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Arcade (architecture)

{{short description|Covered walk enclosed by a line of arches on one or both sides}}

{{Other uses|Arcade (disambiguation)}}

File:S95NormanArcadeEly.jpg blind arcade, Ely Cathedral]]

An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians; they include many loggias, but here arches are not an essential element. An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway. Alternatively, a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&pg=PA865|title=Essex|first1=James|last1=Bettley|first2=Nikolaus|last2=Pevsner|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Yale University Press|via=Google Books}}

Blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that influenced Gothic architecture. In the Gothic architectural tradition, the arcade can be located in the interior, in the lowest part of the wall of the nave, supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral,William Chambers (1973), Chambers's encyclopaedia, Volume 1, International Learning Systems Corp, p. 534 or on the exterior, in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters.

A different, related meaning is "a covered passage with shops on one or both sides".

  • John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, p. 16, 3rd edn, 1980, Penguin, ISBN 0140510133 Many medieval open arcades housed shops or stalls, either in the arcaded space itself, or set into the main wall behind. From this, "arcade" has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building, regardless of the architectural form.

The word "arcade" comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’ (see arc and arch).New Oxford American Dictionary

A related but ambiguous term is {{vanchor|arcature}}, which is either a small arcade or a blind arcade.{{M-W|arcature}} "1. a small arcade (as in a balustrade). 2. a blind arcade, especially one that is decorative rather than structural."{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Luke Vincent |title=The Furniture Collectors' Glossary |date=1913 |publisher=Walpole Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZM7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA4 |quote=ARCATURE . — A small arcade formed by a series of little arches. It may be blind or open.}}

History

Arcades go back to at least the Ancient Greek architecture of the Hellenistic period, and were much used by the Romans, for example at the base of the Colosseum. Church cloisters very often use arcading. Islamic architecture very often uses arcades in and outside mosques in particular. In Renaissance architecture elegant arcading was often used as a prominent feature of facades, for example in the Ospedale degli Innocenti (commissioned 1419) or the courtyard of the Palazzo Bardi, both by Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence.

File:Colosseum 0732 2013.jpg|Arcades of the Colosseum (AD 70s) from the outside

File:L-Kolloseum.png|...and in cross-section

File:Great Mosque of Kairouan gallery.jpg|Arcades inside the Mosque of Uqba, also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia (670). There is no vaulting; the arches are bridged by wooden beams

File:Cordoba Mezquita (panorama).jpg|These arcades in Córdoba were begun in the 780s; Some are topped by beams, others by barrel vaults.

File:Arcade diagram.png|Interior elevation of a Gothic cathedral, with the side-aisle arcade highlighted. The triforium and clerestory above also have arcades.

File:Ospedale degli innocenti, chiostro delle donne 02.JPG|The women's cloister at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1420s and 30s. The topmost story has a colonnade, but not an arcade, as there are no arches

Shopping arcades

File:Metz - Place Saint-Louis -622.jpg houses in Metz, France.]]

File:Firenze, loggia del Mercato Nuovo (03).jpg, Florence, Italy]]

File:Adelaide Arcade, Sweet 1886.jpg in Adelaide, South Australia, {{Circa|1886}}.]]

File:Carpet Bazaar of Tabriz.JPG, Iran, devoted to carpet selling.]]

File:Tunesien1983-21 hg.jpg]]

File:(1)_The_Strand_(b).JPG, Australia, opened 1892]]

File:Mellin-Passage Hamburg.jpg street in Hamburg, Germany]]

The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as l’Ère des passages couverts (the Arcade Era).Lemoine, B., Les Passages Couverts, Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris [AAVP], 1990. {{ISBN|9782905118219}}. He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting.Mitchell, I., Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850, Routledge, Oxon, p. 140 The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes.Byrne-Paquet, L., The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping, ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 92–95

The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open loggias of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied colonnades in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in Totnes and Dartmouth in Devon. During the 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open loggias include: Mercato Nuovo (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by Giorgio Vasari (1567) and Loggia del Grano (1619) by Giulio Parigi.Pevsner, N., A History of Building Types, Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 235; Goy, R.J., Florence: A Walking Guide to Its Architecture, Yale University Press, 2015; Codini, E.K. (ed), Architettura a Pisa nel Primo Periodo Mediceo, Gangemi, 2003, p.213

Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and the antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: Palais Royal in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's Piccadilly Arcade (1810) and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (1878).Sassatelli, R., Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics, Sage, 2007, p. 27; Although the author specifically names Piccadilly Arcade, it is possible that she intended Burlington Arcade in Piccadilly. Some examples of arcades in North America include New York's Paddock Arcade (1850), Ohio's Dayton Arcade (1904),{{Cite web|url=https://arcade.daytonhistoryproject.org/sample-page/|title=Part 1: 1880-1913|date=2019-02-22|website=arcade|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}} and Rhode Island's Westminster Arcade (1828). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's Çiçek Pasajı opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall, and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

The Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades. Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.Byrne-Paquet, L., The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping, ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90–93

One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today. The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade and remains the largest shopping center in the city. Gostiny Dvor translates into Merchants' Arcade.{{Cite book|author1=Richard Stites|title=Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300137576|page=15}} Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional Neoclassical design submitted by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729–1800).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe.Bogdanov, I.A. , Bolshoi Gostiny dvor v Peterburge. SPb, 2001

An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets.p. 174 Desmons, Gilles Walking Paris New Holland Publishers, 2008 A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration.p. 386 Ayers, Andrew The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide Edition Axel Menges, 2004 Upper levels of arcades often contained apartmentsp. 32 Benjamin, Walter & Tiedemann, Rolf The Arcades Project Harvard University Press, 1999 and sometimes brothels.p. 88 Rabaté, Jean-Michel Given: 10 Art 20 Crime : Modernity, Murder and Mass Culture Sussex Academic Press, 2007

Shopping arcades globally

File:Covered Market Inside.JPG|Inside the Covered Market, Oxford, England. Curved roof trusses imitate the form of a stone arcade.

File:Royal Arcade, Melbourne, Australia - April 2004.jpg|Royal Arcade in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, opened 1870

File:Cleveland Arcade, 1966.jpg|The Cleveland Arcade in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States, built 1890

File:Passage des Panoramas Paris.JPG|The Passage des Panoramas, Paris, France

File:Párizsi-udvar3.JPG|The Párizsi udvar in Budapest

File:Fez-P1050486.JPG|Mule moving goods through the car-free medina in Fez, Morocco

Notable arcades

=Religious buildings=

=Shopping "arcades"=

Gallery

File:Arcade of Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna, Italy.jpg|Arcade of Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna, Italy. 2016

File:Bonne-Esperance Cloitre est.JPG|Arcades inside the Bonne-Espérance Abbey.

File:Umayyad Mosque - courtyard.JPG|Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus

See also

{{Commons category|Arcades}}

References

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Category:Arches and vaults

Category:Ceilings

Category:Architectural elements