Amto–Musan languages

Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree that the family consists of two languages.{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers/samaia-river Samaia River], New Guinea World

;Amto–Musan / Samaia River family

• Amto (Ki)
• Musan (Musian, Siawi)

Amto–Musan was left unclassified by Ross (2005) (see Papuan languages#Ross (2005)) due to lack of data; Wurm (1975) had posited it as an independent family. The family has typological similarities with the Busa language isolate, but these do not appear to demonstrate a genetic relationship.

Timothy Usher links the Amto–Musan languages to their neighbors, the Arai languages and the Pyu language in as Arai–Samaia stock.{{Cite web |url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers |title=NewGuineaWorld, Arai and Samaia Rivers |access-date=2017-12-09 }}

Foley (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family. Foley also notes that due to heavy contact and trade with Left May languages, Amto–Musan languages have borrowed much cultural vocabulary from Left May.

Amto-Musan family cognates listed by Foley (2018):

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Possible cognates between the Amto-Musan and Left May families:

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Possible loanwords reflecting the close trade relationship between Amto-Musan and Left May speakers:

• ‘arrow’ Amto lamu, Musan namu, Ama lamu
• ‘stone’: Amto tabeki, Musan tipeki, Bo təpəki, Ama tomoki

The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad & Dye (1975),Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "[http://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A40.1 Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526094134/http://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A40.1 |date=2024-05-26 }}". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. {{doi|10.15144/PL-A40.1}} as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-05 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518065919/http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan |url-status=live }}

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tipeki, ʌbɛki for “stone”) or not (e.g. twæ, nani for “head”).

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{{reflist}}

• [http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan Amto-Musan languages database at TransNewGuinea.org]

{{Papuan languages}}

{{Language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amto-Musan languages}}

Category:Arai–Samaia languages

Category:Languages of Sandaun Province