Anders Behring Breivik

Breivik was born in Oslo on 13 February 1979,{{cite news|last=Rayment|first=Sean|title=Modest boy who became a mass murderer|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/modest-boy-who-became-a-mass-murderer-20110724-1hvh0.html|access-date=25 July 2011|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=25 July 2011}}{{cite news|title=Dagens navn [Today's names]|newspaper=Aftenposten, morgen|date=15 February 1979|page=10|quote=Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)}} the son of {{ill|Jens Breivik|lt=Jens David Breivik|no|Jens Breivik}} (born 1935), a civil economist, who worked as a diplomat for the Norwegian Embassy in London and later in Paris, and Wenche Elisabeth Behring (1946–2013), a nursing assistant. He has a maternal half-sister named Elisabeth, and three paternal half-siblings: Erik, Jan, and Nina.{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Peter|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657928/Norway-Killer-Father-horrified-by-Anders-Behring-Breivik-killing-spree.html|title=Norway Killer: Father horrified by Anders Behring Breivik killing spree|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 July 2011|access-date=27 July 2011|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726041007/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657928/Norway-Killer-Father-horrified-by-Anders-Behring-Breivik-killing-spree.html|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}} Breivik began his life in London until the age of one, when his parents divorced. His family name is Breivik, and his middle name, Behring, is his mother's maiden name. In 2017, it was reported he had changed his legal name to Fjotolf Hansen.{{cite news|last1=Åsebø|first1=Synnøve|title=Anders Behring Breivik har skiftet navn|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorangrepet-22-juli/anders-behring-breivik-har-skiftet-navn/a/24069167/|access-date=13 March 2018|work=Verdens Gang|date=9 June 2017|language=no}}

File:Nedre silkestraa.jpg neighbourhood of Oslo's Ullern borough. Previously, he had lived in Oslo's Frogner district (now in Frogner borough).]]

When Breivik was aged four and living in Oslo's Frogner borough, two reports were filed expressing concern about his mental health. A psychologist in one report made a note of the boy's peculiar smile, suggesting it was not anchored in his emotions but was rather a deliberate response to his environment.{{Cite interview|title=Psykiater Finn Skårderud: – Ekstremt viktig å forstå mer av Breivik|trans-title=Psychiatrist Finn Skårderud: – Extremely important to understand more of Breivik|subject=Skårderud, Finn|interviewer=Møystad, Cathrine Loraas|url=http://www.ostlendingen.no/nyheter/psykiater-finn-skarderud-ekstremt-viktig-a-forsta-mer-av-breivik-1.7201624|work=Dagbladet|language=no|date=26 April 2012|access-date=27 April 2012}} In another report from Norway's National Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU), concerns were raised about how Breivik was treated by his mother: "[s]he 'sexualised' the young Breivik, hit him, and frequently told him that she wished that he were dead."

In the report, Wenche Behring is described as "a woman with an extremely difficult upbringing, borderline personality disorder and an all-encompassing if only partially visible depression" who "projects her primitive aggressive and sexual fantasies onto [Breivik]".{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9592433/Anders-Behring-Breiviks-mother-sexualised-him-when-he-was-four.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9592433/Anders-Behring-Breiviks-mother-sexualised-him-when-he-was-four.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Anders Behring Breivik's mother 'sexualised' him when he was four|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first1=Richard|last1=Orange|date=7 October 2012|location=London}}{{cbignore}} The report recommended he be forcibly removed from his mother and placed into foster care, as she was heavily emotionally and psychologically abusive towards him, but this was not carried out by the Child Welfare Service.[https://www.tv2.no/a/8142855/ – Breivik var skadet allerede som toåring]. Retrieved 9 April 2021. "Psykologen ved Statens Senter for Barne – og Ungdomspsykiatri (SSBU), som på 80-tallet observerte samspillet mellom Anders og hans mor, ble avhørt av politiet etter terroraksjonen 22.juli 2011."

Breivik's mother had fled her abusive home at age 17 and soon after that became a teenage mother. In her thirties, she became pregnant with Anders and married his father, Jens Breivik. During her pregnancy, she moved to London, where Jens worked.{{cite news |last1=Olsen |first1=Asbjørn |title=Breivik was 'already damaged by the age of two' |url=https://www.tv2.no/a/8241631/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |agency=TV2 |date=20 April 2016}} Even before his birth, Breivik's mother developed a disdain for her son. She claimed that he was a "nasty child" and that he was "kicking her on purpose". She had wanted an abortion, but by the time she went to a hospital, she had passed the three-month threshold. Psychologist reports later stated that she thought that Breivik was a "fundamentally nasty and evil child and determined to destroy her." She stopped breastfeeding her son early on because he was "sucking the life out of her".

A year after Breivik's birth, his parents' relationship ended. Breivik's mother moved back to Oslo, where she borrowed Jens Breivik's apartment in the Frogner borough. Neighbours claimed that there were noises of fights and that the mother left her children completely alone for extended periods of time, while she was working as a nurse. In 1981, Breivik's mother applied for financial welfare benefits; in 1982, she applied for respite care for her son. She says that she was overwhelmed with the boy and unable to care for him. She described him as "clingy and demanding". Breivik was then placed, in cooperation with the Child Welfare Service, with a young couple, who later told police that the mother, when bringing two-year-old Breivik to the house, had asked that he be allowed to touch the man's penis because he had no one to compare himself to in terms of appearance; "He has only ever seen girls' parts", the mother told the couple, according to the couple's undated statement to police.[https://www.tv2.no/a/8142855/ – Breivik var skadet allerede som toåring]. Retrieved 9 April 2021. " 'Han så bare jentetisser', fortalte hun dem."

In February 1983, on the advice of her neighbours, Breivik's mother sought help from the National Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU); Breivik and his mother were outpatients, and they stayed there during the daytime for about one month. The psychiatrists' conclusion of the stay was that Breivik should be placed in the foster care system and had to be removed from his mother for him to develop normally. This was based on several observations: Breivik had little emotional engagement and did not show joy, or cry when he was hurt; he also made no attempts to play with other children, was extremely clean, and became anxious when his toys were not in order.

Psychologists believed that Breivik's mother had punished him and reacted extremely negatively to him displaying emotions leading him to become devoid of any visible emotions. His mother had also claimed that he was unclean and that she constantly had to care for him. Psychologists believed that Breivik had developed obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) because of fear of punishment from his mother. He did not show the normal level of uncleanliness of a four-year-old and had no repertoire on how to express emotions normally. On rare occasions, his long phases of emotional voidness would be interrupted by fits where he would erupt and display extreme uncontrolled emotions.

Reports of the staff said that his mother had told Breivik that she "wished that he was dead" while she knew that she was being observed by health personnel. At the same time she bound him emotionally to her, alternating between great affection and extreme cruelty from one moment to the next. Some nights, Breivik and his mother would share the bed with close body contact.{{Cite web |date=2016-03-17 |title=- Breivik var skadet allerede som toåring |url=http://www.tv2.no/a/8142855/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317225653/http://www.tv2.no/a/8142855/ |archive-date=17 March 2016 }} The psychiatrists concluded this was an unacceptable situation for a four-year-old to be in and the report from 1983 stated: "Anders is a victim of his mother's projections of paranoid-aggressive and sexual fears toward men in general", and "she projects onto him her own primitive, aggressive and sexual fantasies; all the qualities in men that she regards as dangerous and aggressive." Breivik reacted very negatively to his mother and alternated between clinginess, petty aggression and extreme childishness.

The final conclusion of the observation was that the "family is in dire need of help. Anders should be removed from the family and given a better standard of care; the mother is provoked by him and remains in an ambivalent position which prevents him from developing on his own terms. Anders has become an anxious, passive child that averts making contact. He displays a manic defense mechanism of restless activity and a feigned, deflecting smile. Considering the profoundly pathological relationship between Anders and his mother it is crucial to make an early effort to ward off a severely skewed development in the boy." However, Child Welfare Services did not follow this recommendation, and instead he was placed in respite care only during the weekends.

When Breivik's father learned of the situation, he filed for custody. Although Breivik's mother had agreed to have him put in respite care, after Jens had filed for custody she demanded that Breivik be put back into full custody with her. Both the mother and father involved lawyers and eventually, the case was dropped because the Welfare Services thought that they would not be able to provide enough evidence in court to warrant the placement of Breivik in foster care. One of the main reasons for this was the testimony of staff from the Vigelandsparken Nursery, which Breivik had been attending since 1981, who both described him as a happy child and claimed that nothing was or had been wrong with him all along.

The SSBU, however, maintained their stance regarding Breivik, going so far as to state that "urgent action is crucially needed to prevent a severely skewed development in the boy". The SSBU wrote Child Welfare Services a letter claiming that an order should be placed to have Breivik removed by force. In 1984, a hearing in front of Barnevernsnemnda (the municipal child welfare committee) took place on whether Breivik's mother should lose custody of him. The Child Welfare Service lost the case; the agency was represented by a social worker with no prior experience representing a case in front of the committee. It was ruled only that the family should be supervised; however, after only three visits, even this supervision was discontinued. Breivik was never again put into respite care or foster care.

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissens School and Oslo Commerce School.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/norway-gunman-father-speaks|title=Norway gunman's father speaks out: 'He should have taken his own life'|last=Kim Willsher|work=the Guardian|date=25 July 2011|access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7724579|title=En av treningskameratene på ungdomsskolen var jo fra Midtøsten |publisher= Norge – NRK Nyheter|date=23 July 2011|access-date=29 November 2011}}{{cn|reason= no mention of Hartvig Nissen school in either ref|date= February 2025}} A former classmate recalled that Breivik was an intelligent student, physically stronger than others of the same age, who often took care of people who were bullied.{{cite web|title=Skolekammerat: Han hjalp mobbeofre|date=23 July 2011|first=Maria|last=Bundgaard|url =http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article.php/id-41987017:skolekammerat-han-hjalp-mobbeofre.html?rss}}{{deadlink|date= February 2025}} Breivik lived with his mother and his elder half-sister in the West End of Oslo,{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/norway-gunman-father-speaks |title=Norway gunman's father speaks out: 'He should have taken his own life' |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=26 July 2011 |work=The Guardian |access-date=25 March 2022 |quote=Within a year of the boy's birth, in February 1979, the couple had split. Jens Breivik remained in London and Behring moved back to Oslo with Anders and his elder half-sister.}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv2.no/a/8142855/|title=Breivik var skadet allerede som toåring|first=TV 2|last=AS|date=16 March 2016|website=Tv2.no|access-date=9 February 2022}} regularly visiting his father and stepmother, who had now moved to France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother remarried to an officer in the Norwegian Army.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659746/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-was-a-mummys-boy.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659746/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-was-a-mummys-boy.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mummy's boy who lurched to the Right was 'privileged' son of diplomat but despised his liberal family |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first1=Peter |last1=Allen |first2=Nick |last2=Fagge |first3=Tamara |last3=Cohen |date=25 July 2011|location=London}}{{cbignore}} Breivik chose to be confirmed into the Lutheran Church of Norway at the age of 15.{{cite news|first=David|last=Gibson|title=Is Anders Breivik a 'Christian' terrorist?|work=Times Union|url=http://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Is-Anders-Breivik-a-Christian-terrorist-1624540.php|access-date=29 July 2011|date=28 July 2011}}{{cite news|first=Walshe|last=Sadhbh|date=28 July 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jul/28/fox-news-norway|title=The Right Word: Telling left from right|newspaper=The Guardian (UK)|location=London}}{{cite news|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=641833&vId=|title=Norway suspect admits responsibility|publisher=Sky News|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326001318/http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=641833&vId=|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080678|title=Slik var dramaet på Utøya|newspaper=Verdens Gang|access-date=27 July 2011}}

In his adolescence, Breivik's behaviour was described as rebellious. In his early teen years, he was a prolific Graffiti artist and part of the hip hop music community in Oslo West. He took his graffiti much more seriously than his associates did, and was caught by the police on several occasions; Child Welfare Services were notified once again and he was fined twice.{{Cite news|author1=Meldalen, Sindre Granly |author2=Brustad, Line |author3=Kristiansen, Arnhild Aass |author4=Sandli, Hansen |author5=Espen Frode |author6=Krokfjord, Torgeir P. |title=Breivik planla tagging som militær operasjon|trans-title= Breivik planned tagging as military operation|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/04/02/nyheter/terror_i_oslo/innenriks/terrorangrepet/anders_behring_breivik/20946724/|newspaper=Dagbladet|language=no|date=2 April 2012|access-date=3 April 2012}} According to Breivik's mother, his father ceased contact with him at the age of 15 after he was caught and fined for spraying graffiti on walls in 1995. It was reported they had not been in contact since then.{{cite news|title=Anders Behring Breivik's father: 'My son should have taken his own life'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8660397/Anders-Behring-Breiviks-father-My-son-should-have-taken-his-own-life.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=24 August 2011|date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729021013/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8660397/Anders-Behring-Breiviks-father-My-son-should-have-taken-his-own-life.html|archive-date=29 July 2011|url-status=dead}} According to Breivik's father, however, it was his son who broke off contact, claiming "I was always willing to see [Anders]," despite his destructive activities.{{Cite news|title=Anders Behring Breivik trial: the father's story|last=Henley |first=Jon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/13/anders-behring-breivik-norway|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 April 2012|access-date=13 April 2012|quote=Breivik disputes this. "It's true I was angry," he says. "Several times the police called me to say he had sprayed buildings, trains, and buses. He was also shoplifting. But I was always willing to see him, and he knew that. It was Anders who cut it off. His decision, not mine.|location=London}} At this age, Anders fell out with his best friend and broke off contact with the hip-hop community.{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/28/nyheter/utoya/anders_behring_breivik/terror/innenriks/17461782/|title=1995: Året da alt forandret seg – nyheter|publisher=Dagbladet.no|date=28 July 2011|access-date=29 November 2011}}

Beginning in adolescence, Breivik spent his spare time weight training and started to use anabolic steroids. He cared a lot about his looks and about appearing big and strong.{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/27/nyheter/utoya/massedrap/innenriks/17459033/|title=Skrøt av egen briljans, utseende, kjærester og penger – nyheter|publisher=Dagbladet.no|date=27 July 2011|access-date=29 November 2011}}

Breivik was exempt from conscription to military service in the Norwegian Army and had no military training.{{Cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723548|newspaper=NRK|title=32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø|last=Aune|first=Oddvin|place=Oslo|issue=special|quote="Etter det NRK får opplyst, har ikke den pågrepne noen yrkesmilitær bakgrunn. Han ble fritatt fra verneplikt, og dermed har han ikke spesialutdanning eller utenlandsoppdrag for Forsvaret." – "From what NRK have been informed, the suspect has no military background. He was exempt from conscription and therefore does not have military training or service abroad."}} The Norwegian Defence Security Department, which conducts the vetting process, says he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/27/nyheter/utoya/massedrap/innenriks/17459033/|newspaper=Dagbladet|title=Skrøt av egen briljans, utsende, kjærester og penger|last=Landsend|first=Merete|place=Oslo|date=27 July 2011| access-date=2 August 2011|language=no|quote="Kilder i Forsvarets sikkerhetsavdeling Dagbladet har snakket med, forteller at Breivik allerede ved sesjon ble luket ut av rullene som ikke tjenesteskikket." – "Sources in the Defence Security Department that Dagbladet has talked to, says Breivik was weeded out from the files as unfit for service during the service assessment."}} After age 21, Breivik worked in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".{{cite web|title=Breivik lade alla besparingar på terrorattentaten| last=Sujay Dutt|publisher=Dagens Nyheter|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/breivik-lade-alla-sina-besparingar-pa-sitt-projekt| language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807025337/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/breivik-lade-alla-sina-besparingar-pa-sitt-projekt |archive-date=2011-08-07}} A former co-worker described him as an "exceptional colleague",{{Cite web|title=Han var en utmerket kollega|first1=Anette Holth|last1=Hansen|first2=Øyvind Bye|last2=Skille|date=23 July 2011|publisher=NRK|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/ostlandssendingen/1.7724227|place=NO|language=no}} while a close friend of his said he usually had a big ego.

Breivik is reported to have travelled extensively and visited up to 24 countries in the years before the attacks,{{cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/passet-avslorte-breiviks-verdensturne/63364096|title=Passet avslørte Breiviks verdensturne|date=3 February 2012|work=Dagbladet|language=no}} including Belarus in 2005.{{cite journal|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2011/07/28/3714077.shtml|script-title=ru:Он был типичным североевропейским туристом|last=Lankevich, Denis|journal=Gazeta.ru|date=28 July 2011|language=ru}} Norwegian prosecuting authorities claim that Breivik went to Belarus to meet a woman he had met on a dating website. The same woman later visited him in Oslo.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7940088|title =Breivik var på konejakt i Hviterussland|publisher=NRK.no|location=Norway|date=4 January 2012|access-date=9 January 2012|language=no}} Norwegian police sent legal requests to sixteen countries to investigate Breivik following his attacks.{{cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/politiet-etterforsker-terroristen-i-minst-16-land/63463951|title=Politiet etterforsker terroristen i minst 16 land|date=5 January 2012|work=Dagbladet|language=no}} According to acquaintances, in his early twenties Breivik had cosmetic surgery on his chin, nose and forehead, and was pleased with the results.

{{main|2011 Norway attacks}}

Breivik claimed that in 2002, at the age of 23, he started a nine-year plan to finance the 2011 attacks, forming his own computer programming business while working at a customer service company. He claimed his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he had made his first million kroner at the age of 24. He wrote in his manifesto that he lost 2 million kroner on stock speculation, but still had about 2 million kroner to finance the attack.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/norway-gunman-attack-funding-claim|title=Norway gunman claims he had a nine-year plan to finance attacks|first=Matthew|last=Taylor|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 July 2011|location=London}} The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.{{cite web|url=http://www.hegnar.no/okonomi/article634070.ece|title=Terrorsiktede Anders Behring Breivik tappet selskapet like før det gikk konkurs|publisher=Hegnar.no|access-date=27 July 2011}} He then moved back to his mother's home in order to save money. The first set of psychiatrists who evaluated him said in their report that his mental health deteriorated at this stage and he entered a state of withdrawal and isolation.{{cite news|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3283629.ece|title=Anders Behring Breivik: Mum is the only one who can make me emotionally unstable|publisher=Nettavisen|date=30 November 2011|access-date=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203013610/http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3283629.ece|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead}} His declared assets in 2007 were about {{Currency|630000|NOK}} ({{Currency|76244|USD}}using a July 2011 conversion rate), according to Norwegian tax authority figures. He claimed that by 2008 he had about {{Currency|2000000|NOK|linked=no}} ({{Currency|243332|USD|linked=no}}) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.

In May 2009, he founded a farming company called "Breivik Geofarm",{{cite web|location =NO|url=http://w2.brreg.no/enhet/sok/detalj.jsp?orgnr=994089269|title=Brønnøysundregistrene – Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret|work=Brønnøysund Business Register|publisher=Ministry of Trade and Industry|date=18 May 2009|access-date=22 July 2011|language=no}} described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate melons and vegetables including root vegetables and tubers.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-europe-14259989|title=Profile: Norway attacks suspect Anders Behring Breivik|newspaper=BBC|date=25 July 2011}} In 2010, he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons, but was unable to obtain a weapon there, and decided to use legal channels in Norway instead.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/oslo-killer-sought-weapons-prague%E2%80%99s-underworld|title=Oslo killer sought weapons from Prague's underworld|publisher=Czech Position|date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162821/http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/oslo-killer-sought-weapons-prague%E2%80%99s-underworld|archive-date=22 February 2014}} He bought one semi-automatic 9 mm Glock 34 pistol, legally by demonstrating his membership in a pistol club in the police application for a gun license, and a semi-automatic Ruger Mini-14 rifle by possessing a hunting license.{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/29/kultur/debatt/kronikk/22_juli/vapentilgang/17867238/|title=Skytternes taushet|work=Dagbladet|access-date=2 September 2011|language=no}} Breivik had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063), according to Norwegian tax authority figures. He stated that in January 2010 his funds were "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards so he could have access to funds during his preparations. Breivik had covered up the windows of his house. A former neighbour described him as a "city dweller, who wore expensive shirts and who knew nothing about rural ways". The owner of a local bar, who once worked as a profiler of passengers' body language at Oslo Airport, said there was nothing unusual about Breivik, who was an occasional customer at the bar."Der Terrorist und die Brandstifter". Der Spiegel 1 August 2011

In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area north of Åsta in Åmot, Innlandet county, about {{cvt|140|km}} north-east of Oslo,{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080610 |title=Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk |work=Verdens Gang |access-date=22 July 2011 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726101259/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080610 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}{{Verify source|date=July 2011}} the site of his farm. According to his manifesto, Breivik used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives. A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-blast-fertiliser-idUSTRE76M16820110723|title=Oslo bomb suspect bought 6 tonnes fertiliser: supplier|date=23 July 2011|work=Reuters|access-date=23 July 2011}} The newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought a small quantity of an explosive primer from an online shop in Poland, his name was among sixty passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by the Norwegian Customs Service as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at €317,000—"130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years."{{sic}}

File:Oslo view of city after July 2011 bombing.jpg car bomb detonated in Oslo]]

File:Day after Oslo bombing-11.jpg the day after the attacks]]

The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway, at 15:25:22 (CEST) on 22 July 2011.{{cite web|title=Eksplosjonen i Oslo sentrum 22. juli 2011 |url=http://www.jordskjelv.no/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?type=siste&id=1311425084 |language=no |trans-title=The explosion in Oslo 22 July 2011 |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.jordskjelv.no/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?type=siste&id=1311425084 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status = dead}} The bomb was placed inside a van{{cite news|title=Her er restene av bombebilen |url=http://nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7851932 |newspaper=NRK |language=no |trans-title=Here is the remains of the car |date=29 October 2011 }} next to the tower block housing the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg.{{cite news|title=Ble sett av ti kameraer |url=http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |newspaper=ABC Nyheter |language=no |trans-title=Was seen by ten surveillance cameras |date=16 September 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211102519/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/110916/ble-sett-av-10-kameraer |archive-date=11 December 2011 }} The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve severely.{{cite news |title=Dette er Breivik tiltalt for |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8024605 |publisher=NRK |language=no |trans-title=Breivik's indictment |date=7 March 2012 }}{{cite news |title=Oslo government district bombing and Utøya island shooting July 22, 2011: The immediate prehospital emergency medical service response |url=http://www.sjtrem.com/content/20/1/3 |publisher=Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine |date=26 January 2012 }}{{cite web |title=Læring for bedre beredskap; Helseinnsatsen etter terrorhendelsene 22. juli 2011 |url=http://helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/lering-for-bedre-beredskap-/Sider/default.aspx |language=no |date=9 March 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029075640/http://helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/lering-for-bedre-beredskap-/Sider/default.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}

The second attack took place less than two hours later at a youth summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organised by the AUF, the youth wing of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification,{{cite news |title=Slik skaffet han politiuniformen |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725557 |newspaper=NRK |language=no |trans-title=How he obtained the uniform |date=24 July 2011 }}{{cite news |title=Slik var Behring Breivik kledd for å drepe |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/11/20/nyheter/innenriks/terror/terrorangrepet/anders_behring_breivik/19084856/ |newspaper=Dagbladet |language=no |trans-title=How Behring Breivik was dressed to kill |date=20 November 2011 }} took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, methodically killing 69{{cite web|title=Terrorofrene på Utøya og i Oslo |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/ofre/ |work=Verdens Gang |publisher=Schibsted ASA |language=no |access-date=29 July 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909043438/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/ofre/ |archive-date=9 September 2011 }}{{cite web|title=Navn på alle terrorofre offentliggjort |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080895 |work=Verdens Gang |publisher=Schibsted ASA |date=29 July 2011 |language=no |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175220/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080895 |archive-date=23 November 2011 }} and injuring 32 over more than an hour. Among the dead were friends of Stoltenberg, and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.{{cite news |title=Norway killings: Princess's brother Trond Berntsen among dead |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659298/Norway-killings-Princesss-brother-Trond-Berntsen-among-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659298/Norway-killings-Princesss-brother-Trond-Berntsen-among-dead.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |first=Raf |last=Sanchez |date=25 July 2011 }}{{cbignore}}

When the police tactical unit Delta based in Oslo arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Anders Behring Breivik: 'It was a normal arrest'|date=27 July 2011|author1=Helen Pidd |author2=James Meikle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/27/anders-behring-breivik-arrest-norway|location=London}} After his arrest he was held on the island and interrogated throughout the night, before being moved to a holding cell in Oslo. Breivik admitted to the crimes and said the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover, and that the Labour Party had to "pay the price" for "letting down Norway and the Norwegian people."{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725980|title=Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet og prisen fikk de betale fredag |date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Nrk.no |language=no|access-date=27 July 2011}} After his arrest, Breivik referred to himself as "the greatest monster since Quisling."Grivi, Jarle Brenna et al. [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=no&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Fnyheter%2Finnenriks%2Fterrorangrepet-22-juli-anders-behring-breivik%2Fjeg-er-det-stoerste-monsteret-siden-quisling%2Fa%2F10042693%2F&edit-text=&act=url "I'm the greatest monster since Quisling: This said Breivik under interrogation at Utøya"], Verdens Gang, 2 January 2012. (accessed 18 November 2015).

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian criminal code,{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Fengslingskjennelsen.pdf |title=Ruling on holding Anders Behring Breivik in custody (Norwegian) |publisher=Oslo District Court |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314005341/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Fengslingskjennelsen.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/186293/20110725/anders-behring-breivik-the-man-who-has-admitted-to-committing-the-recent-terror-attacks-in-norway-ha.htm|title=First Court Hearing for Anders Behring Breivik Held in Private|newspaper=International Business Times|date=25 July 2011|access-date=2 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718194552/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/186293/20110725/anders-behring-breivik-the-man-who-has-admitted-to-committing-the-recent-terror-attacks-in-norway-ha.htm|archive-date=18 July 2012}} "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",{{cite news| url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/norway-massacre-suspect-appears-to-be-insane-his-lawyer-says-1.375379|title=Norway massacre suspect appears to be insane, his lawyer says|agency=Reuters|date=26 July 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=30 May 2015}} both of which are acts of terrorism under Norwegian law. He was held for eight weeks, the first four in solitary confinement, pending further court proceedings.{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26oslo.html|date=25 July 2011|work=The New York Times|title=Norway suspect hints that he did not act alone|author1=Steven Erlanger |author2=Alan Cowell }} The custody was extended in subsequent hearings.{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/Fengslingskjennelse%2014.11.2011.pdf |title=Ruling on holding Anders Behring Breivik in extended custody (Norwegian) |publisher=Oslo District Court |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105045318/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/Fengslingskjennelse%2014.11.2011.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }} The indictment was ready in early March 2012. The Director of Public Prosecutions had initially decided to omit the names of the victims and details about their deaths from the publicly released document, but reversed this decision due to public reaction.{{Cite news|title=Sladder ikke tiltalen|url=http://www.an.no/Innenriks/article5954609.ece|newspaper=Avisa Nordland|language=no|agency=ANB-NTB|date=2 March 2012|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105164424/http://www.an.no/Innenriks/article5954609.ece|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}} On 30 March, the Borgarting Court of Appeal announced that it had scheduled the expected appeal case for 15 January 2013. It would be heard in the courtroom that had been specially constructed for the initial criminal case.{{Cite news|title=Ankesak om 22. juli kan begynne i januar 2013|trans-title=Appeal case about 22 July can start in January 2013|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8057017|publisher=NRK|agency=NTB|language=no|date=30 March 2012|access-date=30 March 2012}}

Breivik was kept at Ila Detention and Security Prison after arrest. There, he had at his disposal three prison cells: one where he could rest, sleep, and watch DVDs and TV, a second that was set up for him to use a computer without Internet access, and a third with gymnasium equipment. Only selected prison staff with special qualifications were allowed to work around him, and the prison management aimed to not let his presence as a high-security prisoner affect any of the other inmates.{{Cite news|author1=Johnsen, Alf Bjarne |author2=Sæther, Anne Stine |author3=Andersen, Gordon |title=Breivik kan få eget sykehus på Ila|trans-title=Breivik may get his own hospital at Ila|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10076484|work=Verdens Gang|language=no|date=24 January 2012|access-date=24 January 2012}} Subsequent to the January 2012 lifting of censsorship of letters and banning of visitors, Breivik received several inquiries from private individuals,{{Cite news|title=23-årig amerikan vill träffa Breivik|trans-title=23-year-old American wants to meet Breivik|url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/23-arig-amerikan-vill-traffa-breivik_7068707.svd|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv|date=19 April 2012|access-date=19 April 2012}} and he devoted his time to writing back to like-minded people. According to one of his attorneys, Breivik wanted to learn whether his manifesto had begun to take root in society. Breivik's attorneys, in consultation with Breivik, considered whether to have some of his interlocutors called as witnesses during the trial.{{Cite news|author1=Moland, Annemarte |author2=Andersen, Ingunn |author3=Omland, Ellen |author4=Skille, Øyvind Bye |title=– Breivik brevveksler med meningsfeller|trans-title=Breivik exchanging letters with like-minded people|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8005494|publisher=NRK|language=no|date=22 February 2012|access-date=22 February 2012}} Media outlets, both Norwegian and international, requested to interview Breivik. The first such was cancelled by the prison administration following a background check of the journalist. A second interview was agreed to by Breivik, and the prison requested a background check to be done by the police in the country of the journalist. No information was divulged about the media organisations in question.{{Cite news|title=Breivik har sagt ja til intervju igjen|trans-title=Breivik has agreed to another interview|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10079541|newspaper=Verdens Gang|agency=NTB|language=no|date=20 March 2012|access-date=20 March 2012}}

Breivik underwent his first examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists in 2011. The psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia, concluding that he had developed the disorder over time and was psychotic both when he carried out the attacks and during the observation. He was also diagnosed with abuse of non-dependence-producing substances before the attacks. The psychiatrists consequently found Breivik to be criminally insane.{{cite web|url=http://pub.tv2.no/multimedia/TV2/archive/00927/Breivik_rapport_927719a.pdf|title=Forensic psychiatric statement Breivik, Anders Behring |author1=Torgeir Huseby |author2=Synne Sørheim |publisher=TV2|language=no|date=29 November 2011|access-date=2 December 2011}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15936276|title=Norway massacre: Breivik declared insane|work=BBC|date=29 November 2011|access-date=30 November 2011}}

According to the report, Breivik displayed inappropriate and blunted affect and a severe lack of empathy. He spoke incoherently in neologisms and had acted compulsively based on a universe of bizarre, grandiose and delusional thoughts. Breivik alluded to himself as the future regent of Norway, master of life and death, while calling himself "inordinately loving" and "Europe's most perfect knight since WWII". He was convinced that he was a warrior in a "low-intensity civil war" and had been chosen to save his people. Breivik described plans to carry out further "executions of categories A, B and C traitors" by the thousands, the psychiatrists included, and to organize Norwegians in reservations for the purpose of selective breeding. Breivik believed himself to be the "knight Justiciar grand master" of a Templar organisation. He was deemed to be suicidal and homicidal by the psychiatrists. According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later said "this provides new opportunities".{{cite news|url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news-in-brief/breivik-sees-opportunities/|title=Breivik sees opportunities|publisher=The Foreigner|date=1 December 2011|access-date=1 December 2011}}

The outcome of Breivik's first competency evaluation was fiercely debated in Norway by mental health experts, over the court-appointed psychiatrists' opinion and the country's definition of criminal insanity.{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/11/30/norway-split-on-breiviks-likely-fate-in-mental-ward-as-mass-killer-himself-insulted-by-ruling/| title=Norway split on Breivik's likely fate in mental ward, as mass-killer himself 'insulted' by ruling|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=30 November 2011|access-date=1 December 2011}}{{Cite news|title=Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik 'is not psychotic'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8993195/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-is-not-psychotic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8993195/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-is-not-psychotic.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=4 December 2012|access-date=5 December 2012}}{{cbignore}} An extended panel of experts from the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine reviewed the submitted report and approved it "with no significant remarks".{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/DRKs%20uttalelse.pdf |title=Breivek, Anders Behring. Rettspsykiatrisk erklæring |publisher=Oslo Tingrett |author=Den rettsmedisinske kommisjon |author2=Andreas Hamnes |author3=Agneta Nilsson |author4=Gunnar Johannessen |author5=Jannike E. Snoek |author6=Kirsten Rasmussen |author7=Knut Waterloo |author8=Karl Heinrik Melle |language=no |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724153205/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/DRKs%20uttalelse.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead }} News in the meantime emerged that the psychiatric medical staff in charge of treating prisoners at Ila Detention and Security Prison did not make any observations that suggested he had either psychosis, depression or was suicidal. According to senior psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who was commissioned by the prison to examine Breivik, he rather appeared to have personality disorders.{{cite news |first=Dennis |last=Ravndal |author2=Jarle Brenna |author3=Fridtjof Nygaard |author4=Marianne Vikås |author5=Morten Hopperstad |title=Breivik not likely to bluff about mental illness |language=no |date=6 January 2012 |newspaper=Verdens Gang |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10074641 |access-date=7 December 2011}}{{cite web |last=Svein Holden |author2=Inga Bejer Engh |date=4 January 2012 |title=Anders Behring Breivik – the question of appointing new forensic psychiatrists |publisher=Oslo Statsadvokatembeter |language=no |url-status=dead|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/Uttalelse%20fra%20Statsadv%20om%20sakkyndige%204.1.2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831232615/http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Terrorsaken/Uttalelse%20fra%20Statsadv%20om%20sakkyndige%204.1.2012.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2012 |access-date=23 August 2016}}

Counsels representing families and victims filed requests that the court order a second opinion, while the prosecuting authority and Breivik's lawyer initially did not want new experts to be appointed. On 13 January 2012, after much public pressure, the Oslo District Court ordered a second expert panel to evaluate Breivik's mental state.Spiegel Magazine [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,809035,00.html Court Orders New Psychiatric Review for Breivik] He initially refused to cooperate with new psychiatrists,{{cite news |title=Families question experts on Oslo terrorist |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/families-question-experts-on-oslo-terrorist-1.1208453 |date=5 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012}} but later changed his mind, and in late February a new period of psychiatric observation using different methods than the first ones was begun.

If the original diagnosis had been upheld by the court, Breivik could not have been sentenced to a prison term; the prosecution could instead have requested that he be detained in a psychiatric hospital.{{cite news|last=Liss Goril Anda |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15936276|title=Norway massacre: Breivik declared insane|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2011|access-date=29 November 2011}} Medical advice would then have determined whether or not the courts decided to release him at some later point. If considered a perpetual danger to society, Breivik could have been kept in confinement for life.{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19020522-010-004.html|title=Regular Criminal Code (Norwegian: straffeloven)|publisher=Lovdata|language=no|date=22 May 1909|access-date=30 November 2011}} Shortly after the second period of pre-trial psychiatric observation was begun, the prosecution said it expected Breivik would be declared legally insane.{{Cite news|title=Breivik may avoid prison|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=724965&vId=|publisher=Sky News Australia|date=3 March 2012|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110253/https://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=724965&vId=|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|title=Anders Behring Breivik: prosecutor may accept he's not responsible for killings |url=https://theprovince.com/news/Anders+Behring+Breivik+prosecutor+accept+responsible+killings/6240826/story.html#ixzz1o4DwJbAr |newspaper=The Province |location=Vancouver, Canada |agency=AFP |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230245/http://www.theprovince.com/news/Anders%2BBehring%2BBreivik%2Bprosecutor%2Baccept%2Bresponsible%2Bkillings/6240826/story.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}

On 10 April 2012, the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic, either during the attacks or during evaluation. Instead, they diagnosed antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Mark |date=22 June 2012 |title=Breivik delivers final tirade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/22/anders-behring-breivik-final-tirade |access-date=13 September 2014 |work=the Guardian}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/world/europe/anders-behring-breivik-murder-trial.html|title=Norway Mass Killer Gets the Maximum: 21 Years|date=25 August 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 April 2016}} Breivik expressed hope at being declared sane in a letter sent to several Norwegian newspapers shortly before his trial, in which he wrote about the prospect of being sent to a psychiatric ward: "I must admit this is the worst thing that could have happened to me as it is the ultimate humiliation. To send a political activist to a mental hospital is more sadistic and evil than to kill him! It is a fate worse than death."{{cite news|title=Diagnosis of insanity would be 'worse than death,' Norway killer says|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/diagnosis-of-insanity-would-be-worse-than-death-norway-killer-says/article2391583/|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=4 April 2012|access-date=10 April 2012|location=Toronto|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212016/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/diagnosis-of-insanity-would-be-worse-than-death-norway-killer-says/article2391583/|url-status=dead}}

On 8 June 2012, Professor of Psychiatry Ulrik Fredrik Malt testified in court as an expert witness, saying he found it unlikely that Breivik had schizophrenia. According to Malt, Breivik primarily had Asperger syndrome, Tourette syndrome, narcissistic personality disorder and possibly paranoid psychosis.[http://www.vl.no/samfunn/psykiater-mener-breivik-har-aspergers-og-tourettes-/ Psykiater mener Breivik har Aspergers og Tourettes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613224319/http://www.vl.no/samfunn/psykiater-mener-breivik-har-aspergers-og-tourettes-/ |date=13 June 2012 }}, Vårt Land Malt cited a number of factors in support of his diagnoses, including deviant behaviour as a child, extreme specialization in Breivik's study of weapons and bomb technology, strange facial expression, a remarkable way of talking, and an obsession with numbers.{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/06/09/nyheter/innenriks/terror/anders_behring_breivik/breivik/21997495/ |title=Dette er diagnosene på Breivik – nyheter |publisher=Dagbladet.no |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015}} Eirik Johannesen disagreed, concluding that Breivik was lying and was not delusional or psychotic.{{cite news |last=Orange |first=Richard |date=11 June 2012 |title=Anders Behring Breivik is lying, not delusional |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9324267/Anders-Behring-Breivik-is-lying-not-delusional.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9324267/Anders-Behring-Breivik-is-lying-not-delusional.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=9 October 2013 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |location=London}}{{cbignore}} Johannesen had observed and spoken to Breivik for more than twenty hours.{{cite news|title=Breivik trial: Psychiatric reports scrutinised |last=Lars Bevanger|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18440743|newspaper=BBC News Europe|date=14 June 2012|access-date=9 October 2013}}

In the pre-trial hearing, in February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his "pre-emptive attack against traitors" he accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, "They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, including deconstruction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing."{{Cite news|title=Total mangel på respekt|date=6 February 2012|access-date=6 February 2012|url=http://www.an.no/Innenriks/article5916280.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229054454/http://www.an.no/Innenriks/article5916280.ece|archive-date=29 February 2012|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Trial of Anders Behring Breivik}}

The criminal trial of Breivik began on 16 April 2012 in Oslo Courthouse under the jurisdiction of Oslo District Court. The appointed prosecutors were Inga Bejer Engh and Svein Holden with Geir Lippestad serving as Breivik's lead counsel for the defence. Closing arguments were held on 22 June. On 24 August 2012, Breivik was adjudged to have been sane at the time the crimes were committed, and was sentenced to preventive detention for 21 years—the maximum penalty in Norway—with a minimum non-parole period of 10 years, the longest minimum sentence available.{{Cite web |last=Professor Douglas |first=Linder |title=Breivik Trial: Verdict and Sentence |url=https://famous-trials.com/breivik/2585-breivik-trial-verdict-and-sentence |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Famous Trials by Professor Douglas O. Linder}}{{cite news|last=|title=Anders Behring Breivik: Norway court rules him sane|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19365616|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=24 August 2012}} This sentence allows the court to continue Breivik's detention indefinitely, five years at a time for as long as the prosecuting authority deems it necessary in order to protect society. Although Breivik had pleaded not guilty, he did not appeal the sentence, and on 8 September the media announced that the verdict was final.{{cite web|last=Andreas Bakke Foss |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/22juli/Na-er-dommen-mot-Breivik-rettskraftig-6985579.html |title=Nå er dommen mot Breivik rettskraftig |work=Aftenposten |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=26 March 2016}}

Breivik announced that he did not recognize the legitimacy of the court and therefore did not accept its decision, but had decided not to appeal as this would legitimize the authority of the Oslo District Court.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/227/dag-for-dag/breivik_-jeg-anker-ikke-1.8294369|title=Breivik: Jeg anker ikke|date=24 August 2012|work=NRK|access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli-terror-oslo-og-utoya/lippestad-breivik-bekrefter-at-han-ikke-anker-3859354.html|title=Lippestad: – Breivik bekrefter at han ikke anker|work=TV 2|date=24 August 2012|access-date=13 September 2014}}

File:Skien fengsel.jpg{{Cite web|url=https://www.kriminalomsorgen.no/?id=5055557&cat=237612|title=Telemark fengsel, Skien avdelingo|website=Kriminalomsorgen.no|access-date=11 November 2021}}]]

Since August 2011, Breivik has been imprisoned in an SHS section (a prison section with "particularly high security"—"særlig høy sikkerhet").{{cite web|title=Dom|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|access-date=25 April 2016|page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429020641/http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/04/23/kultur/meninger/kommentar/43960071/|title=Breivik-saken forklart|work=Dagbladet.no|date=23 April 2016|access-date=28 April 2016|trans-title=The Breivik Trial explained}} In March 2022, Breivik was transferred to Ringerike Prison's{{Cite web |title=Breivik flyttet over til nytt fengsel – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet |url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/breivik-flyttet-over-til-nytt-fengsel.jWqo_86OZ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=VG Nå |language=no}} {{as of|2022|lc=y}} SHS section. There was another prisoner in the section, but Breivik was completely{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Retten på befaring i Breiviks celle |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2024/01/10/retten-pa-befaring-i-breiviks-celle/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Dagsavisen |language=no}} separated from that prisoner.[https://www.nettavisen.no/nyhetsstudio/?p=lc-3326304-6650 Anders Behring Breivik flyttes]. Nettavisen. Retrieved 8 February 2022{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/norge-har-aldri-evaluert-breiviks-soningsregime-1.12840018|title=Norge har aldri evaluert Breiviks soningsregime|work=NRK|date=10 March 2016|access-date=28 April 2016|trans-title=Norway has never evaluated Breivik's regimen of imprisonment}}{{cite web|title=Dom|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|access-date=25 April 2016 |page=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429020641/http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2016}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifeinnorway.net/prisons/|title=Prisons in Norway|date=20 October 2018|website=Life in Norway|language=en-US|access-date=23 March 2019}} Breivik had previously been transferred on 23 July 2012 from Ila Detention and Security Prison in Bærum{{cite web |url=http://www.ilafengsel.no/preventive-detension.html |title=Preventive Detention – Ila fengsel og forvaringsanstalt |publisher=Ilafengsel.no |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080938/http://www.ilafengsel.no/preventive-detension.html |url-status=dead }} to Skien Prison, formally known as Telemark fengsel, Skien avdeling, in Skien, county Telemark,{{Cite news|last=Berglund |first=Nina |title=Breivik sets up conservative network |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/07/24/breivik-moved-to-new-prison/ |work=Views and News from Norway |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727081851/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/07/24/breivik-moved-to-new-prison/ |archive-date=27 July 2012 |url-status=live }} and then transferred back to Ila on 28 September 2012.

In 2023, Breivik chose not to{{Cite web |last=Ighoubah |first=Farid |date=2024-01-10 |title=Anders Behring Breivik vraket besøksvenn gjennom ni år på telefon fra fengselet |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/5-95-1570553 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Nettavisen |language=no}} receive further visits, including from the military chaplain (ranked major) who Breivik had been seeing every two weeks since[https://www.nrk.no/norge/_-besoksvennen-en-profesjonell-aktor-1.13327484] "... besøksvennen, som har besøkt Breivik i fengselet siden mars 2014, er en profesjonell aktør, og at Kriminalomsorgen har betalt totalt 164.000 kroner for besøksvennen per 1. januar 2016." 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/breivik-far-en-time-aktivisering-i-uken-1.12647113|title=Breivik får én time aktivisering i uken|last=|work=NRK|date=11 November 2015|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=Breivik receives one hour of activisation per week}} His mother visited him five times before her death in 2013,{{cite web |title=Dom |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|access-date=25 April 2016|page=3|trans-title=Verdict |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429020641/http://www.dagbladet.no/f/domisakenomsoningsforhold15107496tviotirabbstaten.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2016}} and researcher Mattias Gardell interviewed Breivik in 2014,{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/breiviks-hyllning-till-seriemordaren-mangs/#_ga=1.258723658.1183220684.1465156275 |title=Anders Behring Breiviks hyllning till seriemördaren Peter Mangs – Kvällsposten |website=Expressen.se |date=6 November 2015 |access-date=22 July 2016}} but no other visitor requested by Breivik has been granted access.

Breivik is isolated from the other inmates and only has contact with healthcare workers and guards.{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/europe/mass-murderer-anders-behring-breivik-to-sue-norway-over-jail-conditions/story-fnh81p7g-1227572463645|title=Mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik to sue Norway over jail conditions|date=17 October 2015|website=News.com.au}} The type of isolation that Breivik has experienced in prison is what the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) calls relative social isolation, according to a verdict of 2016 in Oslo District Court. In November 2020, Breivik had an interaction with another prisoner for the first time, in the presence of at least seven prison officers; the prisoners played cards and talked for around one or two hours; the other prisoner chose to not have a third meeting with Breivik, according to media reports in January 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv2.no/a/11838607/|title=Ronny (43) hadde hemmelige møter med Breivik: – Jeg ble brukt|first=TV 2|last=AS|date=16 January 2021|website=Tv2.no|access-date=11 November 2021}}

In Norway, it is not uncommon to grant compensatory measures to prisoners who are being held in isolation for several years. {{As of|2021}} he has access in his cell between 9 am and 2:30 pm to a personal computer (with seals that impede unauthorised opening of the computer panels) that he uses to write letters.{{Cite web |last=Viken |first=Farid Ighoubah, Vetle Ravn |date=2024-01-09 |title=Anders Behring Breivik ble anbefalt å lese Se og Hør i fengsel |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/5-95-1566403 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Nettavisen |language=no}} Earlier reports—in 2016—said that he has an electric typewriter and an Xbox without Internet connection in his cell.{{cite web|last=Av Tom Erik Holland|url=http://www.ta.no/nyheter/marius-emberland/anders-behring-breivik/kort-og-godt-en-svart-farlig-mann/s/5-50-192226|title=Telemarksavisa – Kort og godt en svært farlig mann |publisher=Ta.no|date=15 March 2016|access-date=26 March 2016}} Previously, when the original verdict was upheld in September 2012, his permission for access to a computer in his prison cell ended.

Breivik enrolled in a bachelor's degree program in political science at the University of Oslo; he passed two courses in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-saksoker-staten-1.12617825 |title=Breivik saksøkte Staten|publisher=Nrk.no |date=23 October 2015 |access-date=2 October 2020}} "13. januar 2017 kl. 15:02 [...] forteller at Breivik begynte på bachelor i statsvitenskap høsten 2015, da han tok emnene offentlig politikk og administrasjon, samt politisk teori. Han fikk C på begge emnene"{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-i-fengsel-1.11250533|title=Breivik i fengsel|date=19 September 2013|website=Nrk.no|access-date=9 February 2022}}{{cite news |last=Pickles |first=Matt |date=2 October 2018 |title=Should a university teach a killer? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45705939 |work=BBC News}} In 2015, he claimed in a letter that harsh prison conditions had forced him to drop out.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34401166|title=Norway killer Anders Breivik threatens hunger strike|work=BBC News |date=30 September 2015 }} According to a statement by his lawyer, Breivik had become a Nazi in prison.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/_-breivik-vil-sende-et-signal-til-venner-og-fiender-1.12854820|title=Breivik vil sende et signal til venner og fiender|work=NRK |date=15 March 2016|access-date=20 April 2016 |trans-title=Breivik wants to send a signal to friends and foes}} He was denied parole in 2021, a decision upheld in 2022.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/breivik-holdes-i-fengsel-_-anker-avgjorelsen-1.15837019|title=Breivik holdes i fengsel – anker avgjørelsen|first=Svein Vestrum|last=Olsson|date=1 February 2022|website=Nrk.no|access-date=9 February 2022}}[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/weEvVP/breivik-begjaerer-seg-loeslatt-fra-fengsel] "Det opplyser massemorderens forsvarer, advokat Øystein Storrvik til VG. – Jeg har på vegne av ham sendt inn en begjæring om prøveløslatelse, sier Storrvik til VG. – Han har krav på domstolsprøving av prøveløslatelse ved minstetid som er ti år i hans tilfelle. " The government denied him parole in the third quarter of 2024. Since his imprisonment, Breivik has identified himself as a fascist{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905|title=Mass killer Breivik says wants to create fascist party|work=Reuters|date=5 September 2014|access-date=26 April 2018}} and a Nazi,{{Cite news|title=Breivik mener Jesus er "patetisk" [Breivik thinks Jesus is "pathetic"]|url=http://www.dagen.no/Nyheter/hedning/Breivik-mener-Jesus-er-%C2%ABpatetisk%C2%BB-272638|work=Dagen|date=19 November 2015|language=no|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512064435/https://www.dagen.no/Nyheter/hedning/Breivik-mener-Jesus-er-%C2%ABpatetisk%C2%BB-272638|url-status=dead}} and a practitioner of Odinism.{{Cite news|title=Breivik: Jeg er ikke kristen (Breivik: I am not a Christian)|url=http://www.vl.no/nyhet/breivik-jeg-er-ikke-kristen-1.465538|work=Vårt Land|date=15 November 2015|language=no}}{{Cite news|url=http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|title=Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar" [Breivik wants to deport "disloyal Jews"]|work=Expo|date=10 January 2014|language=sv|last=Daniel Vergara }}

As of 2012, Breivik had written to, among others, Peter Mangs and Beate Zschäpe.The newspaper Verdens Gang reported on 26 July 2012{{Cite news|author1=Brenna, Jarle |author2=Utheim, Eric Brekstad |author3=Grøttum, Eva-Therese |title=Breivik sender brev til høyreekstreme støttespillere. Ber om hjelp til å fortsette kampen |trans-title=Breivik sends letters to extreme right-wing supporters. Requests assistance to continue the struggle |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10059330 |newspaper=Verdens Gang |language=no |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729040858/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10059330 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news|last=Berglund |first=Nina |title=Breivik sets up conservative network |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/07/26/breivik-sets-up-conservative-network/ |work=Views and News from Norway |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730101447/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/07/26/breivik-sets-up-conservative-network/ |archive-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=live }} In 2012, politicians protested Breivik's activities in prison, which they saw as him continuing to promote or expose his ideology and possibly encouraging further criminal acts.{{Cite news|last1=Brenna|first1=Jarle|last2=Utheim|first2=Eric Brekstad|last3=Grøttum|first3=Eva-Therese |title=Konstant trussel at Breivik får sende brev |trans-title= Allowing Breivik to send letters is a constant threat |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10059288 |work=Verdens Gang |language=no |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729034752/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10059288 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=live }} As with all convicts, his letters are vetted before sending to prevent further crimes. After he came to Skien Prison in 2013, five of the 300 letters that he sent had not been confiscated, he testified in court in 2016. By 2016, around 4,000 postal items had been sent to or from Breivik, and about 15 per cent of these (600 items) had been confiscated.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-til-sak-mot-staten-1.12852728|title=breivik til sak mot staten |work=NRK|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=Breivik in a lawsuit against the government}}

In November 2012, Breivik wrote a 27-page letter of complaints to the prison authorities, talking about the security restrictions he was being held under, claiming that the prison director personally wanted to punish him. In 2014 Breivik threatened to starve himself were his latest list of demands refused; these included "access to a sofa and a bigger gym" and better video games.{{Cite news|last=Chu |first=Henry|title=Mass killer Breivik threatens hunger strike for better games and gym|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-norway-breivik-hunger-strike-20140218,0,894531.story#ixzz2tqGiYpbV|work=Los Angeles Times|date=18 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014}}{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Mass killer Anders Behring Breivik demands better video games, amenities|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mass-killer-anders-behring-breivik-demands-better-video-games-amenities-1.2541994|work=CBC News|date=18 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014}} In September 2015, Breivik again threatened a hunger strike because of deteriorating prison conditions, but delayed in order to sue the Norwegian Government over prison conditions.

{{POV section|date=January 2025|talk=Quite a mess}}

Breivik sued the government of Norway; the civil trial was held in March 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/--Trist-at-Breivik-far-tilbake-arenaen-8395058.html|title=Trist at Breivik får tilbake arenaen|last=Frode Sætran|website=Aftenposten.no|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=Sad that Breivik receives the arena again}} He appealed the ruling against him{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/na-vurderer-breivik-likevel-anke-1.12918999|title=Nå vurderer Breivik likevel anke|website=Nrk.no|date=26 April 2016|access-date=28 April 2016}} but lost on all counts, and the supreme court refused to hear the case.{{Cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/no/Enkelt-domstol/Borgarting-lagmannsrett/Aktuelt/judgment-in-the-appeal-case-between-the-norwegian-ministry-of-justice-and-breivik/|title='Judgment in the appeal case between The Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Breivik'|website=Domstol.no|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225715/https://www.domstol.no/no/Enkelt-domstol/Borgarting-lagmannsrett/Aktuelt/judgment-in-the-appeal-case-between-the-norwegian-ministry-of-justice-and-breivik/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/globalassets/upload/borg/internett/forside-nyheter/dom-i-breivik-saken-01032017.pdf|title=Judgment (case number 16-111749ASD-BORG/02)|access-date=11 November 2021}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik/norway-did-not-violate-mass-killer-breiviks-human-rights-court-idUSKBN168454 |title=Mass killer Breivik loses human rights case against Norway |date=1 March 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=24 September 2017}}

Breivik sued the government over his solitary confinement, and his general conditions of imprisonment, including a claim of an excessive use of handcuffs, frequent strip searches and searches of his cell, including at night.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/world/europe/anders-breivik-nazi-prison-lawsuit.html|title=Anders Behring Breivik, Killer in 2011 Norway Massacre, Says Prison Conditions Violate His Rights|date=16 March 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 April 2016}}

At the start of the trial, Breivik gave a Nazi salute.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35807961 |title=Breivik gives Nazi salute in court return to challenge jail isolation – BBC News |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=15 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016}} In his testimony, Breivik claimed prison conditions and isolation damaged his health.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-saksoker-staten-1.12617825 |title=Breivik saksøkte Staten – NRK Nyheter |publisher=Nrk.no |date=23 October 2015 |access-date=26 March 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Dommeren-vil-holde-Breivik-i-stramme-toyler-8392469.html|title=Dommeren vil holde Breivik i stramme tøyler|work=NTB – Aftenposten|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=The judge will hold tight reins on Breivik}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-saksoker-staten-1.12617825|title=Breivik saksøkte Staten|work=NRK|date=23 October 2015|access-date=20 April 2016}}

The government attorney said "the government's primary task is to protect its citizens. To let a convicted terrorist establish a network is dangerous".{{cite news|author1=Bjørgulv Braanen|title=I går var det tid for sluttprosedyrer. Ved veis ende|publisher=Klassekampen |date=19 March 2016 |page=9}}

On 20 April 2016, the District Court's verdict{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/anders-behring-breivik-soeksmaalet/staten-har-krenket-breiviks-menneskerettigheter/a/23663157/|title=Staten har krenket Breiviks menneskerettigheter|last=Dennis Ravndal|work=VG|date=20 April 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=The government has violated Breivik's human rights}} said that the conditions of Breivik's imprisonment breached Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, but that Article 8 of the Convention had not been violated—confiscation of letters had been justified.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/oslo-tingrett_-breivik-utsatt-for-nedverdigende-behandling-1.12909262|title=Oslo tingrett: Breivik utsatt for nedverdigende behandling|work=NRK|date=20 April 2016|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=Oslo District Court: Breivik exposed to degrading treatment}}

The verdict in the appeal case handed down in March 2017 stated that the conditions of his imprisonment did not violate Breivik's rights, and all recommendations were voided. In 2017, Norway's Supreme Court decided not to hear the case.{{cite web|title=Breiviks søksmål mot Staten|date=23 October 2015|url=https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-saksokte-staten-1.12617825|publisher=Nrk.no}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/europe/norway-anders-behring-breivik-appeal-european-court-human-rights-prison-isolation-neo-nazi-beliefs-a7779186.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609121834/http://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/europe/norway-anders-behring-breivik-appeal-european-court-human-rights-prison-isolation-neo-nazi-beliefs-a7779186.html |archive-date=2017-06-09 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Noway's top court rejects Anders Breivik appeal that his human rights are being violated |date=8 June 2017 |work=The Independent |access-date=24 September 2017 |language=en-GB}}

In January 2022 a trial was initiated to decide whether to reverse or uphold the District Attorney's refusal of parole.{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/18/grandstanding-fears-as-norwegian-mass-killer-seeks-parole|title=Grandstanding fears as Norwegian mass killer seeks parole|date=18 January 2022|website=Euronews.com|access-date=9 February 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Klesty |first=Victoria |date=2022-02-01 |title=Court rejects Norwegian mass killer Breivik's parole application |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/court-rejects-mass-killer-breiviks-parole-application-2022-02-01/ |access-date=2023-04-13}}[https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/breivik-i-fengsel-1.11250533 Breivik i fengsel] [Breivik in prison]. NRK.no. Retrieved 18 January 2022{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2022/01/02/statsadvokaten-mener-breivik-er-for-farlig-til-a-slippes-ut/|title=Statsadvokaten mener Breivik er for farlig til å slippes ut|website=Dagsavisen.no|date=2 January 2022 |access-date=9 February 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/08/27/breivik-gar-til-retten-for-a-bli-loslatt/|title=Breivik går til retten for å bli løslatt|website=Dagsavisen.no|date=27 August 2021 |access-date=9 February 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/terroristen-sender-brev-til-overlevende-og-etterlatte-1.15746413|title=Terroristen sender brev til overlevende og etterlatte|first=Kari|last=Lie|date=28 November 2021|website=Nrk.no|access-date=9 February 2022}} The indictment states that the prosecuting authority does not consent to parole because "preventive detention is deemed necessary to protect society".{{Cite web |last=NTB |date=2022-01-10 |title=Aktor ber retten nekte filming av Breiviks forklaring |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/lVbqB9/aktor-ber-retten-nekte-filming-av-breiviks-forklaring |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=VG |language=no}}

At the start of the trial, Breivik gave several Nazi salutes.Svein Vestrum Olsson et al. "Aktor om Breiviks forklaring". 18 January 2022. NRK.no{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Aktor: Hans soningsforhold er underordnet |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2022/01/18/aktor-hans-soningsforhold-er-underordnet/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Dagsavisen |language=no}} Breivik testified that he is still a Nazi and will continue to work for White Power, but no longer wants to pursue it through violence.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/18/norwegian-mass-killer-anders-breivik-begins-parole-hearing Norwegian mass killer Anders Breivik appears before parole hearing]. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2022

The verdict said that Breivik appeared to be "obviously mentally disturbed, and with a mind that is difficult for other people to penetrate".{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/12-95-3424239304|title=Breivik slipper ikke ut: – Blottet for empati|first=NTB, Kjetil|last=Mæland|date=1 February 2022|website=Nettavisen.no|access-date=9 February 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Rønneberg |first=Olav |date=2022-01-20 |title=Breiviks advokat kan ha et poeng |url=https://www.nrk.no/ytring/breiviks-advokat-kan-ha-et-poeng-1.15820155 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/studio/nyhetsstudio/5?post=84342|title=Nyhetsstudio – Breivik-dommen kommer i dag|website=Dagbladet.no|access-date=9 February 2022}}

Some psychiatrists watched media broadcasts from the trial and claimed that Breivik appeared to be mentally ill,{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/12-95-3424240290|title=Rettsprofessor: – Om Breivik var psykisk syk, kan han ha blitt utsatt for justismord|first=NTB, Edvard Ruggesæter|last=Ertesvåg|date=3 February 2022|website=Nettavisen.no|access-date=9 February 2022}}[https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/k61bWa/psykiatere-reagerer-etter-rettssaken-mener-terroristen-maa-faa-behandli Psykiatere reagerer etter rettssaken: Mener terroristen må få behandling og medisiner for psykose.]. Aftenposten. Retrieved 3 February 2022 in particular that he appeared to be psychotic and delusional.{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Det er svært sannsynlig at 22. juli-terroristen har en vrangforestillingslidelse |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/pWk1vR/anders-behring-breivik-maa-diagnostiseres |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=aftenposten.no |language=nb}}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title="En [...] hypotese er at han er så personlighetsmessig oppløst og fragmentert at han beveger seg, psykisk sett, i ytterkanten av de tilstandene som er trukket opp mellom psykoselidelser og personlighetsforstyrrelse" |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/KzKa8o/vil-vi-noen-gang-forstaa-anders-behring-breivik |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.aftenposten.no |language=nb}} Another forensic psychiatrist disagreed with comments that Breivik was psychotic and said he may have autism.

{{POV section|date=January 2025|talk=Quite a mess}}

On 8 January 2024, the court convened inside Breivik's prison; the lawsuit accuses the government of negatively affecting{{Cite web |last=Haraldsen |first=Stian |date=2024-01-09 |title=Har saksøkt staten: Breivik ble flere ganger avbrutt av egen advokat |url=https://www.nrk.no/buskerud/har-saksokt-staten_-breivik-ble-flere-ganger-avbrutt-av-egen-advokat-1.16707326 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}} Breivik's mental health by depriving him of contact with others.

The prosecution discussed how Breivik's two latest risk evaluations conclude that Breivik is still viewed as a great risk to others.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Breivik avbrutt av egen advokat: – Snakk om soningsforholdene |url=https://www.vg.no/i/762Qv8 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=vg.no |language=nb}}

In his testimony, Breivik said "many years have passed since I had any meaningful relationships",{{Cite web |last=Rønneberg |first=Olav |date=2024-01-09 |title=Statens evige hodepine |url=https://www.nrk.no/ytring/statens-evige-hodepine-1.16706658 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}} that he is using antidepressants, and that he is struggling with thoughts about taking his own life.

When asked how he views his 2011 attack, Breivik replied that "I was radicalised over two years. I am very sorry about my actions".

In a report by PST that was referred to in court, Breivik is characterised as a "saint" in international circles of the extreme right. Breivik said that "PST is not saying that I am still dangerous, but they are saying that I have an inspirational effect.".

The government prosecutor said that Breivik's prison conditions are much better than what was said in court.{{Cite web |last=Aurdal |first=Martine |date=2024-01-09 |title=Håpløshetens logikk |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/meninger/haploshetens-logikk/80791826 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=dagbladet.no |language=no}}

Some journalists observed that unlike in previous trials, Breivik did not try to spread propaganda or make Nazi salutes.{{Cite web |last=Aurdal |first=Martine |date=2024-01-10 |title=Ingen gråter med Breivik |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/meninger/ingen-grater-med-breivik/80793496 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=dagbladet.no |language=no}}

Breivik's lawyer claims that the Norwegian government is violating Breivik's human rights regarding prohibitions against torture and inhumane treatment, and for having violated Breivik's rights regarding personal life and family life.{{Cite web |last=Viken |first=Farid Ighoubah, Vetle Ravn |date=2024-01-09 |title=Anders Behring Breivik ble anbefalt å lese Se og Hør i fengsel |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/5-95-1566403 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Nettavisen |language=no}}

The trial ended on 12 January 2024.{{Cite web |last=Solberg |first=Ralf Lofstad, Lars Eivind Bones, Maja Walberg Klev, Anabelle Bruun, Tobias Fjeldvang, Kristoffer |date=2024-01-12 |title=- Han brøt sammen |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/han-brot-sammen/80809250 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=dagbladet.no |language=no}} On 15 February, it was determined his human rights were not being violated and he will still be kept under isolation.{{Cite web |title=Norway court says mass killer Breivik's prison isolation not 'inhumane' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/norway-court-says-mass-killer-breiviks-prison-isolation-not-inhumane |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The trial in court of appeal was scheduled for December 2024.

{{Expand section|Information about the trial, but without excessive details|date=January 2025|small=no}}

In April 2024, the court suggested that the trial regarding the possibility for parole be postponed until November. A psychologist who has been an expert witness in Breivik's trial in January was in a relationship with the main government attorney. The government replaced the expert witnesses.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Breiviks rettssak om prøveløslatelse utsettes |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2024/04/19/breiviks-rettssak-om-proveloslatelse-utsettes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Dagsavisen |language=no}}{{Cite web |last=NTB |date=2024-11-14 |title=Ny erklæring om Breivik – sentralt bevis i løslatelsessaken |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/ny-erklaring-om-anders-behring-breivik-sentralt-bevis-i-loslatelsessaken/s/5-95-2128242 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nettavisen |language=no}}{{Cite web |last1=Widerøe |first1=Rolf J. |last2=Røsvik |first2=Eirik |date=2024-04-19 |title=Forhold utløser ny sikkerhetsvurdering av Anders Behring Breivik - sak utsettes |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/JbW2EJ/forhold-utloeser-ny-sikkerhetsvurdering-av-anders-behring-breivik-sak-utsettes |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=VG |language=no}}

Day Two of the trial was on 19 November 2024.{{Cite web |last=NTB |date=2024-05-02 |title=Prøveløslatelse av Breivik for retten i november |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/W0LX8a/proeveloeslatelse-av-breivik-for-retten-i-november |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=VG |language=no}}{{Cite web |last=Revheim-Rafaelsen |first=Mathias |date=2023-08-18 |title=Anders Behring Breivik saksøker staten på nytt |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/anders-behring-breivik-saksoker-staten-pa-nytt-1.16521341 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}

Breivik testified (and was allotted 45 minutes).{{Cite web |last=NTB - |first=Farid Ighoubah |date=2024-11-19 |title=Anders Behring Breivik hadde Russland-støtte barbert på hodet |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/anders-behring-breivik-vil-proveloslates-kom-med-russland-stotte-og-z-barbert-pa-hodet/s/5-95-2136859 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nettavisen |language=no}}

Breivik lost the November trial;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Norwegian court rejects mass killer Anders Behring Breivik's 2nd bid for parole |url=https://apnews.com/article/norway-court-breivik-parole-denied-7e52888f2a0a457883d14198a6a767d8 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en}} he can appeal.https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/anders-behring-breivik-ma-fortsatt-sitte-i-forvaring/s/5-95-2168312. Nettavisen.no. Retrieved 2024-12-04

In January 2025, Breivik lost his lawsuit against the government.https://www.nrk.no/buskerud/dom_-anders-behring-breiviks-soksmal-mot-staten-for-brudd-pa-menneskerettighetene-1.17227196. NRK.no. Retrieved 2025-01-25

The trial started on 9 December 2024.https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/viser-til-nye-venninner/82360277. Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2024-12-11{{Cite web |last=Wilthil |first=Jan-Erik |date=2024-11-19 |title=Anders Behring Breivik begjærer seg prøveløslatt for andre gang |url=https://www.nrk.no/buskerud/anders-behring-breivik-begjaerer-seg-proveloslatt-for-andre-gang-1.17131079 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}

The lead prosecutor testified that, one week earlier Breivik was permitted to make outgoing calls - to two [government-]approved persons, for "up to 60 minutes a week"; those two are a Norwegian woman who has made contact with Breivik; and a prisoner that has moved from Ringerrike Prison to another prison. Earlier, Breivik exchanged postal letters with "a woman from Austria".

The exchange of pets, after the trial in January, will be a topic of this trial; Furthermore, Breivik's lawyer does not want to tell media, the name of the pets because "the case is so sad for many people".https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/Vzoa6V/breiviks-soningsforhold-opp-til-ny-vurdering-undulater-er-byttet-ut-med-marsvin. VG.no. Retrieved 2024-12-05

The authorities have removed (from the case), the government's main lawyer from the January 2024 trial.

Breivik is receiving pro bono legal aid (as of 2024) from the law firm of Øystein Storrvik—his lawyer since 2014.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-13 |title=Breiviks kamp bak murene |url=https://www.vg.no/i/39l7nL |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=vg.no |language=nb}}{{cite web|last=Andreas Slettholm |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Behring-Breivik-har-fatt-avslag---far-ikke-gratis-advokat-8457331.html |title=Behring Breivik har fått avslag – får ikke gratis advokat |website=Aftenposten.no |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=22 July 2016}} Previously, the firm of Geir Lippestad did pro bono representation of Breivik after the 2012 trial.{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/03/12/kultur/debatt/meninger/kronikk/anders_behring_breivik/43286844/|title=Ikke bruk Breivik som sponsorobjekt|work=Dagbladet.no|date=12 March 2016|access-date=20 April 2016|trans-title=Do not use Breivik as an object of sponsoring}} Legal aid during criminal trials has been paid by the government, as is the norm in the country.

On 23 March 2013, Breivik's mother died from complications from cancer.{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10101875|title=Breiviks mor døde i går – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli|work=VG|date=23 March 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014}} On the same day media said that mother and son "took farewell during a meeting at Ila last week. Breivik was permitted to move himself out from behind the glass wall of the visit room—to give his mother a farewell hug".{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10101888|title=Moren tok farvel med Breivik i fengselet – VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli|work=VG|date=23 March 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014}} Breivik asked prison officials for permission to attend his mother's funeral service;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1068862/breivik-killer-asks-to-attend-mothers-funeral|title=Breivik: Killer Asks To Attend Mother's Funeral|work=Sky News|access-date=13 September 2014}} permission was denied.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9955101/Anders-Behring-Breivik-denied-permission-to-attend-mothers-funeral.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9955101/Anders-Behring-Breivik-denied-permission-to-attend-mothers-funeral.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Breivik denied permission to attend mother's funeral|date=26 March 2013|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}

Janne Kristiansen, then Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), said Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080771|title=Anders Behring Breivik sto på PST-liste over kjemikaliekjøpere|date=22 July 2011|publisher=VG Nett|access-date=27 July 2011|language=no}} He is reported to have written many posts on the far-right anti-Muslim website document.no.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723548|language=NO|title=32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø – Norge|publisher=NRK|location=NO|date=23 July 2010|access-date=23 July 2011|work=Nyheter}} He also attended a meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in late 2009,{{Cite web |title=Som en liten gutt|work=Bergens Tidende |url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/--Som-en-liten-gutt-2542176.html|language=no}} and reportedly sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no.

After expressing initial interest, they turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.{{cite news| title=Tungt å bli rost av den terrorsiktede|url=http://www.dn.no/forsiden/politikkSamfunn/article2188184.ece|work=Dagens Næringsliv|language=no|trans-title=Difficult to be praised by the accused of terror|date=23 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011}} Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.{{Cite web|url=http://www.document.no/anders-behring-breivik/|last=Breivik|first=Anders Behring|title=Anders Behring Breiviks kommentarer hos Document.no|website=Document.no|trans-title=Anders Behring Breivik's comments at Document.no|date=23 July 2011|language=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801113226/http://www.document.no/anders-behring-breivik/|archive-date=1 August 2011|access-date=21 February 2021}} Breivik was also very active writing on the neo-Nazi websites Stormfront—with several thousand posts{{cite news|url=https://www.nrk.no/vestland/flere-nordmenn-pa-ekstremt-nettsted-1.11693273|title=– Stormfront ansvarlig for hundre drap på fem år|date=30 April 2014|work=NRK|language=no}}—and nordisk.nu,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293|title=The Psychology of Extreme Violence: A Case Study Approach to Serial Homicide, Mass Shooting, School Shooting and Lone-actor Terrorism|first=Clare S.|last=Allely|year=2020|isbn=978-1000061932|page=293|publisher=Routledge }} as well as mainstream newspapers such as Verdens Gang and Aftenposten.{{cite web|url=https://snl.no/Anders_Behring_Breivik|title=Anders Behring Breivik|date=21 April 2023|language=no}}

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a picture of himself as a Knight Templar officer in a uniform festooned with a gold aiguillette and multiple medals he had not been awarded.{{cite news|last1=Toldnes|first1=Gunhild|last2=Lundervold|first2=Linn Kongsli|last3=Meland|first3=Astrid|title=Slik skaffet han seg sin enmannshær|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/29/nyheter/innenriks/terror/terrorangrepet/anders_behring_breivik/17487486/|access-date=22 March 2015|publisher=Dagbladet Nyheter|date=30 July 2011|language=no}} In the video, he included an animation depicting Islam as a Trojan Horse in Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.flcourier.com/fleditorial/5863-the-norway-killer-and-christian-terrorism|title=The Norway killer and Christian terrorism (commentary)|publisher=Flcourier.com|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322110950/http://www.flcourier.com/fleditorial/5863-the-norway-killer-and-christian-terrorism|date=22 March 2012}} The video, which promotes fighting against Islam, shows Breivik wearing a wetsuit and holding a semi-automatic weapon.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657669/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-YouTube-video-posted-hours-before-killings.html|title=Video: Norway shootings: Anders Behring Breivik's YouTube video posted hours before killings|newspaper=Telegraph|date=24 July 2011|access-date=10 August 2011|location=London| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729004558/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657669/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-YouTube-video-posted-hours-before-killings.html| archive-date=29 July 2011| url-status=dead}}

Breivik prepared a document titled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence.{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Matthew |date=26 July 2011 |title=Breivik sent 'manifesto' to 250 UK contacts hours before Norway killings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/26/breivik-manifesto-email-uk-contacts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728023247/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/26/breivik-manifesto-email-uk-contacts |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=UK}} It runs to 1,518 pages and is credited to "Andrew Berwick" (an Anglicization of Breivik's name).{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/programs/tap/_docs/2083_-_A_European_Declaration_of_Independence.pdf |title=2083: A European Declaration of Independence |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522200040/http://www.fas.org/programs/tap/_docs/2083_-_A_European_Declaration_of_Independence.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/2083AEuropeanDeclarationOfIndependence |title=2083: A European Declaration of Independence |publisher=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414023311/https://archive.org/details/2083AEuropeanDeclarationOfIndependence |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012}} In it, he cites the purported Napoleon quote, "He who saves his country, violates no law," as justification for the attacks. Breivik admitted in court that it was mostly other people's writings he had copied and pasted from different websites.{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Anders Behring Breivik trial, day four – Thursday 19 April|last=Trygve Sorvaag|date=19 April 2012|quote=Prosecutor tries to get #Breivik to explain how manifesto was made. Breivik admits it is 60% cut and paste.

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/19/anders-behring-breivik-trial-live|location=London}}

The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.{{cite news|last=Adam Geller|agency=Associated Press|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=14195384|title=Norway gunman's tale diverges sharply from reality|work=ABC News|date=30 July 2011|access-date=20 April 2012}} The document describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for late 2011, involving a rented Volkswagen Crafter van (small enough not to require a truck driving licence) loaded with {{convert|1160|kg}} of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive (ANFO), a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle, a Glock 34 pistol, personal armour (including a shield), caltrops, and police insignias. It reported Breivik spent thousands of hours gathering email addresses from Facebook for distribution of the document, and that he rented a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buying fertilizer (three tons for producing explosives and three tons of a harmless kind to avoid suspicion) and as a lab. It describes burying a crate with the armour in the woods in July 2010, collecting it on 4 July 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol. It also expresses support for far-right groups such as the English Defence League and paramilitaries such as the Scorpions in Serbia.{{cite web|author=Balkan Insight|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/nato-attack-on-serbia-set-off-norwegian-bomber-25072011/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205235904/http://www.eurasiareview.com/nato-attack-on-serbia-set-off-norwegian-bomber-25072011/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2012|title=NATO Attack On Serbia Set Off Norwegian Bomber|publisher=Eurasiareview.com|date=25 July 2011|access-date=21 August 2011}}

The introductory chapter of the manifesto asserts that political correctness is responsible for social rot. He blames the Frankfurt School for the promulgation of political correctness, which he identifies with "cultural Marxism". Parts of these sections are plagiarized from Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by Paul Weyrich's Free Congress Foundation.{{Cite press release|title=Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto|date=28 July 2011|publisher=National Association of Scholars|url=http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099|archive-date=1 September 2011|url-status=dead}}{{Cite journal|title=Die Welt, wie Anders B. Breivik sie sieht|date=29 July 2011|last=Anne-Catherine Simon |author2=Christoph Saiger |author3=Helmar Dumbs|journal=Die Presse|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/682112/Die-Welt-wie-Anders-B-Breivik-sie-sieht?direct=680247&_vl_backlink=/home/politik/index.do&selChannel=100|language=de}} Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman, while Serbian writer, Srđa Trifković, is quoted in a number of places.{{cite web |author1=Astrid Meland |author2=Thorenfeldt Gunnar |title=De var Breiviks helter [They were Breivik's heroes] |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/de-var-breiviks-helter/63567058 |website=dagbladet.no |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810220714/http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/de-var-breiviks-helter/63567058 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |language=no |date=26 July 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/25/nyheter/terror/utoya/anders_behring_breivik/17442957/|title=Dette er terroristens store politiske forbilde – nyheter|publisher=Dagbladet.no|date=18 August 2009|access-date=25 July 2011}} The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while replacing the words "leftists" with "cultural Marxists" and "black people" with "muslims".{{cite journal |last1=Van Gerven Oei |first1=Vincent W.J. |title=anders Breivik: On Copying the Obscure |journal=Continent. |date=2011 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=213–23 |url=http://www.continentcontinent.cc/index.php/continent/article/view/56 |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716125213/http://www.continentcontinent.cc/index.php/continent/article/view/56 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725223|title=Massedrapsmannen kopierte 'Unabomberen' ord for ord|date=24 July 2011|publisher=Nrk.no|access-date=24 July 2011}} The New York Times described American influences in the writings, observing that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html|access-date=26 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918090725/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html |archive-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live}} The work of Bat Ye'or is frequently cited.{{cite magazine|last=Archer |first=Toby |title=Breivik's Swamp |magazine=Foreign Policy |date=25 July 2011 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801174700/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |url-status=dead }} Conservative blogger Pamela Geller is also mentioned as a source of inspiration. Breivik blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society and advocates a restoration of patriarchy which he claims would save European culture.{{cite news|title=Norway Killer's Hatred of Women|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|access-date=29 July 2011|newspaper=TDB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729085424/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|archive-date=29 July 2011|url-status=live}}

India, and in particular Hindu nationalism, figures repeatedly in the manifesto where he expresses praise and admiration for Hindu nationalist groups. He claimed to have attempted to reach out to Indians through email and Facebook.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/norway-killers-pro-hindutva-rant-has-sangh-squirming/articleshow/9376574.cms|title=Norway killer's pro-Hindutva rant has Sangh squirming|website=The Times of India|date=27 July 2011 |access-date=11 November 2021}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0725/Norway-massacre-Breivik-manifesto-attempts-to-woo-India-s-Hindu-nationalists|title=Norway massacre: Breivik manifesto attempts to woo India's Hindu nationalists|date=25 July 2011|access-date=11 November 2021|journal=Christian Science Monitor}} In his writings Breivik also states that he wants to see European policies on multiculturalism and immigration more similar to those of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8660257/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-cultural-references.html Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik's cultural references]". The Daily Telegraph. 25 July 2011. which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best"."[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657473/Norway-killings-Breivik-posted-hate-filled-video-on-YouTube-hours-before-attacks.html Norway killings: Breivik posted hate-filled video on YouTube hours before attacks]". The Daily Telegraph. 24 July 2011. He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for Japan and South Korea's refusal to accept refugees."[http://www.tokyotimes.com/breivik-looked-up-to-japanese-monoculturalism/ Breivik looked up to Japanese 'monoculturalism'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716180102/http://www.tokyotimes.com/breivik-looked-up-to-japanese-monoculturalism/ |date=16 July 2015 }}". The Tokyo Times. 25 July 2011."[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202111528/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58454720110726 Norway killer praises Japan as model country – Kyodo]". Reuters. 26 July 2011. The Jerusalem Post describes his support for Israel as a "far-right Zionism".{{Cite news |title='Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views' |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/norway-attack-suspect-had-anti-muslim-pro-israel-views |access-date=2022-09-15 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |language=en-US}} He calls all "nationalists" to join in the struggle against "cultural Marxists/multiculturalists".{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Norway-attack-suspect-had-anti-Muslim-pro-Israel-views|title= Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views |last=Ben Hartman|date=24 July 2011|access-date=26 April 2016}} He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, finding him "a fair and resolute leader worthy of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26russia.html|title=Russia Youth Group and Putin Distance Themselves from Killer's Compliments|last=Andrew E. Kramer|work=The New York Times|date=25 July 2011|access-date=25 July 2011}}

Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, former professor of Nordic Studies (current professor of musicology) at the University of Colorado, argues that several parts of the manifesto suggest that Breivik was concerned about race, not only about Western culture or Christianity, labelling him as a white nationalist.{{cite web|first=Benjamin|last=Teitelbaum|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/08/kultur/debatt/kronikk/nasjonalisme/breivik/17594748/|title=Hvit Nasjonalist|publisher=Dagbladet.no|date=8 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011}}

Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment described the ideologies of Breivik as "not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology, like white supremacism, ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism", but more akin to pan-nationalism and a "new doctrine of civilisational war".{{cite web |last=Hegghammer |first=Thomas |date=30 July 2011 |title=The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/12-Aug-2011/the-rise-of-the-macronationalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035220/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/12-Aug-2011/The-rise-of-the-macronationalists |archive-date=14 August 2011}} Norwegian social scientist Lars Gule characterised Breivik as a "national conservative, not a Nazi"."[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/norwegen-nach-den-anschlaegen-mein-kleines-land-gibt-es-nicht-mehr-11107871.html Mein kleines Land gibt es nicht mehr]" (in German). FAZ. 25 July 2011. Pepe Egger of the think-tank Exclusive Analysis says "the bizarre thing is that his ideas, as Islamophobic as they are, are almost mainstream in many European countries".{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=William |last2=Hornby |first2=Catherine |date=26 August 2012 |title=Analysis: Europe far right shuns Breivik's acts, flirts with ideas |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-europe-idUSBRE87P01N20120826 |newspaper=Reuters}}

In one section of the manifesto titled "Battlefield Wikipedia", Breivik explained the importance of using Wikipedia as a venue for disseminating views and information to the general public,{{Cite news|title=Dette skriver Behring Breivik om Wikipedia|trans-title=This is what Breivik writes about Wikipedia|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/rogaland/1.8047787|publisher=NRK|language=no|date=27 March 2012|access-date=28 March 2012}} although the Norwegian professor Arnulf Hagen claims that this was a document that he had copied from another author and that Breivik was unlikely to be a contributor to Wikipedia.{{cite web|url=http://www.frifagbevegelse.no/Nyheter/article5712431.ece|title=Høyreekstremt angrep på Wikipedia|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115144740/http://frifagbevegelse.no/Nyheter/article5712431.ece|archive-date=15 January 2015}} According to the leader of the Norwegian chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation an account belonging to Breivik has been identified.{{Cite news|last=Larsen, Eirin|title=Wikipedia vil ha hjelp til å kjempe mot høyreekstremisme|trans-title=Wikipedia wants help to combat right-wing extremism|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/rogaland/1.8045907|publisher=NRK|language=no|date=27 March 2012|access-date=28 March 2012}} On the second day of his trial, Breivik cited Wikipedia as the main source for his worldview.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9208311/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-day-two-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9208311/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-day-two-live.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik trial: day two live|date=17 April 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}

Breivik's manifesto 2083: A European Declaration of Independence circulated in online fascist forums where strategies were set and tactics debated.Pein, Corey (2017) Live Work Work Die: A Journey into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley. Metropolitan Books: Henry Holt and Co: New York. p. 235. {{ISBN?}} Australian terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, who killed 51 people (all Muslims) and injured 50 more during the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, mentioned Breivik in his manifesto The Great Replacement as one of the far-right mass murderers and killers he supports. Tarrant said he "only really took true inspiration from Knight Justiciar Breivik" even going as far as to claim "brief contact" with him and his organization Knights' Templar.{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|title=The Dark Web Enabled the Christchurch Killer|last=Ravndal|first=Jacob Aasland|date=16 March 2019|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318195011/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|title=Christchurch suspect claimed 'brief contact' with Norwegian mass murderer|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=16 March 2019|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235915/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}} With the exception of the Christchurch shootings, Breivik's influence on the tactics of far-right terrorists appeared to be rather limited.{{Cite journal |last1= Macklin |first1= G. |last2= Bjørgo |first2= T. |year= 2021 |title= Breivik's Long Shadow? The impact of the July 22, 2011 attacks on the modus operandi of extreme-right lone actor terrorists |url= https://pt.icct.nl/issue/volume-xv-issue-3-2021 |journal= Perspectives on Terrorism |volume= 15 |issue= 3, The Long-Term Impacts of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway – Ten Years After |pages= 14–36 |issn= 2334-3745}} {{open access}}

Breivik had been active on several anti-Islamic and nationalist blogs, including document.no,{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer|title=Far-right anti-Muslim network on rise globally as Breivik trial opens|last=Mark Townsend|work=The Guardian|date=14 April 2012|access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cite news |title=Attacks strike at Norway's values |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-europe-14260743 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=BBC News}}Sindre Bangstad, Anders Breivik and the Rise of Islamophobia, Zed Books, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1783600083}} and was a regular reader of Gates of Vienna, the Brussels Journal and Jihad Watch.{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/24/nyheter/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/17803023/|title=Her er Breiviks meningsfeller|work=Dagbladet.no|date=25 August 2011|access-date=13 September 2014}} He cited Jihad Watch 162 times in his 2011 manifesto,{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/7/26/islamophobes-distance-themselves-from-breivik |title=Islamophobes distance themselves from Breivik |publisher=Al Jazeera}} and cited Daniel Pipes and the Middle East Forum a further 18 times.{{cite news |url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia_chapter2.pdf |title=The Islamophobia misinformation experts |publisher=Center for American Progress}} Breivik frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.{{cite web|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/08/04/breivik-police-question-fjordman/|title=Breivik police question 'Fjordman' |publisher=Newsinenglish.no|date=4 August 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}} He used Fjordman's thinking to justify his actions, citing him 111 times in the manifesto.{{cite journal|journal=Süddeutsche Zeitung|last=Herrmann|first=Gunnar|title=Vorbild für einen Mörder ('Model for a murderer')|date=6 August 2011|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/blogger-fjordman-deckt-seine-identitaet-auf-vorbild-fuer-einen-moerder-1.1128759|access-date=6 August 2011|quote=Diese Gedankengänge hatte Breivik übernommen, um seinen Massenmord zu rechtfertigen. 111-mal zitiert er Fjordman in seinem Manifest. ("Breivik has used this thinking to justify his mass murder. In his manifesto, he cites Fjordmann 111 times.")}} In 2016, however, Breivik stated that he had in reality been a "national socialist", or Nazi, since age twelve, read Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf (1925) at age fourteen, and that he had in later years only disguised himself as a counter-jihadist.{{cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/breivik-jeg-leste-hitlers-mein-kampf-da-jeg-var-14-ar/s/12-95-3423203669|title=Breivik: Jeg leste Hitlers Mein Kampf da jeg var 14 år |date=16 March 2016|work=Nettavisen|language=no}} In 2022, he blamed the neo-Nazi organisation Blood & Honour for having radicalised him to the use of violence, and that this group carried the main responsibility for the terror attacks.{{cite news|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/breivik-i-retten-med-naziplakater-_-sier-han-tar-avstand-fra-vold-1.15806734|title=Aktor om Breiviks forklaring: En måte å rettferdiggjøre det han gjorde på|date=15 February 2022|work=NRK|language=no}}

After studying several militant groups, including the IRA, ETA and others, Breivik suggests far-right militants should adopt al-Qaeda's methods, learn from their success, and avoid their mistakes.{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/norwegian-gunman-describes-hunting-down-teenagers-202213270.html|title=Norwegian gunman describes hunting down teenagers|last=Gronnevet|first=Julia|agency=Associated Press|date=20 April 2012}}{{cite news|url=http://www.an.no/Innenriks/terrorsaken/article6021713.ece|title=Mener han er tilregnelig|date=20 April 2012|publisher=ANB-NTB|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110053529/http://www.an.no/Innenriks/terrorsaken/article6021713.ece|url-status=dead}} Breivik described al-Qaeda as the "most successful revolutionary force in the world" and praised their "cult of martyrdom". He stated that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"{{cite news |first=Doug |last=Saunders |author-link=Doug Saunders |date=25 July 2011 |title=Norway gunman's manifesto calls for war against Muslims |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/norway-gunmans-manifesto-calls-for-war-against-muslims/article2107826/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201337/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/norway-gunmans-manifesto-calls-for-war-against-muslims/article2107826/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |first=Doug |last=Saunders |author-link=Doug Saunders |date=26 July 2011 |title='Eurabia' opponents scramble for distance from anti-Muslim murderer |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/eurabia-opponents-scramble-for-distance-from-anti-muslim-murderer/article2109447/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203195000/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/eurabia-opponents-scramble-for-distance-from-anti-muslim-murderer/article2109447/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |first=Toby |last=Archer |title=Breivik's swamp |date=25 July 2011 |website=Foreign Policy |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801174700/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 August 2014}} and describes the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".{{cite web |title=Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen |website=bt.no |url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Terroristen-ville-bruke-atomvpen-2542322.html |access-date=27 July 2011 |language=no}} In his writings, Breivik stated that "the Battle of Vienna in 1683 should be celebrated as the Independence Day for all Western Europeans as it was the beginning of the end for the second Islamic wave of Jihads".{{cite news |series=Norway shootings |title=July 24, as it happened |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |date=24 July 2011 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659028/Norway-shooting-July-24-as-it-happened.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659028/Norway-shooting-July-24-as-it-happened.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}} The manifesto urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.{{cite web |series=Norway massacre |title=Breivik manifesto attempts to woo India's Hindu nationalists |work=Yahoo News |date=25 July 2011 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/norway-massacre-breivik-manifesto-attempts-woo-indias-hindu-185033601.html |access-date=13 September 2014}} It demands the forced deportation of all Muslims from Europe, based on the model of the Beneš decrees.{{cite news |first1=Mark |last1=Townsend |first2=Ian |last2=Traynor |date=30 July 2011 |series=Norway attacks |title=How far right views created Anders Behring Breivik |department=World news – The Observer |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/30/norway-attacks-anders-behring-breivik |access-date=10 August 2011 }}

In a letter Breivik sent to international media in 2014, he stated that he had exploited "counterjihadist" rhetoric as a means to protect "ethno-nationalists" and instead start a media hunt against "anti-nationalist counterjihadist"-supporters, in a strategy he calls "double psychology". Breivik further stated that he strives for a "pure Nordic ideal", advocating the establishment of a similar party in Norway to the neo-Nazi Party of the Swedes, and identifying himself as a part of "Western Europe's fascist movement". Moreover, he stated that his "support" for Israel is limited for it to function as a place to deport "disloyal Jews". During the trial in 2012, Breivik listed as his influences a number of neo-Nazi activists, as well as perpetrators of attacks against immigrants and leftists, considering them "heroes".{{Cite news|title=Grillet Breivik om Liberia|url=http://www.siste.no/terrorsaken/grillet-breivik-om-liberia/s/1-103-6090636|work=Siste.no|date=4 June 2012|language=no|access-date=22 January 2016|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112150/https://www.siste.no/terrorsaken/grillet-breivik-om-liberia/s/1-103-6090636|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|title=Elver av blod|url=http://www.klassekampen.no/60131/article/item/null/elver-av-blod|work=Klassekampen|date=18 April 2012|language=no}} In 2019, he claimed to have converted to democratic right-wing populism.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/0KdRxJ|title=Ap-Kamzy i ny bok: Fikk brev fra Anders Behring Breivik|website=Vg.no|date=7 April 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}} This has later been disputed since he still identifies as a "national socialist" and is possibly "more radical" than before with advocacy for white separatism.{{cite news|url=https://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/apenbart-at-han-fortsatt-har-det-samme-politiske-budskapet-som-for/14501710/|title= Åpenbart at han fortsatt har det samme politiske budskapet som før|date=18 January 2022|work=TV 2|language=no}}

On 17 April 2012, when asked by Lawyer Siv Hallgren if he is religious, Breivik answered in the affirmative. Later, during the same conversation, he stated: "I am Christian. I believe in God, but I am a bit religious, but not especially religious."{{cite news |title=Her er Breiviks ordrette forklaring under utspørringen (word for word transcript of the court case against Breivik on April 17th 2012) |website=TV2|date=18 July 2012|url=https://www.tv2.no/a/3758651|access-date=1 January 2021}} Breivik has later described his religious faith as being Odinism, a neopagan belief.{{cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/breivik-odin-er-min-gud/s/12-95-3423203770|title=Breivik: Odin er min gud|date=16 March 2016|work=Nettavisen|language=no}} While Breivik was frequently described in the media as a "Christian fundamentalist",{{cite news |title=Norway police say 85 killed in island youth camp attack |work=BBC News|location=London |date=23 July 2011 |quote=We have no more information than ... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14259356 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724220955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14259356 |archive-date=24 July 2011}}{{cite web |title=Google cache of Facebook page of Anders Behring Breivik |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=bot: unknown |url=http://https/ |archive-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/}}{{cite news|last=Davey|first=Melissa|date=24 July 2011|title='You will all die' – Anders Behring Breivik |series=Norway terror attack |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/you-will-all-die-20110723-1hugs.html}}{{cite news |title=Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting |date=23 July 2011 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723 |access-date=23 July 2011}}{{cite news |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |last2=Shane |first2=Scott |name-list-style=and |date=24 July 2011 |title=As horrors emerge, Norway charges Christian extremist |newspaper=The New York Times |place=New York |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9E01E5DE143FF937A15754C0A9679D8B63.html |access-date=14 October 2024}} such assertions were disputed in a number of sources,{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=24 July 2011 |title=Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |quote=Norway mass murderer Anders Breivik's internet writings show him to be anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist, not a fundamentalist Christian. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs |access-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113836/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs |archive-date=26 July 2011}} and Breivik has later denied it, stating in letters to Norwegian newspaper Dagen that he "is not, and has never been a Christian", and that he thinks there are few things in the world more "pathetic" than "the Jesus-figure and his message". He said he prays and sacrifices to Odin, and identifies his religion as Odinism.

Following his arrest, Breivik was characterised by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a deep-seated hatred of Islam,{{cite news |title=Norway remembers 77 victims a month after massacre |website=InterAksyon |date=21 August 2011 |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11444/norway-remembers-77-victims-a-month-after-massacre |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716153354/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11444/norway-remembers-77-victims-a-month-after-massacre |archive-date=16 July 2015}} who considered himself a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.{{cite web |first=Starla |last=Muhammad |date=19 August 2011 |title=Tragedy in Norway borne out of seeds of racism and intolerance in UK, EU |website=New America Media |url=http://newamericamedia.org/2011/08/tragedy-in-norway-borne-out-of-seeds-of-racism-and-intolerance-in-uk-eu.php |url-status=usurped |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004806/http://newamericamedia.org/2011/08/tragedy-in-norway-borne-out-of-seeds-of-racism-and-intolerance-in-uk-eu.php |archive-date=5 January 2012}}{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Godfrey |date=19 August 2011 |title=Utøya island shooting victims return to scene of Breivik's killing spree |place=London |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/19/utoya-island-shooting-victims-return}} At the same time, Breivik said both during his trial and in his manifesto to have been inspired by jihadist groups, and stated his willingness to work together with groups like Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab in order to conduct attacks with weapons of mass destruction against Western targets.{{cite news |title=Norway killer Breivik inspired by al-Qaeda |date=17 April 2012 |website=thelocal.no |agency=AFP |url=https://www.thelocal.no/20120417/militant-nationalist-breivik-inspired-by-al-qaeda}}{{cite news |title=Norway killer Breivik willing to work with al-Qaeda, says Templars may need to kill children and cut off own penis |date=25 July 2011 |newspaper=International Business Times |place=London |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/norway-killer-breivik-willing-to-work-with-al-qaeda-iran-says-templars-must-kill-children-and-cut-of-186202}}{{cite news |title=Breivik og al-Qaida i samme kamp |date=6 October 2011 |website=forskning.no |url=https://forskning.no/religion/2011/10/breivik-og-al-qaida-i-samme-kamp |language=no}}

In prison, Breivik became a supporter of Donald Trump.{{cite news |title=Regjeringsadvokaten: –⁠ Breivik strålende fornøyd med Trump-seier |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/52zk1/regjeringsadvokaten-breivik-straalende-fornoeyd-med-trump-seier |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=VG}}

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and from 2010. According to the club, which banned him for life after the attacks, Breivik took part in thirteen organized training sessions and one competition since June 2010.{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/oslo-shooting-club-reveals-behring-breivik-s-membership/article1-726569.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717044545/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/oslo-shooting-club-reveals-behring-breivik-s-membership/article1-726569.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2015|title=Oslo shooting club reveals Behring Breivik's membership|date=28 July 2011|work=Hindustan Times}} The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons.{{cite web|url=http://www.oslopk.com/|title=Oslo Pistolklubb|publisher=Oslopk.com|access-date=10 August 2011}}

At the time of the attacks, Breivik was a member of the Lodge of St. Olaf at the Three Columns in Oslo{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/prosjekt/frimurer/losjer/soilene/medlem/80189|title=Frimurer Anders Behring|publisher=Tv2.no|access-date=24 July 2011}} and had displayed photographs of himself in partial Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/24/norway-bombing-attack-far-right|title=Norway attacks: We can no longer ignore the far-right threat|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=24 July 2010|access-date=24 July 2011|first=Matthew|last=Goodwin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171818/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/24/norway-bombing-attack-far-right|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Kremer|first=Josiane|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-23/norwegian-authorities-mine-online-postings-for-clues-to-breivik-s-motives.html|title=Norway Killing Suspect's Postings Offer Clues|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=24 July 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}} In interviews after the attacks, his lodge said it had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar Skaar, issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.{{cite web|url=http://www.frimurer.no/ordenen/15-aktuelt/1192-the-norwegian-order-of-freemasons-expressing-compassion-and-care|title=The Norwegian Order of Freemasons expressing compassion and care|last=Skar|first=Ivar A.|date=23 July 2011|publisher=Norwegian Order of Freemasons|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729090435/http://www.frimurer.no/ordenen/15-aktuelt/1192-the-norwegian-order-of-freemasons-expressing-compassion-and-care|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}{{Cite journal|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080647|title=Frimurerordenen: – Terrorsiktet hadde minimal kontakt med oss|first=Eva-Therese|last=Grøttum|publisher=VG|location=NO|journal=Nyheter |date=23 July 2011 }} According to the Lodge records, Breivik took part in a total of four meetings between his initiation in February 2007 and his exclusion from the order (one each to receive the first, second, and third degrees, and one other meeting){{cite news|last=Skar|first=Ivar A.|title=22. JULI 2011|newspaper=FRIMURERbladet|date=September 2011}} and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.{{cite web|url=http://frimurer.no/ordenen/den-terrorsiktede-var-ingen-aktiv-frimurer|title=Den terrorsiktede var ingen aktiv frimurer|publisher=Norwegian Order of Freemasons|access-date=29 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810152451/http://www.frimurer.no/ordenen/den-terrorsiktede-var-ingen-aktiv-frimurer|archive-date=10 August 2014}} Skaar said that although Breivik was a member of the Order, his actions showed that he was in no way a Mason.

Breivik became a member of the Progress Party (FrP) in 1999. He paid his membership dues for the last time in 2004 and was removed from the membership list in 2006. During his time in the Progress Party, he held two positions in the Progress Party's youth organisation FpU: he was the chair of the local Vest Oslo branch from January to October 2002, and a member of the board of the same branch from October 2002 until November 2004.{{cite news|first=Kristine Grue |last=Langset |title=Frp: Breivik har vært medlem og har hatt verv i ungdomspartiet |work=Aftenposten |location=Norway |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181267.ece |language=no |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105000656/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181267.ece |archive-date=5 January 2012 }}{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|author-link=Peter Beaumont (journalist)|title=Anders Behring Breivik: profile of a mass murderer|work=The Guardian|location=UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/anders-behring-breivik-norway-attacks|date=23 July 2011|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724221409/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/23/anders-behring-breivik-norway-attacks|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorsiktede-var-tidligere-medlem-av-fremskrittspartiet-3544743.html|title=Terrorsiktede var tidligere medlem av Fremskrittspartiet|last1=Fondenes|first1=Eivind|last2=Buer|first2=Kathleen|date=23 July 2011|publisher=TV 2|location =NO|work=Nyhetene|language=no|access-date=23 July 2011}} After the attack, the Progress Party immediately distanced itself from Breivik's actions and ideas.{{cite news|url =http://tb.no/nyheter/hvis-noen-i-frp-har-meninger-i-trad-med-behring-breivik-vil-de-bli-ekskludert-1.6382601|title =– Hvis noen i Frp har meninger i tråd med Behring Breivik, vil de bli ekskludert|first =Carine Louise|last =Nilsen|date =24 July 2011}} At a 2013 press conference, Ketil Solvik-Olsen said that Breivik "left us [the party] because we were too liberal".{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/valg/--Breivik-mente-Frp-var-for-liberalt-2968954.html|title=Breivik mente Frp var for liberalt|work=Bergens Tidende|access-date=13 September 2014}}

Breivik claimed he had contact with the far-right English Defence League (EDL), a movement in the United Kingdom that has been accused of Islamophobia. He allegedly had extensive links with senior EDL members{{cite news|last=Hughes|first=Mark|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661139/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-had-extensive-links-to-English-Defence-League.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661139/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-had-extensive-links-to-English-Defence-League.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik had extensive links to English Defence League|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=25 July 2011|access-date=17 September 2011 }}{{cbignore}} and wrote that he attended an EDL demonstration in Bradford.{{cite news|last=Rayner|first=Gordon|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8664159/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-emailed-manifesto-to-250-British-contacts.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8664159/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-emailed-manifesto-to-250-British-contacts.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik emailed 'manifesto' to 250 British contacts|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26 July 2011|access-date=29 November 2011|location=London}}{{cbignore}} On 26 July 2011, EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any official links with him.{{cite web|url=http://englishdefenceleague.org/official-statement-anders-brievik/|title=Official Statement – Anders Brievik|publisher=BigJay|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145310/http://www.englishdefenceleague.org/official-statement-anders-brievik/|archive-date=29 November 2014}}

On 31 July 2011, Interpol asked Maltese police to investigate Paul Ray, a former EDL member who blogs under the name "Lionheart". Ray conceded that he may have been an inspiration for Breivik, but deplored his actions.{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-07-31/news/interpol-requests-maltese-police-to-investigate-norway-mass-murderers-malta-based-mentor-296503/|title=Interpol requests Maltese police to investigate Norway mass-murderer's Malta-based "mentor", Malta Independent Online, 31 July 2011|publisher=Independent.com.mt|date=31 July 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110731/local/The-extremists-in-our-midst.378042|title=The extremists in our midst

|publisher=Timesofmalta.com|date=31 July 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}} In an online discussion on the Norwegian website Document.no on 6 December 2009, Breivik proposed establishing a Norwegian version of the EDL. Breivik saw this as the only way to stop left-wing radical groups like Blitz and SOS Rasisme from "harassing" Norwegian cultural conservatives.{{cite web|last=Breivik, Anders Behring|title=Anders Behring Breiviks kommentarer hos Document.no|trans-title=Anders Behring Breiviks comments at Document.no|url=http://www.document.no/anders-behring-breivik/|publisher=Document.no|language=no|date=6 December 2009|quote=EDL er et eksempel til etterfølgelse og en norsk versjon er det eneste som kan hindre Blitz/SOS i å trakassere norske kulturkonservative fra andre fronter. Å lage en norsk EDL bør være nr. 3 på agendaen etter at vi har fått startet opp en kulturkonservativ avis med nasjonal distribusjon.|access-date=4 February 2012}} Following the establishment of the European Defence League, the Norwegian Defence League (NDL) launched in 2010. Breivik indeed became a member of this organization under the pseudonym "Sigurd Jorsalfar".{{Cite news|last=Paust |first=Thomas|title=Breivik var medlem i Norsk forsvarsallianse|trans-title=Breivik was member of Norwegian Defence Allianse|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3197875.ece|newspaper=Nettavisen|location=Oslo, Norway|language=no|date=26 July 2011|access-date=3 February 2012}} Former head of the NDL, Lena Andreassen, claimed that Breivik was ejected from the organization when she took over as leader in March 2011 because he was too extreme.{{Cite news|title=Hevder Breivik var for ekstrem for Norwegian Defence League|trans-title=Claims Breivik was too extreme for Norwegian Defence League|url=http://www.agderposten.no/article/20110726/NTBI/2136188831|work=Agderposten|agency=NTB|language=no|date=26 July 2011|access-date=3 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=May 2015}}

{{See also|Knights Templar in popular culture}}

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order", which he called the new Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici (PCCTS, Knights Templar). According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian (apparently Breivik), and a Serb (supposedly the initiator, not present, but represented by Breivik). The compendium gives a "2008 estimate" that there are between 15 and 80 "Justiciar Knights" in Western Europe, and an unknown number of civilian members, and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.{{cite news|title=Jeg er en del av en internasjonal orden|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080706|language=no|trans-title=I am a part of an international order|date=24 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011}}

Breivik gave his own code name in the organisation as Sigurd and that of his assigned "mentor" as Richard, after the twelfth-century crusaders and kings Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England.{{cite news|title=Skulle drepe 4848 nordmenn|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/24/nyheter/utoya/innenriks/17437552/|language=no|trans-title=Planned to kill 4,848 Norwegians|date=24 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011}} He called himself a one-man cell of this organisation and claimed that the group has several other cells in Western countries, including two more in Norway. On 2 August 2011, Breivik offered to provide information about these cells, but on unrealistic preconditions.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14372038|title=Norway attacks: Breivik makes 'unrealistic' demands |work=BBC|date=2 August 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}}

After an intense investigation assisted internationally by several security agencies, the Norwegian police did not find any evidence a PCCTS network existed, or that an alleged 2002 London meeting ever took place. The police concluded Breivik's claim was a figment of his imagination because of his schizophrenia diagnosis, and were confident that he had no accessories. Breivik continued to insist he belonged to an order and that his one-man cell was "activated" by another clandestine cell.{{cite news|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/01/04/helicopter-delayed-breivik-bluffing/|title=Helicopter delayed, Breivik bluffing|last=Berglund|first=Nina|publisher=Norway International Network|date=4 January 2012|access-date=5 January 2012}} On 14 August 2012, several Norwegian politicians and media outlets received an email from someone claiming to be Breivik's "deputy", demanding that Breivik be released and making more threats against Norwegian society.{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/breiviks-deputy-issues-terror-warning-10473036|title=Breivik's 'Deputy' Issues Terror Warning|work=Sky News|access-date=13 September 2014}}

In 2017 he changed his name to Fjotolf Hansen, Fjotolf being a name he created that is reminiscent of the word "fjott" (meaning fool).{{cite news|date=10 June 2017|title=Norwegian killer Breivik changes his name|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40233702}} In 2025 he changed his name to Far Skaldigrimmr Rauskjoldr av Northriki, which was described as a fantasy name loosely reminiscent of Old Norse. "Skaldigrimmr" is most similar to the real Old Norse or Icelandic nickname "Skalla-Grímr," meaning "bald Grímr" with Rauskjoldr av Northriki" meaning "Red shield of the North".{{cite news |title=22. juli-terroristen har fått godkjent nytt navn i Folkeregisteret |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/73M14v/22-juli-terroristen-har-faatt-godkjent-nytt-navn-i-folkeregisteret |access-date=4 March 2025}}

{{Portal|Law|Norway|Politics}}

• List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)
• Counter-jihad
• Far-right politics
• Hate crime
• Right-wing terrorism
• Spree killer

{{Reflist}}

• Borchgrevink, Aage Storm ["A Norwegian tragedy. Anders Behring Breivik and the roads to Utøya"] En norsk tragedie: Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya (2012)
• Borchgrevink, Aage Storm; Puzey, Guy A Norwegian Tragedy: Anders Behring Breivik and the Massacre on Utøya. 2013. {{ISBN|978-0745672205}} (translated from the Norwegian)
• ["The Mother"] Moren (2013), by Marit Christensen. Christensen claimed that for the last year of Wenche Behring Breivik's life, she had been her confidant, and that the book is based on Christensen's interviews with her. Wenche Behring Breivik hired a lawyer to prevent Christensen from publishing the book. The book was criticized for character assassinations of still-living people.
• Frydnes, Jørgen Watne ["No man is an island"] Ingen mann er en øy (2021)
• Seierstad, Åsne One of Us: The Story of a Massacre in Norway – and Its Aftermath (2013)
• Seierstad, Åsne; Death, Sarah. One of us: the story of Anders Breivik and the massacre in Norway. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0374277895}} (translated from the Norwegian)
• Turrettini, Unni; Puckett, Kathleen M. The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik and the Threat of Terror in Plain Sight. New York: Pegasus Crime, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1605989105}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Wikinews}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [https://www.great-replacement.com/text/2083-a-european-declaration-of-independence.pdf 2083: A European Declaration of Independence] Original document by Breivik.
• [http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/robbins-report/2011/jul/23/oslo-terrorist-his-own-words/ Washington Times: The Oslo Terrorist in His Own Words] – Summary of Breivik's political beliefs
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14276074 BBC: Norway attacks: The victims] – The eight Oslo bomb victims and the 69 youth camp victims
• [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9206336/Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-indictment-in-full.html Daily Telegraph: Trial indictment]
• [http://www.klassekampen.no/article/20160312/ARTICLE/160319987 Influencing from prison]
• [http://www.nrk.no/norge/_-staten-bor-ta-til-seg-kritikken-i-dommen-1.12910438 The government should accept the criticism of the verdict]
• {{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich|title=Norway: The rich cousin|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=13 September 2014}}

{{2011 Norway attacks}}

{{Neo-Nazism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Breivik, Anders Behring}}

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