Málaga

{{Main|History of Málaga}}

{{For timeline}}

File:Ánfora 131949.jpg site, near the mouth of the Guadalhorce (6th century BC).]]

Phoenicians from Tyre founded a colony named Malake about 770{{nbsp}}BC ({{langx|xpu|𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀}}, {{sc|mlkʾ}}).{{harvp|Huss|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA25 25]}} The town controlled access to the Guadalmedina and served as a waypoint on trade routes between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar. Like other Phoenician colonies, it fell under Carthaginian rule during the 6th or 5th century{{nbsp}}BC. The Phoenician and Later Roman urban core developed around an area running from the Gibralfaro Hill to the mouth of the Malaca flumen (Guadalmedina).{{Sfn|Corrales Aguilar|2003|p=377}}

After the Punic Wars, the Roman Republic took control of the town known to them as Malaca. By the 1st century BC, Strabo alluded to its Phoenician profile, in contrast to the hellenized characteristics of the neighbouring settlement of Mainake.{{Sfn|Corrales Aguilar|2003|p=381}}

Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the Lex Flavia Malacitana. A Roman theatre was built at this time.Leucona, Emilio. «Jornadas de estudio por el 150 aniversario del hallazgo de la Lex Flavia Malacitana». Consulted on 7 April 2008. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was ruled first by the Visigoths. The city was taken {{Circa|552}} by the Byzantine Empire;{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=2}} either Malaca or Carthago Nova possibly then becoming the capital of the province of Spania.{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=3}} The Byzantines restored and expanded the docks, thus consolidating the fishing and trading tradition the city already enjoyed.{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=3}} The city was retaken by the Visigoth King Sisebut in 615.{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=5}} The Islamic conquest of Málaga (rendered as {{lang|ar|مالقة}}—Mālaqah—in Arab sources) by Arab and Berber forces took place in 711 or perhaps 713.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://editorial.ugr.es/media/ugr/files/sample-137246.pdf|first=José María|last=Ruiz Povedano|chapter=Aproximaxión a la historia de Málaga musulmana|title=Málaga, de musulmana a cristiana : la transformación de la ciudad a finales de la Edad Media|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Granada|location=Granada|year=2017|isbn=9788433861481|page=42}} Following a period of diminished importance during the early stages of the emiral period already in force since before the conquest, Málaga was fully Islamized by the end of the aforementioned period in the wake of Muhammad I's attributed intervention in the urban configuration as a medina.{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=43–44}}

File:Planta de Málaga árabe.jpeg

The consolidation of the city's importance after 930 (under the Caliphate of Córdoba) ran parallel to the diminishing fortune of Archidona, the latter of which Málaga replaced as the capital of the corresponding kura of Rayya.{{Cite journal|title=La Málaga de los siglos X-XI origen y consolidación del urbanismo islámico|first1=María del Carmen|last1=Íñiguez Sánchez|first2=Alberto|last2=Cumpián Rodríguez|first3=Pedro Jesús|last3=Sánchez Bandera|journal=Mainake|issn=0212-078X|issue=25|year=2003|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/870905.pdf}}{{Cite journal|pages=32–34|url=https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/meaharabe/article/view/14568/12561|title=Dos ciudades ḥammūdíes: Málaga y Ceuta|first=María Isabel|last=Calero Secall|volume=42–43|year=1993–1994|journal=Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Granada|location=Granada|issn=1696-5868}} The early 10th-century chronicle of Aḥmad al-Rāzī mentions the vineyards of Málaga, extolling the unparalleled quality of its raisins.{{Cite journal|url=http://oa.upm.es/34324/1/1974_malaga_torresb_opt.pdf|first=Leopoldo|last=Torres Balbás|page=324|year=1974|title=Málaga como escenario histórico|journal=Arquitectura|issue=187|issn=0004-2706}} In the 11th century, following the unravelling of Umayyad authority across the caliphate, Málaga became a centre of power of the Hammudids, who established a petty kingdom (nominally also a caliphate) in the city, the taifa of Málaga, complemented by the also Hammudid sister dominion in Ceuta across the Strait of Gibraltar.{{Sfn|Calero Secall|1993–1994|p=48}} The city was seized away from the Hammudids by the Granadan Zirids in 1056 or 1057, and also underwent an ephemeral spell under the Sevillian Abbadids by 1066 before returning to the former.{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=46–47}} By the late 11th century, the Zirids lost the city to the North African Almoravids.{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=46–47}}

{{See also|Taifa of Málaga}}

The traveller Ibn Battuta, who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and... abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian pomegranates have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard.{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html |title=Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa |publisher=Fordham.edu |date=21 February 2001 |access-date=8 April 2011}}

File:Berlín Málaga XIV.JPG

After the formation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 13th century, Málaga became a part of it.{{Sfn|Torres Balbás|1974|p=329}} The export-oriented harbour traded silk fabrics, dry nuts (raisins, almonds and the famous Rayya figs, reportedly exported to as far as China), vine, cutlery, leather and the famous regional lustreware.{{Sfn|Torres Balbás|1974|p=329}}

In the 15th century, Málaga was the main Nasrid port (followed by Almería),{{Sfn|Fábregas García|2003–2004|pp=79; 89}} featuring a notable presence of Genoese merchants.{{Sfn|Fábregas García|2003–2004|p=79}} It played a role both as stopover of the Atlantic international trade (as part of the routes connecting the Central Mediterranean to the North Atlantic) and as regional trading cog of the Kingdom of Granada.{{Cite journal|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/24001/CN-030-Art%C3%ADculo-002.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|page=85|last=Fábregas García|journal=Chronica Nova|volume=30|year=2003–2004|first=Adela|title=Redes de comercio y articulación portuaria del Reino de Granada: puertos y escalas en el tráfico marítimo bajomedieval}} By the last rales of Nasrid rule, the city had a population of about 15,000.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=83}}

Málaga was seized by Christian forces on 18 August 1487,{{Cite journal|page=77|title=Málaga en el tránsito de medina nazarí a urbe cristiana|first=María Victoria|last=García Ruiz|journal=Péndulo: Revista de Ingeniería y Humanidades|issn=1132-1245|issue=29|year=2018|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6930595.pdf}} after a 3-month 11 days siege,{{Cite journal|url=https://www.diariosur.es/feria/201608/19/como-hace-anos-20160819002402-v.html|journal=Diario Sur|date=19 August 2016|title=Tal día como hoy hace 529 años|first=Pedro Luis|last=Góméz}} in what was the most violent episode of the Granada War. The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments before hunger forced them to surrender; practically the entire remaining population (around 11,000 people) became war captives and were sold into slavery in other Andalusian cities as well as Valencia and Barcelona.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.e-revistes.uji.es/index.php/millars/article/view/4038/3435|pages=18–19|title=La esclavitud en la España Medieval. (siglos XIV-XV). Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales|first=Raúl|last=González Arévalo|journal=Millars: Espai i historia|issn=1132-9823|volume=47|issue=2|year=2019}}Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain, Matthew Carr, page 7, 2009 Only a minority of around 50 people led by merchant Alí Dordux were allowed to remain in the city.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=77}}

{{See also|Siege of Málaga (1487)}}

The city's Muslim population was converted to Catholic Christianity and the city was swiftly repopulated by Christian settlers coming from different locations of the Iberian Peninsula.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=77}} Málaga became an exporting centre for Andalusia via the link of the city with Antequera and Córdoba, maintaining its trading character despite the nearly complete replacement of the population.{{Cite journal|last=Ladero Quesada|first=Miguel Ángel|title=Mudéjares y repobladores en el Reino de Granada (1485-1501)|page=62|volume=13|year=1992|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/view/CHMO9292110047A|journal=Cuadernos de Historia Moderna}} The city did not escape a series of typhus fever outbreaks following its annexation to the Crown of Castile.{{Cite book|last=López Beltrán|chapter-url=https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/01307.pdf|chapter=Los portugueses en el poblamiento inicial de Málaga (1487–1497)|first=María Teresa|page=1148|title=Os reinos ibéricos na Idade Média: livro de homenagem ao professor doutor Humberto Carlos Baquero Moreno|volume=1|year=2003|isbn=972-26-2134-3}}

Following the death of regent Ferdinand the city rose in revolt in 1516 on the occasion of the installment of a new court controlled by the Admiral of Castile.{{Sfn|Reder Gadow|2017|pp=323–334}} It was only on 2 December 1530 when Málaga was freed from the influence of the Admiralty for good, confirming the privileges granted in the past by the Catholic Monarchs.{{Cite book|chapter=Málaga en tiempos del Emperador Carlos V|first=Marion|last=Reder Gadow|title=Carolus|editor-first=Francisco|editor-last=Toro Ceballos|year=2017|isbn=978-84-89014-76-3|pages=323–334|chapter-url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/carolvs/32_reder.htm}}

File:Braun Malaga UBHD.jpg (center)]]

As of 1625, Málaga may have had a population of around 36,000.{{Cite journal|page=213|url=https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/8973/13%20PEREZ%20DE%20COLOSIA%20Y%20%20GIL%20SANJUAN.pdf?sequence=1|title=Málaga en tiempos de Felipe IV|first1=Mª Isabel|last1=Pérez de Colosía Rodríguez|first2=Joaquín|last2=Gil Sanjuán|issue=4|year=1981|journal=Baetica, Histórico|doi=10.24310/BAETICA.1981.v0i4.962|publisher=UMA Editorial|location=Málaga|hdl=10630/8973 | s2cid=258077549 }}

On 24 August 1704 the indecisive Battle of Málaga, the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, took place in the sea south of Málaga.{{Cite news|date=2014-02-23|title=La batalla naval de Málaga, en 1704: 20.000 hombres y 3.000 piezas de artillería|language=Spanish|work=La Opinión de Málaga|url=https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2014/02/23/batalla-naval-malaga-1704/655876.html|access-date=2021-01-13}}

The city's economy profited from an early industrialisation in the first third of the 19th century and the population steadily increased until the last years of the century,{{Sfn|Ibáñez Linares|2018|p=232}} when the population decreased between 1887 and 1897 due to {{ill|Phylloxera plague in Málaga|es|Plaga de la filoxera en Málaga|lt=the economic crisis}} induced by the Phylloxera grapevine pest.{{Sfn|Ibáñez Linares|2018|p=233}} The century saw the accumulation of capital in an enriched bourgeoisie class, that invested in the incipient industrial development.{{Sfn|Ordóñez Vergara|1993|p=163}}

The municipality of Málaga annexed the coastal town of Torremolinos in 1924.

File:Carretera Málaga 1937.jpg

After the coup of July 1936 the government of the Second Republic retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the Republican navy at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. It suffered heavy bombing by Italian warships which took part in breaking the Republican navy's blockade of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga.Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (2009). Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century. London, UK; New York, US: Routledge. p. 172. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18078-8}}. After the Battle of Málaga and the Francoist takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed,Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2006, {{ISBN|0-297-84832-1}} as they were trying to flee the city through the road to Almería.{{efn|The well-known British journalist and writer Arthur Koestler was captured by the Nationalist forces on their entry into Málaga, which formed the material for his book Spanish Testament. The first chapters of the book include an eye-witness account of the 1937 fall of Málaga to Francisco Franco's armies during the Spanish Civil War.}}

{{see also|Málaga–Almería road massacre}}

Torremolinos—originally a small coastal town—greatly developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming an international tourist centre.{{Cite journal|first=Javier|last=Fernández Galeano|page=8|title=Is He a "Social Danger"?: The Franco Regime's Judicial Prosecution of Homosexuality in Málaga under the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=25|issue=1|year=2016}} The first gay bar in Spain was opened in Torremolinos in 1962 (and the first lesbian club in 1968),{{cite web|website=Sur|url=https://www.diariosur.es/costadelsol/noche-dictadura-acabo-20180427153250-nt.html|title=La noche en que la dictadura acabó con el ambiente gay de Torremolinos|first=Alberto|last=Gómez|date=29 April 2019}} and the place acquired a lively LGBT life, to the point of being described as "the most 'cosmopolitan' and gay-friendly place in all of Spain".{{Sfn|Fernández Galeano|2016|p=10}} Nearly a decade after, in 1971, a policial crackdown seeking to curb "offences against public morality and decency" largely put an end to the appeal of the place, only regaining its status as hub of LGBT leisure and tourism after the death of the dictator.

Torremolinos became independent from the municipality of Málaga in September 1988.{{cite web|website=Sur|url=https://www.diariosur.es/costadelsol/201509/26/torremolinos-celebra-anos-somos-20150926213555.html|date=27 September 2015|first=Alberto|last=Gómez|title=Torremolinos celebra 27 años del "¡Ya somos catetos!"}}

File:(Málaga) Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea (cropped).jpg

Málaga is located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) on the northern side of the Alboran Sea (the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea). It lies about {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}} east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about {{convert|130|km|0|abbr=off}} east of Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about {{convert|130|km|0|abbr=in}} to the north of Africa.

The Montes de Málaga mountain range (part of the Penibaetic System) is located in the northeast of the municipality. The highest point in the range (and in the municipality) is the Pico Reina, rising up to {{convert|1031|m|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} above sea level.{{cite web|url=http://malagadesdesuscumbres.org/municipio.htm|title=Municipio de Málaga|website=malagadesdesuscumbres.org|access-date=2020-02-02}}

The city centre is located around the mouth of the Guadalmedina and close to the Guadalhorce's mouth (where the airport is located). The Totalán Creek constitutes the eastern boundary of Málaga with the municipality of Rincón de la Victoria.{{cite web|url=http://www.malaga.es/base/descargas/home.asp?cod=240083|publisher=Diputación Provincial de Málaga|title=Etapa en síntesis. Etapa 1. Málaga · Rincón de la Victoria|page=43}}

The Gibralfaro is a {{convert|130|m|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} high foothill from which the {{ill|Gibralfaro Castle|es|Castillo de Gibralfaro}} and the Alcazaba fortress overlook the city.{{cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/prensa/20060822/cultura/ocio-paseo-historia-ciudad_20060822.html|title=Un paseo por la historia de la ciudad en una visita por el Castillo de Gibralfaro y la Alcazaba|date=2006-08-22|website=Diario Sur|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-02-02}}

Málaga's climate is a hot-summer Mediterranean climate{{cite web|url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/WebClima/descripcion_clima_med_subtropical.jsp|title=Clima mediterráneo subtropical|work=Junta de Andalucía|language=es|accessdate=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211207034309/https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/WebClima/descripcion_clima_med_subtropical.jsp |archive-date=7 December 2021 |date=2021}} (Köppen climate classification Csa, Trewartha+Universal Thermal Scale: Csal){{cite web

|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/

|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/

|archive-date=6 September 2010

}} with mild winters, during which most of the year's rainfall occurs, and hot summers with very little rainfall. Summer to early-autumn tends to be moderately humid, due to the evaporation of warm water off the adjacent Mediterranean Sea being blown on shore by a sea breeze. This humidity is most pronounced at this time of year as the sea water is at its warmest in relation to the rest of the year. On particularly humid days, which occasionally occurs, the apparent temperature feels higher than the actual temperature would suggest, especially when the wind is light. When the wind is stronger, this effect is lessened somewhat, and the heat feels more manageable.{{cite web|url=http://www.malaga.com/v/geography/ |title=Málaga City – Local Travel Information and City Guide |publisher=Malaga.com |access-date=8 February 2022}} Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40–45 with precipitation annually.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} The average maximum temperature during the day in the period from December to February is {{convert|17|-|18|C|F}}. During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block the passage of cold winds from the north.{{Better source needed|date=February 2021}} Its average annual temperature is {{convert|23.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|14.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from {{convert|14|to|20|C|F}} during the day, {{convert|5|to|10|C|F}} at night and the average sea temperature is {{convert|16|C|F}}. In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from {{convert|26|to|34|C|F}} during the day, above {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night and the average sea temperature is {{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/spain/malaga.htm |title=Málaga Sea Temperature |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=28 September 2020}}

Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was {{convert|44.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 18 July 1978, equalled on 19 July 2023. In August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record {{convert|34.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-3.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 4 February 1954.{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6155A&datos=det&x=6155A&m=2&v=Tmn |title=Málaga Aeropuerto: Málaga Aeropuerto – Valores extremos absolutos – Selector – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología – AEMET. Gobierno de España |language=es|website=Aemet.es |date=1954-02-04 |access-date=2017-06-23}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/en/eltiempo/observacion/ultimosdatos?k=and&w=1 |title=Weather. Hourly data and daily summaries from the network of automatic stations: Andalucía - Resumen Wednesday 19 - Map - Maximum temperature |access-date=19 July 2023}} The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring {{convert|119|km/h|2|abbr=on}}. Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the beginning of the 20th century, Málaga city has only recorded snow on one day, on 2 February 1954.{{cite web |title=La gran nevada de 1954 |url=http://sobremalaga.com/2009/01/11/la-nevada-en-malaga-de-1954/ |access-date=20 June 2012 |date=11 January 2009 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827093338/http://sobremalaga.com/2009/01/11/la-nevada-en-malaga-de-1954/ |url-status=dead }}

Annual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December.{{cite web

|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=6155A&k=and

|title=Valores Climatológicos Normales. Málaga / Aeropuerto

}} Yearly sunshine hours average between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine per day in July.[http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/malaga_e.htm "Climatological Information for Málaga, Spain"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054037/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/malaga_e.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} – Hong Kong Observatory{{cite web |url=http://www.climatetemp.info/spain/malaga.html |title=Málaga Climate, Temperature, Average Weather History, Rainfall/ Precipitation, Sunshine |publisher=climatetemp.info |access-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065152/http://www.climatetemp.info/spain/malaga.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}

At Málaga Airport weather station, annual wind speeds average from {{convert|14|km/h|2|abbr=on}} in December, January and February, to {{convert|10|km/h|2|abbr=on}} in September and October. Atmospheric pressure averages from 1015 mbar in July and August to 1023 mbar in January. Visibility averages either 11 or 12 km in all months.{{cite web|url =https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/malaga/climate

|title = Climate & Weather Averages at Malaga Airport weather station

|access-date = 8 February 2022}} The strongest gust of wind recorded at this station was {{convert|130|km/h|2|abbr=on}} on 27 January 1948 at 02:30.{{cite web

|url = http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6155A&datos=det&x=6155A&m=13&v=VMX

|title = Extreme values. Málaga Aeropuerto

|access-date = 8 February 2022}} On 12 December 2023, Málaga broke Spain's and Europe's all-time December temperature record, settling a new record of {{convert|29.9|C|F}} at the AEMET station of Málaga and {{convert|29.6|C|F}} at the airport of Málaga.{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/es/eltiempo/observacion/ultimosdatos?k=esp&w=1&datos=img | title=El Tiempo. Hoy y últimos días - Resumen jueves 04 - Mapa - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España }}

{{Weather box

|location = Málaga Airport (AGP), Churriana
coordinates {{coordinates|36|39|58|N|04|28|56|W}}; elevation: {{cvt|6|m}}; (1991–2020, extremes 1942–present){{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b|title = Weather station data|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData |language = es |access-date = 13 November 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241113115453/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b|archive-date = 2024-11-13}}

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 26.8

|Feb record high C = 30.0

|Mar record high C = 31.4

|Apr record high C = 34.3

|May record high C = 35.6

|Jun record high C = 41.0

|Jul record high C = 44.2

|Aug record high C = 44.0

|Sep record high C = 40.0

|Oct record high C = 36.3

|Nov record high C = 30.4

|Dec record high C = 29.9

|year record high C =

|Jan avg record high C = 22.0

|Feb avg record high C = 23.3

|Mar avg record high C = 26.2

|Apr avg record high C = 28.3

|May avg record high C = 31.6

|Jun avg record high C = 35.6

|Jul avg record high C = 38.7

|Aug avg record high C = 39.2

|Sep avg record high C = 35.0

|Oct avg record high C = 30.3

|Nov avg record high C = 25.4

|Dec avg record high C = 22.4

|year avg record high C = 40.1

|Jan high C = 17.2

|Feb high C = 17.9

|Mar high C = 19.7

|Apr high C = 21.8

|May high C = 24.7

|Jun high C = 28.5

|Jul high C = 31.0

|Aug high C = 31.5

|Sep high C = 28.4

|Oct high C = 24.3

|Nov high C = 20.2

|Dec high C = 17.8

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 12.5

|Feb mean C = 13.2

|Mar mean C = 14.9

|Apr mean C = 16.8

|May mean C = 19.8

|Jun mean C = 23.6

|Jul mean C = 26.1

|Aug mean C = 26.7

|Sep mean C = 23.8

|Oct mean C = 19.9

|Nov mean C = 15.8

|Dec mean C = 13.4

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 7.9

|Feb low C = 8.4

|Mar low C = 10.1

|Apr low C = 11.9

|May low C = 14.9

|Jun low C = 18.6

|Jul low C = 21.2

|Aug low C = 22.0

|Sep low C = 19.2

|Oct low C = 15.4

|Nov low C = 11.4

|Dec low C = 9.1

|year low C =

|Jan avg record low C = 2.8

|Feb avg record low C = 3.4

|Mar avg record low C = 5.2

|Apr avg record low C = 7.9

|May avg record low C = 10.5

|Jun avg record low C = 14.9

|Jul avg record low C = 18.0

|Aug avg record low C = 18.4

|Sep avg record low C = 14.8

|Oct avg record low C = 10.7

|Nov avg record low C = 6.0

|Dec avg record low C = 3.7

|year avg record low C = 1.8

|Jan record low C = -2.6

|Feb record low C = -3.8

|Mar record low C = -1.2

|Apr record low C = 2.8

|May record low C = 5.0

|Jun record low C = 9.8

|Jul record low C = 10.0

|Aug record low C = 12.2

|Sep record low C = 10.2

|Oct record low C = 5.6

|Nov record low C = 1.4

|Dec record low C = -0.8

|year record low C =

|Jan precipitation mm = 62.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 56.1

|Mar precipitation mm = 66.0

|Apr precipitation mm = 41.3

|May precipitation mm = 23.1

|Jun precipitation mm = 4.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 0.1

|Aug precipitation mm = 2.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 25.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 60.6

|Nov precipitation mm = 77.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 87.7

|year precipitation mm =

|precipitation color = green

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 5.4

|Feb precipitation days = 4.6

|Mar precipitation days = 5.1

|Apr precipitation days = 4.4

|May precipitation days = 3.2

|Jun precipitation days = 0.6

|Jul precipitation days = 0.0

|Aug precipitation days = 0.4

|Sep precipitation days = 2.3

|Oct precipitation days = 4.5

|Nov precipitation days = 5.4

|Dec precipitation days = 5.6

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 67

|Feb humidity = 66

|Mar humidity = 65

|Apr humidity = 62

|May humidity = 58

|Jun humidity = 56

|Jul humidity = 57

|Aug humidity = 59

|Sep humidity = 63

|Oct humidity = 70

|Nov humidity = 69

|Dec humidity = 71

|year humidity =

|Jan percentsun = 58.6

|Feb percentsun = 61.8

|Mar percentsun = 60.0

|Apr percentsun = 63.3

|May percentsun = 68.4

|Jun percentsun = 76.9

|Jul percentsun = 79.5

|Aug percentsun = 77.0

|Sep percentsun = 69.7

|Oct percentsun = 63.0

|Nov percentsun = 57.1

|Dec percentsun = 53.6

|year percentsun = 65.7

|Jan sun = 183

|Feb sun = 189

|Mar sun = 223

|Apr sun = 249

|May sun = 301

|Jun sun = 336

|Jul sun = 353

|Aug sun = 322

|Sep sun = 261

|Oct sun = 220

|Nov sun = 177

|Dec sun = 161

|year sun =

|source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología{{cite web |url = http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6155A&datos=det&x=6155A&m=12&v=todos |title = Valores extremos. Málaga Aeropuerto|website = Aemet.es |access-date = 1 July 2014}}{{cite web|url = https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title = AEMET OpenData|publisher = Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|language = es|access-date = 1 December 2024}}{{cite web |url = http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |title = Highest and lowest means. Málaga Aeropuerto|website = Aemet.es |access-date = 20 January 2018}}{{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/34e5fc80|title = Extremes|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData |language = es |access-date = 19 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241219231012/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/34e5fc80|archive-date = 2024-12-19}}{{cite web |url = https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/e9ad2110|title = Normal|website = opendata.aemet.es|publisher = AEMET OpenData |language = es |access-date = 19 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241219230932/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/e9ad2110|archive-date = 2024-12-19}}

}}

Málaga is divided into 11 municipal districts.{{cite web|url=http://www.malagaairporttransfers.com/malagadistricts.html |title=Districts |edition=Ayuntamiento de Málaga |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102159/http://www.malagaairporttransfers.com/malagadistricts.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width =

| image1 = Spain - Malaga, Alcazaba - panoramio.jpg

| caption1 = View of the old Alcazaba of Málaga

| image2 = Malaga NZ7 1101 (49601678456).jpg

| caption2 = The Cathedral of the Incarnation

| image3 = Mirador Histórico (La Concepción).JPG

| caption3 = The Concepción viewpoint

| image4 = Entrada cementerio inglés.jpg

| caption4 = The historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).

| image5 =

| caption5 =

}}

The old historic centre of Málaga reaches the harbour to the south. In the north it is surrounded by mountains, the Montes de Málaga (part of the Baetic Cordillera) lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the Guadalmedina – the historic center is located on its left bank – and the Guadalhorce, which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean, in the Churriana district.

The oldest architectural remains in the city are the walls of the Phoenician city, which are visible in the cellar of the Museo Picasso Málaga.

The Roman theatre of Málaga, which dates from the 1st century BC, was rediscovered in 1951.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destination/spain/34979/Malaga-attractions.html |title=Malaga attractions - Telegraph |access-date=2015-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623203834/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destination/spain/34979/Malaga-attractions.html |archive-date=23 June 2015 }}

The Moors left posterity the dominating presence of the Castle of Gibralfaro, which is connected to the Alcazaba, the lower fortress and royal residence. Both were built during the Taifa period (11th century) and extended during the Nasrid period (13th and 14th centuries). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within the city. Originally, it defended the city from the incursions of pirates. Later, in the 11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the Hammudid dynasty.[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3938885 Dialnet.es, Fanny de Carranza Sell, La alcazaba de Málaga. Historia a través de su imagen, 2011.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410164512/http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3938885 |date=10 April 2016 }} (In Spanish) Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees.

Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in Islamic Spain, the Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the Gibralfaro (this was the only exchange between the two sites). Due to its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive operations, also affording privacy to the palatial residential quarters.

The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates, open yards with gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, one finds the 11th- and 14th-century Governor's palace. It was organised around a central rectangular courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of the rooms have been preserved to this day. An open 11th-century mirador (belvedere) to the south of this area affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring {{convert|2.5|m2|abbr=off}}, this small structure highlighted scalloped, five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and a Cyclopean well (penetrating {{convert|40|m|ft|disp=or|spell=in|abbr=off}} below ground), a hammam, workshops and the monumental Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje, the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above.

The Church of Santiago (Saint James) is an example of Gothic vernacular Mudéjar, the hybrid style that evolved after the Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the Iglesia del Sagrario, which was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamented portal in the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Santiago Church|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/santiago-church/438|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=es}}

The Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace were planned with Renaissance architectural ideals but there was a shortfall of building funds and they were finished in Baroque style.

The Basílica y Real Santuario de Santa María de la Victoria, built in the late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Santa María de la Victoria Basilica|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/santa-maria-de-la-victoria-basilica/443|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com}}

Other sights include:{{cite web|title=Churches and Chapels|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/sections/churches-and-chapels/5|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com}}

• Walls. Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Arab and Spanish remains of the defensive compounds of the city.
• Church of the Sacred Heart.
• San Felipe Neri Church.
• Church of the Holy Martyrs.
• La Concepción, botanical and historical garden.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Jardín Botánico-Histórico La Concepción (La Concepción Historical-Botanical Gardens)|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/jardin-botanico-historico-la-concepcion-la-concepcion-historical-botanical-gardens/466|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=es}}
• Atarazanas Market.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Ataranzanas Central Market|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/ataranzanas-central-market/455|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=es}}
• Anglican Cemetery of St. George.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Cementerio Inglés (English Cemetery)|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/cementerio-ingles-english-cemetery/52|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=spanish}}
• Palm grove and Muelle Uno. Port of Málaga.
• San Miguel Cemetery.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=San Miguel Cemetery|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/tourist-resources/detail/san-miguel-cemetery/50|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=spanish}}
• La Malagueta bullring.
• Pedregalejo, old fishing district.
• Calle Marques de Larios, the main shopping street of the city.

{{Historical populations|1842|68271|1857|94293|1877|116143|1887|133022|1900|131063|1910|135292|1920|150258|1930|180105|1940|235355|1950|274847|1960|296432|1970|361282|1981|502232|1991|522108|2001|524414|2011|561435|2021|578063|source=INE{{cite web|title=INEbase. Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842|url=https://www.ine.es/intercensal/inicio.do|publisher=National Statistics Institute|language=es}}}}As of 2018, the population of Málaga is 571,026, accounting for 527,463 Spanish nationals and 43,563 foreign citizens.{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p05/a2018/l0/&file=00029003.px|title=Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2018. Datos por municipios. Población por sexo, municipios y país de nacionalidad. 29. Málaga}}

The number of resident foreign nationals has risen significantly in Málaga since the 1970s.

{{cite web|url=http://www.malaga.com/v/geography/ |title=Málaga Population Information |publisher=Malaga.com |access-date=8 April 2011}} As of 2022, Málaga has a foreign population of 52,334.{{cite web|publisher=Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía|url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/badea/operaciones/consulta/anual/6768?CodOper=b3_128&codConsulta=6768|title=Población extranjera por municipio de residencia y país de nacionalidad según sexo|year=2020|access-date=30 May 2021}}

;Metropolitan area

File:Malaga densidad poblacion.svg.]]

The urban area, stretching mostly along a narrow strip of coastline, has a population of 1,066,532 on {{convert|827.33|km2|2|abbr=out}} (density 1,289 inhabitants/km² – 2012 data).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} It is formed by Málaga proper together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities: Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Alhaurín de la Torre, Mijas, Marbella and San Pedro Alcántara. The Málaga metropolitan area includes additional municipalities located mostly in the mountains area north of the coast and also some on the coast: Cártama, Pizarra, Coín, Monda, Ojén, Alhaurín el Grande and Estepona on west; Casabermeja on north; Totalán, Algarrobo, Torrox and Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga; centered Málaga urban area (Málaga, Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Marbella, Mijas) and Alhaurín de la Torre.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Together about 1.3 million (max. 1.6 million{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}) people live in the Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every year as all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual increase in population.

File:Málaga Ayuntamiento 06.jpg]]

Málaga is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 31 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. The current mayor is Francisco de la Torre (People's Party), who has won several mandates since becoming mayor in 2000.{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/malaga/Francisco-Torre-reelegido-alcalde-Malaga_0_910259207.html|title=Francisco de la Torre, reelegido alcalde de Málaga|last=Cenizo|first=Néstor|website=eldiario.es|date=15 June 2019|language=es|access-date=2020-02-02}} The city hall is located at the {{ill|Casona del Parque|es}}, a Neo-Baroque building inaugurated in 1919.{{cite web|url=https://www.malagahoy.es/malaga/Casona-Parque-Malaga-primer-centenario_0_1343866085.html|title=La Casona del Parque de Málaga, primer centenario|last=Hoy|first=Málaga|date=2019-04-09|website=Málaga Hoy|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-02-02}}

File:Palacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga.jpg

Málaga is the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in Spain behind Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.

{{See also|Economy of Spain}}

File:Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, view from a plane, Andalucia, Spain.jpg.]]

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. The Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) (In Spanish, "Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía"), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by the King of Spain. In 2018, this high-tech, science and industrial park employs over 16,774 workers, according to its own numbers.{{cite web |url=http://www.pta.es/en/the_pta_in_numbers.cfm#.W2n-KtgzYWo |title=The PTA in numbers |publisher=pta.es |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503180927/http://www.pta.es/en/the_pta_in_numbers.cfm#.W2n-KtgzYWo |archive-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}

In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and research in order to promote the city as a reference and focal point for many global business initiatives and projects.{{cite web|url=http://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2009/09/22/malaga-llama-puerta-mundo-empresarial-anglosajon/290690.html |title=Málaga calls on the doors of the Anglo-saxon business world |date=22 September 2009 |publisher=Laopiniondemalaga.es |access-date=8 April 2011}}

Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has been a growing source of revenue, driven by the presence of a major airport, the improvement of communications, and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the Contemporary Art Centre and Trade Fair and Congress, which have drawn more tourists.[http://www.malagahorizonte2012.es/proyectos/home.asp?tema=25 Málaga Horizonte 2012]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

The city hosts the International Association of Science and Technology Parks (IASP) (Asociación Internacional de Parques Tecnológicos), and a group of IT company executives and business leaders has launched an information sector initiative, Málaga Valley e-27, which seeks to make Málaga the Silicon Valley of Europe. Málaga has had strong growth in new technology industries, mainly located in the Technological Park of Andalusia, and in the construction sector. The city is home to the largest bank in Andalusia, Unicaja, and such local companies as Mayoral, Charanga, Sando, Vera, Ubago, Isofoton, Tedial, Novasoft, Grupo Vértice and Almeida viajes, and other multinationals such as Fujitsu Spain, Pernod Ricard Spain, Accenture, Epcos, Oracle Corporation, Huawei and San Miguel.[http://www.pta.es/publico/jsp/herramientas/lstHerramientaEmpresas.jsp?ch=106&cp=1 Empresas en el PTA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072324/http://www.pta.es/publico/jsp/herramientas/lstHerramientaEmpresas.jsp?ch=106&cp=1 |date=4 March 2016 }} – Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía In February 2021, Google decided to install a centre of excellence in cybersecurity in the city, slated for a 2023 opening.{{cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/malaga-capital/google-estima-centro-ciberseguridad-malaga-20210319214232-nt.html|website=Diario Sur|title=Google estima que abrirá su centro de ciberseguridad de Málaga a principios de 2023|first=Matías|last=Stuber|date=20 March 2021}} Also in 2021, Vodafone chose Málaga for the installment of a research, development and innovation centre.{{cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/tecnologia/vodafone-elige-malaga-centro-idi-20210528102749-nt.html|website=Diario Sur|title=Vodafone elige a Málaga entre siete urbes europeas para abrir un centro de I+D con 600 empleados|date=28 May 2021|first=Nuria|last=Triguero}}

;Holy Week

{{Main|Holy Week in Málaga}}

File:Dolores - Mayordomo.jpg.]]

Holy Week has been observed for five centuries in Málaga.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=History of Holy Week|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/pages/history-of-holy-week/383|access-date=2021-01-13|website=malagaturismo.com|language=es}} Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter Sunday. Images depicting scenes from the Passion are displayed on huge ornate tronos (floats or thrones), some weighing more than {{convert|5000|kg|abbr=off}}. Famous is the royal archbrotherhood of Our-Lady of Hope Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza. They have more than 5,000 members and 600 {{ill|Nazareno (Holy Week)|es|Nazareno|lt=nazarenos}}. These tronos highlight the processions that go through the streets led by penitents dressed in long robes, with capirote, followed by women in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play music and occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful saeta dedicated to the floats as they make their way slowly round the streets. Some Holy Week tronos are so huge that they must be housed in places outside the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors. Famous is the military procession of "la legion" (Royal congregation of Mena) playing marches and singing their anthem (El Novio de la Muerte) during procession.

;Feria de Agosto

{{Main|Feria de Agosto}}

File:Niñasenlaferia.jpg.]]

During the celebration of the Feria de Málaga in August, the streets are transformed into traditional symbols of Spanish culture and history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows. The day events consist of dancing, live music (such as flamenco or verdiales, traditional music from Málaga) and bullfights at La Malagueta, while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides and games.{{cite web|last=Malaga|first=Area de Turismo-Ayuntamiento de|title=Málaga Fair|url=http://www.malagaturismo.com/en/pages/malaga-fair/394|access-date=2021-01-12|website=malagaturismo.com|language=es}}

;Málaga Film Festival

{{Main|Málaga Film Festival}}

The Málaga Film Festival (Festival de Málaga Cine Español; FMCE), dedicated exclusively to films produced in Spain, is one of the most important film festivals in the country. It is held annually during a week in March or April.

;Other

The Fiesta Mayor de Verdiales takes place every year on 28 December during which Spain's April Fools' Day is celebrated.{{cite web|url=http://www.malaga.com/v/festivals/ |title=Málaga Festivals |publisher=Malaga.com |access-date=8 April 2011}}

The Fiestas de Carnaval, in which people dress in all types of costumes, takes place prior to the holy 40 days of Lent every February. A contest is held in the Teatro Cervantes between groups of singers, quartets and choirs who compete in the singing of ironic songs about social and political issues. The Carnival takes to the streets of Málaga on the week before Ash Wednesday, ending on Malagueta beach with the burial of the anchovy (entierro de la sardina).

File:Espetos de sardinas (1435081938).jpgs]]

The cuisine of Málaga and the wider Costa del Sol is known for its espetos, fish{{cite web|url=https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/el-delantal/2018/07/16/gastronomia-marenga-espetos-chiringuitos/1020550.html|title=Gastronomía marenga: espetos y chiringuitos|last=Málaga|first=La Opinión de|website=laopiniondemalaga.es|date=16 July 2018|language=es|access-date=2020-02-02}} (most often sardines) grilled over open fires in the chiringuitos located near the beaches.{{cite web|url=https://www.efeagro.com/microsite/espetos-5-estrellas-q-calidad/|title=En busca de los mejores espetos|website=EFEAgro Información agroalimentaria|date=28 May 2018 |language=es-ES|access-date=2020-02-02}} The espeto has been proposed as a candidate for designation by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.{{cite web|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/cultura/espeto-malagueno-mas-cerca-ser-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-humanidad_201802205a8be9850cf21ea6a394658d.html|title=El espeto malagueño, más cerca de ser Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad|date=2018-02-20|website=LaSexta|language=es|access-date=2020-02-02}}

Most of the population of Málaga professes Roman Catholicism as its religion, although not many are practising Catholics. Protestants also have a presence in Málaga: one of seven congregations of the Reformed Churches in Spain is based in the city and is the only one that permits paedocommunion.

Islam is represented by a growing number of immigrants and a mosque, while the Jewish community (primarily Sephardi) is represented by its synagogue and the Jewish Association.

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width =

| image1 = Estado de la Rosaleda (Málaga C.F.).jpg

| alt1 =

| caption1 = A Málaga CF vs. Real Madrid C.F. fixture in October 2010 at La Rosaleda

| image2 = Unicaja Real Madrid 2011.jpg

| caption2 = A Unicaja Málaga vs. Real Madrid fixture in November 2011 at the Martín Carpena

}}

Málaga is home to three major professional sports teams. These include:

• Málaga CF – football club plays in Segunda División. Honours: UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002, UEFA Cup: 2003 (quarter-finals), UEFA Champions League: 2013 (quarter-finals).
• CB Málaga – basketball club plays in ACB League. Honours: Spanish Championship: 2006, runner-up: 1995, 2002; Spanish Cup: 2005, 2023, runner-up: 2009, 2020; Spanish Super-Cup: runner-up: 2006, 2015, 2023; Korać Cup: 2001, runner-up: 2000; Euroleague: third place: 2007; EuroCup: 2017
• CD El Palo – football club plays in third level of Spanish football: Segunda Division B
• Club Atlético Málaga – women's football club plays in Superliga Femenina, Honours: Spain Cup: 1998, runner-up: 1997; Spain Supercup: 1999

The city has four large sports facilities:

• La Rosaleda Stadium – football stadium, with a capacity of 30,044. One of the arenas of Segunda División (for Málaga CF) and 1982 FIFA World Cup. Final of UEFA Intertoto Cup 2002.
• Palacio de Deportes José María Martín Carpena – sports arena, with a maximum capacity of 14,000. It is home of CB Málaga and arena of Spanish Cup 2001, 2007, 2014; Spanish Super-Cup 2004, 2006, 2015; NBA Europe Live Tour 2007;
• :Estadio Ciudad de Málaga – athletics stadium with a capacity of 7,500. Place where the European Cup 2006 was celebrated; 2006 Vuelta a España; Spain Athletics Championships 2005 and 2011;
• Centro Acuático de Málaga (Málaga Aquatic Centre) – water arena, with a capacity of 17,000. Arena of European Water Polo Championship 2008.

In the city, people can engage in many sports, for example: surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, swimming, diving, skydiving, paragliding, running, cycling, rowing, tennis and golf.

The city hosted the 21st World Transplant Games from 25 June to 2 July 2017.{{cite web |url=http://wtgf.org/2017-summer-wtg-malaga/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071722/http://wtgf.org/2017-summer-wtg-malaga/ |url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-08-21 |title=World Transplant Games Federation | 2017 Summer WTG Malaga |publisher=World Transplant Games Federation (wtgf.org) |access-date=2017-04-04 }}

Málaga is the 2020 EU Sports Capital.{{cite web |url=https://www.malaga2020.eu/ |title=Málaga 2020 - Capital Europea del Deporte |publisher=Malaga2020.eu |date= |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054626/https://www.malaga2020.eu/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Espectáculo para turistas. (2393116008).jpg

The city is an important tourist destination, known as "the capital of the Costa del Sol". An estimated 6 million tourists visit the city each year.{{cite web|url=http://www.malaga.com/v/city_info/ |title=Málaga City Information |publisher=Malaga.com |access-date=8 April 2011}} Tourists usually visit the birthplace of Pablo Picasso and the Museo Picasso Málaga, the Carmen Thyssen Museum, the old town or the beaches. The Málaga harbour is also the second busiest cruise port of the Iberian Peninsula.{{cite web|url=https://www.andalucia.org/es/malaga-como-llegar-puerto-de-malaga#:~:text=M%C3%A1laga%20es%20un%20incomparable%20destino,con%20un%20crecimiento%20anual%20progresivo.|title=Puerto de Malaga|publisher=Turismo de Andalucía}}

A popular walk leads up the hill to the Gibralfaro castle (a Parador), offering panoramic views over the city. The castle is next to the Alcazaba, the old Muslim palace, which in turn is next to the inner city of Málaga. Other nearby attractions are the Roman Theatre, the old Jewish quarter (or judería), the cathedral, and the Church of Santiago in mudéjar style. A popular walk follows the Paseo del Parque (a promenade that runs alongside a grand park with many palm trees and statues) to the harbour, ending in Calle Larios, the main commercial street of the city. There is also a curious museum, the Museum of the Holy Week (Museo de Arte Cofrade), which includes an impressive display of Baroque ecclesiastical items.{{cite web|title=Museo del Arte Cofrade|publisher=Diputacion Provincial de Malaga|url=https://www.malaga.es/es/laprovincia/patrimonio/lis_cd-4133/museo-del-arte-cofrade-museo-de-las-cofradias }}

{{main|List of museums in Málaga}}

File:Málaga Centre Pompidou.20150418.jpg

In the early part of the 21st century, the city of Málaga invested heavily (more than 100 million euros in 10 years){{cite news|title=City of museums: Málaga bets on culture to draw tourists and talent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/malaga-museums-tourists-arts-culture-spain|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=19 June 2016|date=27 March 2015|last1=Kassam|first1=Ashifa}} in the arts to draw tourists and establish itself as a cultural Andalucia destination with 28 museums.{{cite web|title=Malaga City – Museums|url=http://www.andalucia.com/cities/malaga/museums.htm|website=andalucia.com|date=25 November 2011|access-date=19 June 2016}} Some notable and recently opened museums include the Museo Municipal de Málaga, the Museo de Málaga (Fine Arts and Archeology museum) at the Palacio de la Aduana, Carmen Thyssen Museum, opened in 2011, located at Palacio de Villalón, the Museo Picasso Málaga (opened in 2003, at the Palacio de los Condes de Buenavista) near the cathedral,{{efn|From 2015 to 2017 it was the most visited museum in all Málaga.{{cite web|title=The Most Visited Places in Malaga|url=https://www.marbesol.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Marbesol%20Report%202018%20-The%20Most%20Visited%20Places%20In%20Malaga.pdf|website=marbesol.com|access-date=14 August 2018}}}} the {{ill|Centre Pompidou Málaga|es|Centro Pompidou de Málaga}} (opened in 2015, located in El Cubo), the Fundación Picasso and Picasso Birthplace Museum, the Colección del Museo Ruso (Collection of the Russian Museum) Saint Petersburg/Málaga, (opened in 2015, located in the Tabacalera building), the Museum Jorge Rando (opened in 2015), the Museo de Artes y Costumbres Populares (Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions), and the Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga (CAC Málaga; opened 2003 and closed for renovation, without a planned reopening date, on the 8th of September 2024,{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=El futuro incierto del CAC Málaga: cierra sus puertas el 8 de septiembre por reformas, sin saber cuándo reabrirá |url=https://www.elespanol.com/malaga/cultura/20240830/futuro-incierto-cac-malaga-cierra-puertas-septiembre-reformas-sin-saber-reabrira/881912275_0.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=El Español |language=es}} located near the Alameda train station).

Since the launch of the 'Plan de Fomento del Plurilingüismo' in 2005, 169 schools in Málaga have included bilingual education in their programmes.{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/educacion-00651/noticia-cuatro-nuevos-colegios-incorporaran-red-centros-bilingues-provincia-malaga-proximo-curso-20180413142023.html |title=Cuatro nuevos colegios se incorporarán a la Red de centros bilingües de Málaga |publisher=europapress.es |date= 13 April 2018|access-date=12 August 2018}} Although English is the most usual second language, many other primary and secondary schools in Málaga offer the choice of French, German, Arabic, Portuguese or Chinese. This first action has been followed by a second project run by the Junta de Andalucia. The so-called "Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo de las Lenguas en Andalucía" intends to provide pupils with a basic level (B1) of at least one foreign language.{{cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/malaga/201608/20/siete-colegios-cinco-institutos-20160819185249.html |title=Siete colegios y cinco institutos se incorporan a la red de centros bilingües en Málaga |publisher=diariosur.es |date= 20 August 2016|access-date=12 August 2018}}

Dance, music, theater, visual arts, architecture, {{cite web|url=https://dcid-design.com/ |title=Interior design}} and handicrafts also have a place in the public education system of Málaga. Some of the most relevant artistic schools are:

• Escuela de Arte San Telmo: Arts and Crafts, vocational and high-school education.{{cite web|url=https://escueladeartesantelmo.es |title=Escuela de Arte San Telmo |publisher=escueladeartesantelmo.es |access-date=12 August 2018}}
• Conservatorio Profesional de Musica Manuel Carra: music, vocational training.{{cite web|url=http://www.conservatoriomanuelcarra.es |title=Conservatorio Manuel Carra |publisher=conservatoriomanuelcarra.es |access-date=12 August 2018}}
• Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Málaga: dance, vocational training.{{cite web |url=http://www.www.cpdmalaga.com |title=Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Málaga |publisher=cpdmalaga.com |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727101115/http://www.cpdmalaga.com/ |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}
• Conservatorio Superior de Música de Málaga: Bachelor and Master level.{{cite web|url=http://www.conservatoriosuperiormalaga.com/ |title=Conservatorio Superior de Música de Málaga |publisher=conservatoriosuperiormalaga.com |access-date=12 August 2018}}
• Escuela Superior de Artes Escénicas de Málaga (Bachelor and Master level).{{cite web|url=https://www.esaem.com |title=ESAEM Escuela Superior de Artes Escénicas de Málaga |publisher=esaem.com |access-date=12 August 2018}}
• Colegio de arquitectos Málaga (Bachelor and Master level).

Málaga has become one of the leading destinations for Spanish courses. In 2017, 16,692 students visited Málaga to enroll in Spanish courses, 17.6% more than 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/malaga-00356/noticia-verano-incrementa-llegada-estudiantes-espanol-costa-sol-20180806161011.html |title=El verano incrementa la llegada de estudiantes de español a la Costa del Sol |publisher=europapress.es |date= 6 August 2018|access-date=12 August 2018}}

{{See also|University of Málaga}}

File:Hall Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación UMA.jpg

The public University of Málaga (UMA) was created in 1972.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j1xSRDQzGQC&pg=PA97|title=Identidad, innovación y entorno en la universidad Española. Proyectos de Campus de Excelencia Internacional |last=Calvo-Sotelo|first=Pablo Campos|year=2011|publisher=Ministerio de Educación|isbn=978-84-369-5224-7|pages=96–97|language=es}} Further, in 1963, a branch of the University of Granada (a Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences) opened.

The campus of the UMA is located in the Western neighbourhood of Teatinos.

• British School, Málaga (British school)
• Lycée Français de Málaga (French school)
• Swedish School in Málaga

{{Main|Málaga Airport}}

File:Interior de la nueva terminal T3 del aeropuerto de Málaga..jpg

The city is served by Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport, one of the first in Spain and the oldest still in operation. In 2008, it handled 12,813,472 passengers,{{cite web |url=http://www.aena.es/csee/ccurl/Total_2008.xls |title=Página no encontrada - Aena.es |access-date=5 July 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502124316/http://www.aena.es/csee/ccurl/Total_2008.xls |url-status=dead }} making it the fourth-busiest in Spain. It is the international airport of Andalusia, accounting for 85 percent of its international traffic. The airport, connected to the Costa del Sol, has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities in Europe (mainly in the United Kingdom, Central Europe and the Nordic countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Bucharest, Budapest, Sofia and Warsaw), North Africa, Middle East (Riyadh, Jeddah and Kuwait) and North America (New York City, Toronto and Montreal).

The airport is connected to the city centre and surrounding areas through a transport hub, which includes the bus system and suburban trains{{cite web |url=http://www.malagaweb.com/malaga-airport.php |title=Malaga airport information: Departures, Arrivals, Reviews and Blog |access-date=2015-06-01 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401151606/http://www.malagaweb.com/malaga-airport.php |archive-date=1 April 2015 }}{{cite web|title=Travelling From Malaga Airport AGP|url=http://www.dragoncars.com/travelling-from-malaga-airport-agp/|publisher=Dragon Cars|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028002552/http://www.dragoncars.com/travelling-from-malaga-airport-agp/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Travelling From Malaga Airport to the City Center|url=http://www.outofyourcomfortzone.net/how-to-get-from-the-airport-in-malaga-to-the-city-center-for-less-than-2-euros/|publisher=Out of Comfort Zone|access-date=17 December 2017|date=17 December 2017}} and car parks.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

{{Main|Port of Málaga}}

File:Port of Málaga, Northeast view 20090412 1.jpg

The Port of Málaga is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 600 BC. The port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with a trade volume of over 428,623 TEU and 642,529 passengers in 2008.[http://www.puertomalaga.com/dlfile.jsp?./memorias/memoria_2008.pdf Memoria 2008, Annual Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709054300/http://www.puertomalaga.com/dlfile.jsp?.%2Fmemorias%2Fmemoria_2008.pdf |date=9 July 2011 }}, Port of Málaga site

The port has a ferry connection to the Port of Melilla, playing a role in the so-called Operación paso del estrecho ("Operation Pass of the Strait"), the planned seasonal transit of passengers during the summer months from Europe to North-Africa (and back to Europe).{{cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/malaga-capital/puerto-malaga-refuerza-20190624133242-nt.html|title=El Puerto de Málaga refuerza desde este martes sus conexiones con Melilla|date=2019-06-24|website=Diario Sur|language=es|access-date=2020-02-02}}

{{See also|Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line}}

File:Ave Málaga2.jpg nicknamed "Pato" ("Duck") in Málaga-Maria Zambrano Station.]]

The Málaga María Zambrano railway station is served by the AVE high-speed rail system, and is operated by the state-owned rail company Renfe and the private company Iryo.

The A45 road leads north to Antequera and Córdoba. The Autovía A-7 parallels the N-340 road, both leading to Cádiz to the west through the Costa del Sol Occidental and Barcelona to the east through the Costa del Sol Oriental.

File:MetroMalagaTren.JPG

;Urban bus

Empresa Malagueña de Transportes{{cite web |url=http://www.emtmalaga.es |title=EMT Málaga |publisher=Emtmalaga.es |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328112436/http://www.emtmalaga.es/ |archive-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead }} buses are the main form of transport around the city.:es:EMT Málaga Málaga's bus station is connected with the city by the bus line number 4, although it is only ten minutes' walk to the Alameda from there.

;Metropolitan bus

The buses of the Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium (Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga){{cite web|url=http://www.ctmam.es |title=Malaga Area Metropolitan Transport Consortium |website=Ctmam.es |date=2014-06-20 |access-date=2017-06-23}} are the main mean of transportation around the city of Málaga and the surrounding municipalities.

;Mass transit

The city has two commuter train lines Cercanías departing from the Centro-Alameda station and a semi-metro system.{{cite web|last=Govan |first=Fiona |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/11003131/Better-late-than-never-Malaga-inaugurates-new-metro.html |title=Better late than never, Malaga inaugurates new metro |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2014-07-31 |access-date=2017-04-04}}

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Málaga, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 49 min. 6% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 9 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km, while 1% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web|title=Malaga Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Malaga-2683|access-date=19 June 2017}} 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].

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• Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021–1058), Jewish philosopher and poet
• Ibn al-Baytar (1188–1248), botanist and pharmacist
• Ruy López de Villalobos (1500–1544), explorer
• Diego de Montemayor (1530–1611), founder of Monterrey, Mexico and governor of Nuevo León
• Francisco de Leiva (1630–1676), playwright
• Luis de Unzaga (1721–1790), politician
• Bernardo de Gálvez (1746–1786), Count of Gálvez and Viscount of Galveston, military and colonial administrator
• María Manuela Kirkpatrick de Grevignée (1794–1879), aristocrat
• José de Salamanca (1811–1883), Marquis of Salamanca and Count of Los Llanos, businessman and politician
• Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Prime Minister of Alfonso XII
• Manuel de la Cámara y Livermoore (1836–1920), Spanish Navy admiral
• José Denis Belgrano (1844–1917), painter
• José Moreno Carbonero (1858–1942), painter
• Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), artist, born in Málaga
• José Moreno Villa (1887–1955), painter and writer
• Bernardo Giner de los Ríos (1888–1970), architect and politician
• Victoria Kent (1898–1987), lawyer and politician
• Luis Bolín (1894–1969), lawyer and journalist
• Emilio Prados (1899–1962), poet
• Manuel Altolaguirre (1905–1959), poet
• Antonio Molina (1928–1992), singer
• Jesús Franco (1930–2013), film director and musician
• Chiquito de la Calzada (1932–2017), comedian
• Antonio Luque (1941–), engineer and photovoltaics pioneer
• Jorge Rando (1941–), artist
• Juan Madrid (1943–), writer and journalist
• Pepe Romero (1944–), classical and flamenco guitarist
• Marisol or Pepa Flores (1948–), singer and actress
• Amparo Muñoz (1954–2011), Miss Universe Spain 1974, Miss Universe 1974
• Antonio Soler (1956-), novelist
• Antonio Banderas (1960–), actor
• Miguel Ángel Jiménez (1964–), professional golfer
• Carlos Álvarez (1966–), baritone
• Antonio de la Torre (1968–), actor
• María del Mar Rodríguez Carnero, La Mari (1975–), singer
• Miguel de Miguel (1975–), actor
• Dani Rovira (1980–), comedian and actor
• Juan García Postigo (1981–), Mister World 2007
• Pablo López (1984–), singer
• Azahara Muñoz (1987–), professional golfer
• Ana López Rodríguez, Anni B Sweet (1987–), singer
• Pablo Alborán (1989–), singer
• Vanesa Martín (1980–), singer
• Joe Atlan (1989–), musician
• María Dávila (1990–), painter
• Isco Alarcón (1992–), footballer
• Miguel Herrán (1996–), actor
• Zaccharie Risacher (2005–), NBA basketball player

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}

Málaga is twinned with:{{cite web |url=http://relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu/portal/seccion_0004 |title=Relaciones Institucionales Internacionales: Ciudades hermanadas |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Málaga |location=Málaga, Spain |language=es |type=official website |access-date=2015-02-04 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204121904/http://relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu/portal/seccion_0004 |archive-date=4 February 2015 }}

• Mobile (United States); since 23 February 1965.{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160506/401602840716/andalucia-malaga-cultura-nueva-orleans-y-mobile-se-suman-al-centro-de-interpretacion-bernardo-de-galvez-de-la-diputacion.html|title=Nueva Orleans y Mobile se suman al centro de interpretación Bernardo de Gálvez de la Diputación|date=2016-05-06|website=La Vanguardia|language=es|access-date=2020-02-02}}
• Popayán (Colombia); since October 1979.{{cite web|url=http://relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu/es/proyectos-y-ambito/ciudades-hermanadas/popayan-colombia/#.XjcKy2hKjIU|title=Popayán (Colombia)|website=relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Málaga|access-date=2020-02-02}}
• Passau (Germany); since September 1987.{{cite web|url=http://relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu/es/proyectos-y-ambito/ciudades-hermanadas/passau-alemania/#.XjcKj2hKjIU|title=Passau (Alemania)|website=relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Málaga|access-date=2020-02-02}}
• Tyre (Lebanon); since 2016.{{cite web|url=http://elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?file=article&name=news&sid=3381|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142513/http://elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?file=article&name=news&sid=3381|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07|title="El Corresponsal de Medio Oriente y Africa – Málaga recupera su pasado fenicio".}} Archived from the {{cite web|url=http://www.elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3381|title=original|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142513/http://elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?file=article&name=news&sid=3381|url-status=dead}} on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
• Zacatecas (Mexico); since 17 June 1988.{{cite web|url=http://relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu/es/proyectos-y-ambito/ciudades-hermanadas/zacatecas-mexico/#.XjcKWGhKjIU|title=Zacatecas (México)|website=relacionesinternacionales.malaga.eu|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Málaga|access-date=2020-02-02}}

{{portal|Spain}}

• Malaga (wine)
• List of municipalities in Málaga

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite journal|last=Collado Campaña|first=Francisco|year=2012|title=Bizancio y la provincia de Spania: capital Málaga?|journal=Gibralfaro|location=Málaga|publisher=Universidad de Málaga|issue=78|issn=1696-9294|url=https://www.academia.edu/9845527}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Corrales Aguilar|first=Pilar|date=2003|title=Datos para la reconstrucción histórica de la Málaga romana: una aproximación a su urbanismo|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/870940.pdf|journal=Mainake|issue=25|pages=377–392|issn=0212-078X|location=Málaga|publisher=Diputación Provincial de Málaga}}
• {{Cite journal|publisher=Editorial UCA|doi=10.25267/Trocadero.2018.i30.13|first=Alfredo|last=Ibáñez Linares|title=Un burgués en la Málaga especulativa del siglo XIX|issue=30|pages=231–253|location=Cádiz|journal=Trocadero|year=2018|url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/trocadero/article/view/4847/5244|hdl=10498/21920|hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Ordóñez Vergara|year=1993|first=Francisco Javier|title=La ciudad burguesa decimonónica. Málaga: semejanzas y peculiaridades respecto al modelo tipificado|journal=Cuadernos de Arte de la Universidad de Granada|issn=0210-962X|issue=24|pages=163–174|url=https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/caug/article/view/10888/8967|location=Granada|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Granada}}
• The Alhambra from the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354). vol. 1. Saqi Books, 1997.
• Guia Viva, Andalucia, Anaya Touring Club, April 2001.
• {{Catholic|title=Diocese of Malaga|ref=none}}
• {{citation |last=Huss |first=Werner |title=Geschichte der Karthager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich |date=1985 |isbn=9783406306549 }}. {{in lang|de}}

{{Sister project links|Málaga|wikt=no|b=no|commons=Málaga}}

• {{Wikivoyage inline}}
• [http://www.malagaturismo.com/en Department of Tourism of Malaga]
• [http://www.malaga.eu Malaga official website]

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