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch, and supported the Africanists who wanted to conquer for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and elsewhere.Perry, James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 274 The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the abandonistas who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.Perry, James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286. Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals, and one of his most favoured generals was Manuel Fernández Silvestre.Perry, James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 276 In 1921, when Silvestre advanced up into the Rif mountains of Morocco, Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first line read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties.Perry, James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 280. Silvestre stayed the course, leading his men into the Battle of Annual, one of Spain's worst defeats. Alfonso, who was on holiday in the south of France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster of the Annual" while he was playing golf. Reportedly, Alfonso's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say "Chicken meat is cheap", before resuming his game.Perry, James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 284. Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost in the battle, which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act, a sign that the King was indifferent over the lives of his soldiers. In 1922, the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre's advance into the Rif mountains.

File:Alfonso XIII in uniform of a British Field Marshall.jpg, 1928]]

After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the abandonistas grew as many people could see no point to the war. In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in Málaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about. With the Africanists comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the abandonistas forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923.

On 13 September 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Captain General of Catalonia, staged a military coup with the collaboration from a quad of Africanist generals based in Madrid (José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro and Antonio Dabán). These generals were associated with the innermost military clique of Alfonso XIII and wanted to prevent investigations about Annual from tarnishing the monarch, even if Primo de Rivera had embraced Abandonista positions prior to that point.{{Cite book|url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|page=164|first=Guillermo|last=Serrano Sáenz de Tejada|title=De la guerra de Marruecos y el combate que no debió ser|year=2013|isbn=978-84-9781-816-2|publisher=Ministerio de Defensa}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0PODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|title=Manual de Historia Política y Social de España (1808–2018)|first1=Miguel|last1=Martorell|year=2019|isbn=9788490562840|first2=Santos|last2=Juliá|publisher=RBA Libros|author-link2=Santos Juliá}} Primo de Rivera ruled as a dictator with the king's support until January 1930.

During the dictatorship, the king increased his public presence, siding with a Catholic, anti-Catalanist, dictatorial and militarist brand of Spanish nationalism.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|p=29}}

{{See also|Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer}}

On 28 January 1930, amid economic problems, general unpopularity and a putschist plot led by General Manuel Goded in motion,{{Sfn|Casals|2004|p=211}} of which Alfonso XIII was most probably aware,{{Sfn|Tuñón de Lara|2000|p=225}} Miguel Primo de Rivera was forced to resign, exiling to Paris, only to die a few weeks later of the complications from diabetes in combination with the effects of a flu.{{Sfn|Casals|2004|pp=214–216}} Alfonso XIII appointed General Dámaso Berenguer as the new prime minister. Back in 1926, Alfonso XIII had appointed Berenguer as Chief of Staff of the Military House of the King, a post conventionally fit for burned-out generals in order to move them away from the spotlight for a time in a show of affection.{{Cite journal|issn=1138-7319|first=Alberto|title=Padrino y patrón. Alfonso XIII y sus oficiales (1902–1923)|url=http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|last=Bru Sánchez-Fortún|year=2006|publisher=Universidad Carlos III de Madrid|location=Getafe|journal=Hispania Nova. Revista de Historia Contemporánea|issue=6}} The new period was nicknamed as dictablanda. The King was so closely associated with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera that it was difficult for him to distance himself from the regime that he had supported for almost seven years. The enforced changes relied on the incorrect assumption that Spaniards would accept the notion that nothing had happened after 1923 and that going back to the prior state of things was possible.{{Sfn|Avilés Farré|Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|Sueiro Seoane|2002|p=308}}

{{See also|1931 Spanish local elections}}

File:13 d'abril portada.jpg frontpage reporting the Republican victory]]

On 12 April, the Republican coalition, short of winning a majority of councillors overall, won a sweeping majority in major cities in the 1931 municipal elections, which were perceived as a plebiscite on monarchy. The results shocked the government, with foreign minister Romanones admitting to the press an "absolute monarchist defeat" and Civil Guard honcho José Sanjurjo reportedly telling government ministers that, given circumstances, the Armed Forces could not be "absolutely" relied upon for the sustainment of the monarchy.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&pg=PP13|pages=31–32|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|author-link=Stanley G. Payne|title=Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936|year=1993|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299136741}} Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was peacefully proclaimed on 14 April 1931.

In November 1931, the Constituent Republican Cortes held an impassionate debate about the political responsibilities of the former monarch.{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|p=165}} Some of the grievances against the actions of Alfonso XIII as a king included interference in state institutions to reinforce his personal power, bargaining personal support from the military clique with rewards and merits, his abuse of the power to dissolve the legislature, rendering the co-sovereignty between the Nation and the Crown a total fiction; that he had disproportionately fostered the Armed forces (often to contain internal protest), had used the armed forces abroad with imperialist aims alien to the interests of the nation but his own, that he had personally devised the military operation of Annual behind the back of the Council of Ministers, and that following the massacre of Annual that "cost the lives of thousands of Spanish lads", he had decided to launch a coup with the help of a few generals rather than facing scrutiny in the legislature.{{Cite journal|journal=Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-H-2020-10043900508|page=472|first=Sebastián|last=Martín Martín|title=Los enemigos de la II República, 1931–1933|volume=90|year=2020}} Other than Romanones, who exculpated the actions of the monarch, disconformity towards the Primo de Rivera dictatorship notwithstanding, no other legislator intervened in his favour, with the debate focusing on whether to label the monarch's actions as a military rebellion, lèse-majesté, high treason, or even condemning "a delinquent personality" or "a wholly punishable life".{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|pp=165–166}} The debate ended with an eloquent speech by Prime Minister Manuel Azaña pleading for the unanimity of the house "to condemn and exclude D. Alfonso de Borbón from the law, proclaiming the majesty of our republic, the unbreakable will of our civism and the permanence of the Spanish glories framed by the institutions freely given by the Nation".{{Cite journal|title=Responsabilidad regia, memoria histórica y transiciones a la democracia en España|first=Manuel|last=Contreras Casado|journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos|issn=0048-7694|issue=121|year=2003|pages=167–168|publisher=Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales|location=Madrid|url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/view/46082}} The house passed the act brought forward by the Commission of Responsibilities, summarizing Alfonso de Borbón's responsibilities as being guilty of high treason.{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|p=168}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13726, Spanischer König Alfons XIII..jpg

Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, and keen to draw support from the Carlists in the context of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist and Alfonsist factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the aftermath of so-called Pact of Territet he issued a statement dated 23 January 1932 endorsing the manifesto launched by Carlist claimant Alfonso Carlos (in which the latter hinted at the cession of dynastic rights should the former king accept "those fundamental principles which in our traditional regime have been demanded of all Kings with precedence of personal rights"), with the dethroned king likewise accusing in the document the reformist Republic to be "inspired and sponsored by communism, freemasonry and judaism".{{Cite book|first=Eduardo|last=González Calleja|author-link=Eduardo González Calleja|page=77|publisher=Alianza Editorial|location=Madrid|year=2011|isbn=978-84-206-6455-2|title=Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936}}

In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct throne on the same day, and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died. This left his third son Juan his only male heir.

After the July 1936 attempted coup d'état against the democratically elected Republican governmentPaul Preston, History of the Spanish Civil War a war broke out in Spain. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the initiative of leaving Cannes to go to Spain to join the rebel faction, with the former king (then in a hunting trip in Czechoslovakia) reportedly giving consent, so Juan de Borbón crossed the border set to join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue jumpsuit and red beret under the fake name "Juan López".{{Cite journal|url=http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|pages=130–131|title=La monarquía en España de 1939 a 1975|first=José|last=Peña González|journal=Beresit: Revista Interdiciplinar científico-humana|issn=0213-9944|issue=5|year=2003}} However, rebel general Emilio Mola, mastermind behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move and had Juan returned.{{Sfn|Peña González|2003|p=130}} The former king made it clear he favoured the rebel faction against the Republican government. In September 1936, the general who had emerged as leader of the rebel faction, Francisco Franco, declared that he would not restore Alfonso as king.

File:ABDICACION 15 DE ENERO DE 1941.jpg

On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII renounced his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in favour of Juan. He died in Rome on 28 February that year following weeks in agony after a first severe attack of angina pectoris.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|pp=15–18}}

In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days of national mourning."Mourning in Spain", The Times (3 March 1941): 3. The ex-king's funeral was held in Rome in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri. He was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Popes Callixtus III and Alexander VI.[https://www.nytimes.com/1941/03/02/archives/italians-to-mourn-death-of-alfonso-threeday-period-is-orderedtroops.html?sq=Italians+to+Mourn+Death+of+Alfonso&scp=1&st=p "Italians to Mourn Death of Alfonso,"] The New York Times. 2 March 1931. In January 1980 his remains were transferred to El Escorial in Spain."21 Guns for Dead King's Homecoming", The Times (21 January 1980): 4.

Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The need for the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxurious Hotel Palace in Madrid. He also supported the creation of a network of state-run lodges, Paradores, in historic buildings of Spain. His fondness for the sport of football led to the patronage of several "royal" ("real" in Spanish) football clubs, the first being Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña in 1907.{{cite web|url=http://www.football-espana.net/clubs/Deportivo/history|title=Deportivo history – Football Espana|work=football-espana.net|date=29 August 2012|access-date=25 June 2015}} Selected others include Real Madrid, Real Sociedad, Real Betis, Real Unión, Espanyol, Real Zaragoza and Real Racing Club.

An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town centre in Iloilo City, Philippines (now Plaza Libertad) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.{{cite web|url=http://iloiloilove.com/plaza-libertad-face-ilonggo-history/|title=Plaza Libertad: The face of Ilonggo History|work=Iloilo I LOVE!|access-date=25 June 2015}} A street in Merthyr Tydfil, in Wales, was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII.{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Jan|title=The Matter of Wales|publisher=Penguin Books|edition=1986|page=339|isbn=0-14-008263-8|year=1986}}

Ratoncito Pérez first appeared as the Spanish equivalent to the Tooth Fairy in a 1894 tale written by Luis Coloma for King Alfonso XIII, who had just lost a milk tooth at the age of eight, with the King appearing in the tale as "King Buby".{{cite magazine|url=https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/luis-coloma-y-ratoncito-perez-cuento-que-nacio-como-regalo-para-reina_14131|author=Sadurní, J. M.|title=Luis Coloma and Ratoncito Pérez, the tale that born as a gift for a Queen|magazine=National Geographic|date=7 May 2019|language=es}} The tale has been adapted into further literary works and movies since then, with the character of King Buby appearing in some. The tradition of Ratoncito Pérez replacing the lost milk teeth with a small payment or gift while the child sleeps is almost universally followed today in Spain and Hispanic America. Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque that the City Council of Madrid dedicated in 2003 to Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of number eight of {{ill|Calle del Arenal|es}}, where the mouse was said to have lived.{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2003/01/06/madrid/1041855866_850215.html|title=El Ratoncito Pérez has his official plaque in the streets of Madrid already|newspaper=El País|date=6 January 2003|language=es}}

File:Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia with their six children.jpg with their children at Santander's Palacio de la Magdalena. Standing, from left to right: Infanta María Cristina, the Prince of Asturias and Infanta Beatriz. Seated, from left to right: Infante Jaime, the Queen, the King, Infante Gonzalo and Infante Juan seated on ground.]]

{{Main|Descendants of Alfonso XIII}}

Alfonso and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Ena) had seven children:

1. Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938);
2. Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (23 May 1908 – 20 March 1975);
3. Infanta Beatriz (22 June 1909 – 22 November 2002);
4. Infante Fernando (stillborn 21 May 1910);
5. Infanta María Cristina (12 December 1911 – 23 December 1996);
6. Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993);
7. Infante Gonzalo (24 October 1914 – 13 August 1934).

Alfonso also had a number of reported illegitimate children that are known, including:

• Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (1905–1980; by French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan, married to Philippe de Vilmorin);{{in lang|fr}} [http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/13Jean_Fred_Tourtchine_bulletins_CEDRE/Manuscrits/06Espagne/Generations/12eme_generation/12010_11009.html XII. Roger de Vilmorin], sur [http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/ Dynastie capétienne], consulté le 9 September 2013{{in lang|fr}} Jean-Fred Tourtchine (préf. Juan Balansó), Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E. – dictionnaire historique et généalogique, numéro 6: Le royaume d'Espagne, vol. 3, Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes, Paris, 1996, 213 p. {{ISSN|0993-3964}}
• Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (1916–2005; by Alfonso's governess Béatrice Noon);{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariodeleon.es/articulo/afondo/sangre-azul-bandera-purpura/20061113000000869925.html|website=Diario de León|title=Sangre azul con bandera púrpura|date=13 November 2006|first=M.|last=Romero}}
• Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas (1925–1965; by Spanish actress Carmen Ruiz Moragas)
• {{ill|Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas|es|Leandro de Borbón}} (1929–2016; by Spanish actress Carmen Ruiz Moragas);{{Cite web|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/26774/anna-maria-teresa-ruiz-y-moragas|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|title=Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas|first=José Luis|last=Sampedro Escolar}}{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2016/06/18/actualidad/1466242271_860293.html|journal=El País|date=18 June 2016|language=es|access-date=1 February 2023|title=Muere Leandro de Borbón, hijo de Alfonso XIII, a los 87 años}}
• Carmen Gravina (1926–2006; by Carmen de Navascués).{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20190104/472661723532/alfonso-xiii-hijo-ilegitimo-carmen-gravina.html|website=La Vanguardia|title=La hija misteriosa de Alfonso XIII|date=5 January 2019|first=Plàcid|last=Garcia-Planas}}

Alfonso was known for his friendly attitude towards Jews and publicly praised them.{{sfn|Flesler|Linhard|Pérez Melgosa|2015|page=81}} He took several actions to offer them protection. In 1917, Alfonso instructed the Spanish consul in Jerusalem, Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita, Count of Ballobar, to help protect Palestinian Jews. On another occasion, after a high official in Tetuan had committed onslaughts against Jews, a delegation composed of Catholics, Jews, and Muslims appealed to Alfonso. The King then removed the Tetuan official from power, in spite of the fact that the official possessed the support of the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the Jewish Professor Abraham S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso told Yahuda in private conversations that he would issue no policies of discrimination towards Jews, believing all of his Spanish subjects to be entitled to equal rights and protection.{{cite news|last=Yahuda|first=Abraham S.E.|title=King Alfonso XIII and the Jews|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/cgs/1941/04/24/01/article/9/|publisher=The Sentinel|date=24 April 1941}} In 1932 his attitude changed and he embraced the Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory.{{Sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=77}}

Alfonso is occasionally referred to as "the playboy king", due in part to his promotion and collection of Spanish pornographic films, as well as his extramarital affairs.{{cite news|last=Navas|first=Sara|title=Alfonso XIII, "el rey 'playboy" que se convirtió en el primer promotor del cine pornográfico en España|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/15/icon/1594801844_900794.html|work=El País|date=19 July 2020|language=Spanish}}{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070116/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2|archive-date=21 November 2021|url-status=live|last=Hodgkinson|first=Will|title=Thank God I took out the duck scene|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2|work=The Guardian|date=11 March 2004|access-date=31 January 2023|quote=...as was King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who had a passion for women with enormous breasts.}} As King, Alfonso commissioned pornographic films through the Barcelona production company Royal Films, with the Count of Romanones acting as an intermediary figure between him and the company. Between forty and seventy pornographic films are said to have been shot in total (three of which have been preserved) and were screened in Barcelona's Chinatown, as well as during Alfonso's private screenings.{{cite news|last=Devereux|first=Charlie|title=Spanish satirical comedy 'Alfonso the African' reveals former king's secret erotic films|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/spanish-satirical-comedy-alfonso-the-african-reveals-former-kings-secret-erotic-films-kks97hbvg|work=The Times|date=17 November 2021}} The films, while silent and in black and white, were nonetheless very explicit for the time, showing full nudity and sex scenes. These films featured content considered immoral and degenerate, including sexual relationships involving Catholic priests, lesbianism, and "women with enormous breasts" (the last of which is said to have been Alfonso's passion).{{cite web|last=Mcclure|first=Alina|title=The National Dramatic Center premieres a satirical comedy about the Bourbons|url=https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/|work=Kiratas|date=15 November 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070115/https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/|access-date=31 January 2023}} Most of these films were later destroyed during Franco's regime.

This has led some to speculate that Alfonso may have possessed a sexual addiction.

File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1761-1868 and 1874-1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Order of Charles III Collars.svg|Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII
(1886–1924/1931){{cite book|author=Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués|author2=María del Carmen Iglesias|title=Símbolos de España|year=1999|publisher=Centro de Estudios Constitucionales|isbn=978-84-259-1074-6}}{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/es_r1761.html|title=Discussion on the 1931 addition of Jerusalem arms|last1=Dotor|first1=Santiag|work=Royal Banner of Spain (1761–1931)|publisher=Flags of the World|access-date=19 March 2013}}

File:Greater Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Charles III Orders.svg|Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII
(1924/1931){{cite book|author=Eduardo García-Menacho y Osset|title=Introducción a la Heráldica y Manual de Heráldica Militar Española|year=2010|publisher=Ministerio de Defensa. Subdir. Gral. Publicaciones|isbn=978-84-9781-559-8|pages=105–107}}

File:Full Ornamented Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1931).svg|Achievement Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII
(1924/1931){{cite book|author=Ricardo Mateos Sáinz de Medrano|title=La reina María Cristina. Madre de Alfonso XIII y regente de España|year=2007|publisher=La Esfera de los Libros|isbn=978-84-9734-638-2}}

{{multiple image

| align =

| width1 = 158

| image1 = Guidon of King Alfonso XIII.svg

| caption1 = Guidon (Military Flag) of King Alfonso XIII

| width2 = 133

| image2 = Royal Monogram of Alfonso XIII of Spain.svg

| caption2 = Royal Monogram

}}

• General of the British Army, 17 May 1905
• Field Marshal of the British Army, 3 June 1928

• 1,072nd Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1886Collier, William Miller. (1912). At the Court of His Catholic Majesty, pp. 35–36; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/spangdfl.htm Order of the Golden Fleece].
• Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 1886{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001063199&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1929|access-date=21 March 2019|page=218|language=es}}Miller, pp. 37–38; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/chas3.htm Orden de Carlos III (in Spanish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824193610/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/chas3.htm |date=24 August 2007 }}.
• Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, with Collar, 1927{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001063199&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real Orden de Isabel la Católica|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1929|access-date=21 March 2019|page=237|language=es}}
• Order of SantiagoMiller, pp. 39–39; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/santiago.htm Order of Santiago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128193433/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/santiago.htm |date=28 January 2008 }}.
• Order of CalatravaMiller, pp. 39–39; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/calatrav.htm Order of Calatrava] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210230250/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/calatrav.htm |date=10 February 2008 }}.
• Order of AlcántaraMiller, pp. 39–39; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/alcantar.htm Order of Alcántara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213115708/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/alcantar.htm |date=13 February 2008 }}.
• Order of MontesaMiller, pp. 39–39; [http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/montesa.htm Order of Montesa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213115712/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/montesa.htm |date=13 February 2008 }}.
• Maestranza de caballería (Royal Cavalry Armory) of Ronda, Sevilla, Granada, Valencia and Zaragoza
• Founder of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII, 23 May 1902{{Cite journal|url=http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Real Decreto|trans-title=Royal Decree|journal=Gaceta de Madrid|number=152|page=953|language=es|date=1 June 1902|access-date=15 November 2018}}{{Cite journal|url=http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Reglamento de la Orden civil de Alfonso XII|trans-title=Regulation of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII|journal=Gaceta de Madrid|number=186|pages=73–74|language=es|date=5 July 1902|access-date=15 November 2018}}
• Founder of the Order of Civil Merit, 25 June 1926[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412185157/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/HistoriayProtocolo/Protocolo/CondecoracionesLasordenesdependientesdelMinisterio/Documents/7620224270fd4b148b94f3ba24f834f2NormasBasicas5.pdf Publication] by Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pages 117–119

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

• {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1896}} Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1900{{Cite web|url=http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|url-status=dead|title="A Szent István Rend tagjai"|archive-date=22 December 2010|access-date=4 March 2022}}
• {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1902Royal Decree of 14 February 1902
• {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: Collar of the White Lion, 28 April 1925{{cite web|url=https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990|website=Prazskyhradarchiv.cz|access-date=4 March 2022}}
• {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Elephant, 20 July 1901{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=470}}
• {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, January 1903{{cite book|author=M. Wattel, B. Wattel.|title=Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers|location=Paris|date=2009|publisher=Archives & Culture|page=451|isbn=978-2-35077-135-9|ref=M. et B. Wattel}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}: Knight of the Black EagleJustus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1922) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha1922goth/page/36 p. 36]
• {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of St. Hubert, 1904[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n39 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern] (1906), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8
• {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 23 August 1910{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=6|language=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Knight of the Rue Crown
• {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1890[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg] (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29
• {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: Knight of the Annunciation, 20 September 1900{{cite book|author=Italy. Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA57 57]}}
• {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
• {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 1930{{efn|Emperor Hirohito's second brother, Prince Takamatsu, travelled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso. This honour was intended, in part, to commemorate the diplomatic and trading history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan's existence. Prince Takamatsu travelled with his wife, Princess Takamatsu, to Spain. Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th-century ancestor, Ieyasu Tokugawa. In the years before the Tokugawa shogunate, that innovative daimyō from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/japan-to-decorate-kind-alfonso-today-emperors-brother-nears-madrid.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=4&st=p "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King,"] New York Times, 3 November 1930; see also Nutail, Zelia. (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan, p. 2.}}
• {{flag|Norway}}: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 18 April 1911{{citation|title=Norges Statskalender|language=Norwegian|year=1922|pages=1173–1174|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001416649n&view=1up&seq=635&skin=2021|chapter=Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden|access-date=17 September 2021|via=hathitrust.org}}
• {{flagicon image|Early 20th Century Qajar Flag.svg}} Persian Empire: Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class, 16 May 1902 – During his enthronement festivities.
• {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: 315th Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 1900{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with Collar, 1906{{cite web|url=https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i|title=Ordinul Carol I|website=Familia Regală a României|location=Bucharest|language=ro|trans-title=Order of Carol I|access-date=17 October 2019}}
• {{flag|Russian Empire}}: Knight of St. Andrew, 1902 – During his enthronement festivities.
• {{flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 18 October 1897{{cite journal|journal=Royal Thai Government Gazette|date=4 June 1899|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/010/134.PDF|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/010/134.PDF|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=dead|title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๙ หน้า ๑๓๐)|language=th|access-date=8 May 2019}}
• {{flag|Sweden|1844}}: Knight of the Seraphim, 16 May 1902 – King Oscar II of Sweden sent his youngest son, Prince Eugen to represent him at the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and he invested the King as a Knight in a special ceremony.
• {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
• Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 28 July 1897Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n513/mode/2up p. 423]
• Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 16 May 1902 – King Edward VII's brother, the Duke of Connaught attended the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and invested him as a Knight in a special ceremony.{{Cite news|work=The Times|title=The King of Spain's enthronement|date=17 May 1902|page=7|issue=36770}}{{London Gazette |issue=27441 |page=3749 |date=10 June 1902}}
• Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 9 June 1905{{London Gazette|issue=27803|date=9 June 1905|page=4107}}

}}

In the Royal Library of Madrid, there are books containing emblems of the Spanish monarch.{{cite web|url=http://encuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es/index.php?p=searchexlibris&t=identificacion&i=3|title=Real Biblioteca – Búsqueda por ex libris|work=realbiblioteca.es|access-date=25 June 2015}}

Alfonso XIII is a rare example of endogamy. In the eleventh generation he is assumed to only have 111 ancestors whereas in a standard situation one expects to identify 1024 of them, a situation of implex of 89%.Jean-Louis Beaucarnot, Quoi de neuf dans la Famille, Buchet-Chastel, 2021, page 97. The biological paternity of Alfonso's father Alfonso XII on the part of Francisco de Asís is however very much in doubt.{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/historias/larga-tradicion-reproductiva-borbon-200-anos-hijos-reyes-bastardos_0_O9yvJ5egr1.html|date=5 October 2023|website=Clarín|first=Néstor|last=Barreiro|title=La larga tradición reproductiva de los Borbón: más de 200 años de hijos y reyes bastardos}}

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;

| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;

| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;

| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;

| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;

| 1 = 1. Alfonso XIII of Spain

| 2 = 2. Alfonso XII of Spain

| 3 = 3. Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria

| 4 = 4. Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain

| 5 = 5. Isabella II of Spain

| 6 = 6. Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria

| 7 = 7. Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria

| 8 = 8. Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain

| 9 = 9. Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies

| 10 = 10. Ferdinand VII of Spain

| 11 = 11. Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies

| 12 = 12. Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen

| 13 = 13. Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg

| 14 = 14. Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary

| 15 = 15. Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg

}}

• 1902 Copa de la Coronación
• List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1930s)

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book|author-link1=Juan Avilés Farré|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMkCp_3hL2YC&pg=PA307|publisher=Ediciones Istmo|title=Historia política de España, 1875–1939|volume=1|location=Tres Cantos|isbn=84-7090-320-9|year=2002|last1=Avilés Farré|last2=Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|last3=Sueiro Seoane|first1=Juan|first2=María Dolores|first3=Susana}}
• {{cite book|last=Barry|first=John M.|author-link=John M. Barry|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History|year=2004|publisher=Viking Penguin|isbn=0-670-89473-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john}}
• {{cite book|last1=Flesler|first1=Daniela|last2=Linhard|first2=Tabea Alexa|last3=Pérez Melgosa|first3=Adrián|title=Revisiting Jewish Spain in the Modern Era|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-31798-057-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQtCgAAQBAJ}}
• {{Cite book|chapter=Miguel Primo de Rivera, el espejo de Franco|title=Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja|first=Xavier|last=Casals|author-link=Xavier Casals Meseguer|year=2004|isbn=84-666-1447-8|publisher=Ediciones B|location=Madrid|pages=123–253}}
• Churchill, Sir Winston. Great Contemporaries. London: T. Butterworth, 1937. Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language. The author, writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign.
• Collier, William Miller. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227193220/http://www.openlibrary.org/details/atcourtofhiscath00collrich At the Court of His Catholic Majesty]. Chicago: McClurg, 1912. The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909.
• {{Cite book|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|author-link=Javier Moreno Luzón|title=El rey patriota. Alfonso XIII y la nación|publisher=Galaxia Gutenberg|year=2023|isbn=978-84-19392-11-4|location=Barcelona}}
• Noel, Gerard. Ena: Spain's English Queen. London: Constable, 1984. Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso, the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac children.
• {{cite book|last=Nuttall|first=Zelia|title=The earliest historical relations between Mexico and Japan: from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/earliesthistori00nuttgoog|year=1906|publisher=The University Press}}
• Petrie, Sir Charles. King Alfonso XIII and His Age. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen Ena's lifetime, this book necessarily omits the King's extramarital affairs; but it remains a useful biography, not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well, interviewed him at considerable length, and relates him to the wider Spanish intellectual culture of his time.
• Pilapil, Vicente R. Alfonso XIII. Twayne's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12. New York: Twayne, 1969.
• Sencourt, Robert. King Alfonso: A Biography. London: Faber, 1942.
• {{Cite book|author-link=Manuel Tuñón de Lara|first=Manuel|last=Tuñón de Lara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMn23WuJpHYC&pg=PA225|year=2000|orig-year=1967|title=La España del siglo XX. Vol. 1. La quiebra de una forma de Estado (1898–1931)|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Tres Cantos|isbn=84-460-1491-2}}

{{Commons category|Alfonso XIII of Spain}}

• [http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/liberalismo.htm#AlfonsoXIII Historiaantiqua.] Alfonso XIII; {{in lang|es}} (2008)
• [http://www.normandythenandnow.com/an-incognito-king-in-deauville/ Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 (with images)]
• {{PM20|FID=pe/000350}}
• {{NPG name|name=Alfonso XIII, King of Spain}}

{{S-start}}

{{s-hou|House of Bourbon|17 May|1886|28 February|1941|Capetian dynasty}}

{{s-reg}}

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{{s-vac|last=Alfonso XII}}

{{s-ttl|title=King of Spain|years=17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931}}

{{s-vac|reason=Second Spanish Republic|next=Juan Carlos}}

{{s-break}}

{{s-pre}}

{{s-break}}

{{s-new|loss}}

{{s-tul|title=King of Spain|years=14 April 1931 – 15 January 1941}}

{{s-aft|after=Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona}}

{{s-break}}

{{S-bef|before=Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime}}

{{s-tul|title=King of France and Navarre|line=Legitimist succession|years=29 September 1936 – 28 February 1941}}

{{s-aft|after=Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia}}

{{s-ach}}

{{S-bef|before=Dwight F. Davis}}

{{s-ttl|title=Cover of Time magazine

| years = 22 December 1924}}

{{s-aft|after=Charles Evans Hughes}}

{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Spain}}

{{Carlist Pretenders}}

{{French Pretenders}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Spain|Monarchy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfonso 13}}

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Category:Knights of the Order of Alcántara

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Category:Exiled royalty

Category:People convicted in absentia

Category:People convicted of treason against Spain