Aviadvigatel PD-14

File:Flight Research Institute, M. Gromov Ilyushin Il-76LL PS689709.jpg]]

{{External media

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|image1 = [http://russianplanes.net/id175655 PD-14 engine with chevrons on the plane Il-76LL. Oktober 2015.]

|image2 = [http://expert.ru/data/public/487628/487742/8strategii3.jpg PD-14 engine in the assembly. Augustus 2015.]

|video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7OZBrcCE_Q PD-14: Flight tests of the engine. November 2015.] {{in lang|ru}}

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In December 2009, the PD-14 was developed to be 15% more efficient than its PS-90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the MC-21 and the Ilyushin Il-276.{{cite news |url= http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n676.html |date= 16 Dec 2009 |title= Russian aircraft designers tested yesterday's engine |work= RusBusinessNews}}

The PD-14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at RUB 35 billion (US$1.1 billion).{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-firms-pd-14-domestic-engine-concept-for-ms-21-337910 |title= Russia firms 'PD-14' domestic engine concept for MS-21 |author= Tom Zaitsev |work= Flight Global |date= 2 Feb 2010}}

In April 2010, Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012.{{cite press release |url= http://www.avid.ru/en/news/2010/04/19/974/ |title= In 2011 Aviadvigatel OJSC will develop PD-14 engine demonstrator |date= 19 April 2010 |publisher= UEC-Aviadvigatel}}

Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010.{{cite news |url= http://fantasylab.ru/take-off-en/news/102-feb2011/561-pd-14-11-2010 |title= PD-14: core engine tests launched |magazine= Take-off |date= Feb 2011}}

It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 Russian MAKS air show.{{cite news |author= Stephen Trimble |title= MAKS: Russia lifts veil on PD-14 demonstrator, latest engine technology |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/maks-russia-lifts-veil-on-pd-14-demonstrator-latest-engine-389915/ |work= Flightglobal |date= 29 Aug 2013}}

Flight tests began in 2015 on an Ilyushin Il-76.{{cite news |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-10-18/russian-engine-irkut-mc-21-wins-certification |title=Russian Engine for Irkut MC-21 Wins Certification |date=October 18, 2018 |given=Vladimir |surname=Karnazov |work=AINonline}} Between December 2016 and May 2017, the PD-14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il-76 testbed aircraft at Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow.{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/manufacturers/uac-completes-pd-14-second-stage-flight-testing-mc-21 |work= Aviation Week Network |title= UAC completes PD-14 second-stage flight testing for MC-21 |date= May 26, 2017 |author= Polina Montag-Girmes}} After two years of exploring the performance at most altitudes, airspeeds and operating modes, the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters. A third phase of flight tests started in January 2018 from the GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield, conducted in co-operation with certification specialists in order to formally confirm the pre-certification findings.

Ground tests were to continue in parallel, and United Engine Corporation claimed that the engine matched the performance of products from foreign competitors and even surpassed them for noise and emissions.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-round-of-flight-tests-take-pd-14-closer-to-certi-444538/ |title= New round of flight tests take PD-14 closer to certification |date= 2 Jan 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}} Bird strike tests on the fan, including high-speed video and vibration measurements, were conducted together with fan blade strength tests. The results were expected to reduce the time and cost for attaining full certification status.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pd-14-fan-undergoes-bird-strike-testing-444999/ |title= PD-14 fan undergoes bird-strike testing |date= 18 Jan 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}

United Engine was to deliver five PD-14 engines to Irkut by the end of 2018, following Rosaviatsia certification. The aim was to start flight tests on the MC-21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant by 2021.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-signs-for-mc-21s-initial-pd-14-flight-test-en-445253/ |title= Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines |date= 26 Jan 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}} EASA certification was expected, when the engine entered serial production.{{Cite news |url= http://www.rusaviainsider.com/mc-21-narrowbody-sport-russian-pd-14-engines-2019/ |title= MC-21 narrowbody to sport Russian PD-14 engines from 2019 |date= March 8, 2018 |work= Russian Aviation Insider}} In October 2018, Rosaviatsia granted certification for the PD-14, and delivery of the first engines for two MC-21s were then expected by the end of 2018. European certificate validation was planned for 2019.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pd-14-engine-for-mc-21-secures-russian-certification-452842/ |title= PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification |date= 19 Oct 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}

In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines to be installed on an MC-21 airliner,{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/irkut-receives-first-pd-14-engines-for-installation-on-mc-21/136421.article |title= Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21 |work= Flightglobal |date= 29 January 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 29 August 2023 |archive-date= 29 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143922/https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/irkut-receives-first-pd-14-engines-for-installation-on-mc-21/136421.article |url-status= live }} and the first PD-14-powered MC-21-310 variant made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |title= MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight |work= Flightglobal |date= 15 December 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 29 August 2023 |archive-date= 15 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073929/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |url-status= live }}

In October 2021, the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests. According to Anatoly Serdyukov, the thrust of the PD-14 “practically did not decrease” after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for one hour.{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/pd-14-engine-for-mc-21-passes-landmark-volcanic-ash-exposure-test/146136.article|title=PD-14 engine for MC-21 passes landmark volcanic ash exposure test|website=flightglobal.com|date=28 October 2021}}

The first mass-produced batch was delivered to a test facility in February 2025.{{Cite web |last=Kaminski-Morrow2025-02-24T08:31:00+00:00 |first=David |title=United Engine starts delivering serial PD-14 powerplants for MC-21 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/united-engine-starts-delivering-serial-pd-14-powerplants-for-mc-21/161927.article |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} The new engine features hollow titanium fan blades for reduced weight and incorporates at least 16 new technological solutions. The engine was approved for low-temperature operation.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=Ростех передал партию отечественных двигателей ПД-14 для установки на МС-21 |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20250221/engines/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.irk.ru}}

File:PD-14 engine at MAKS-2015.jpg

The 1.9 m (75 in) fan has 18 titanium alloy blades, providing an 8.5:1 bypass ratio significantly improved from previous Russian engines, but below the CFM LEAP's 10:1 or the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G's 12:1 for the MC-21 from 2017.

The 3D aerodynamics shaped first high-pressure turbine stage has advanced cooling channels.

Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant, including monocrystalline alloys for vanes, and high-strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks.

File:ILA Berlin 2012 PD 056.JPG 2012]]

Developed from the PS-12 (an uprated PS-90A), the 122–153 kN (27,500–34,500 lbf) thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company.

The two-shaft turbofan has a high-pressure core from the PS-12 with an eight-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine, and four low-pressure stages.

The high-bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer, fuel burn should be reduced by 10–15% from the CFM International CFM56 and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu-204.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

With development commencing in 2019, the PD-8 is a de-rated model at 78 kN (17,500 lbf) primarily intended for the Yakovlev SJ-100 as well as the Beriev Be-200 and Ilyushin Il-212.{{cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Rostec continues working in the PD-8 engine and it may power the Beriev BE-200 |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/02/rostec-continues-work-on-the-pd-8-engine-and-it-may-power-the-beriev-be-200/ |accessdate=March 11, 2022 |publisher=Ismael Awad-Risk, Aviacionline, January 2, 2022}}{{cite web |title=Powerful and light: details about the new military transport aircraft Il-212 become known |url=https://www1.ru/en/news/2023/10/14/moshhnyi-i-legkii-stali-izvestny-podrobnosti-o-novom-voenno-transportnom-samolete-il-212.html |accessdate=October 27, 2023 |publisher=www1.ru, October 14, 2023}}{{cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=IL-112V aircraft will receive PD-8 engine |url=https://ruavia.su/il-112v-aircraft-will-receive-pd-8-engine/ |accessdate=October 27, 2023 |publisher=RuAviation, July 19, 2023}} The engine is intended to replace several engines used in existing Russian aircraft, such as the Franco-Russian PowerJet SaM146 and the Russo-Ukrainian Progress D-436.

File:Подготовка к испытаниям первого опытного двигателя ПД-8 на ОДК-Сатурн.jpg

Engine test flights began at the Gromov Flight Research Institute in 2022 using an Ilyushin Il-76LL testbed aircraft as well as ground testing being conducted by UEC-Perm Engines.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=Test flights of PD-8 engine as part of IL-76 flying laboratory started – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/test-flights-of-pd-8-engine-as-part-of-il-76-flying-laboratory-started/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}} In June 2023, it was announced that development work had completed, with qualification and development tests commencing at TsAGI.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=The PD-8 engine control system has passed tests to simulate a fire in the nacelle – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/the-pd-8-engine-control-system-has-passed-tests-to-simulate-a-fire-in-the-nacelle/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}} In early 2024, it was announced that TsAGI had completed aerodynamic tests of a SJ-100 aircraft equipped with PD-8 engines and modified pylons and nacelles.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Production of turbine blades for the PD-8 engine has been launched at ODK-Saturn in Rybinsk – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/production-of-turbine-blades-for-the-pd-8-engine-has-been-launched-at-odk-saturn-in-rybinsk/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}} In 2024, the engine manufacturer was implementing a strategy of using computer modelling of the PD-8 for testing in order to reduce the number of required real engine tests, so as to accelerate PD-8 certification.{{cite web |date=7 May 2024 |title=Digital twin will speed up certification of the PD-8 engine |url=https://ruavia.su/digital-twin-will-speed-up-certification-of-the-pd-8-engine/ |accessdate=July 15, 2024 |publisher=RuAviation, May 7, 2024}}

In February 2025, Vladimir Artjakov of Rostec stated that the first engines had been delivered to the Yakovlev Production Centre in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in preparation for flight testing on the Superjet 100.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=From Ground Tests to Flight: UEC Delivers First "Operational" PD-8s for the SJ-100 – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/from-ground-tests-to-flight-uec-delivers-first-operational-pd-8s-for-the-sj-100/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}} Shortly after, ground engine runs commenced on the first aircraft.{{Cite web |last=Zwerger |first=Patrick |date=2025-02-15 |title=Flugtests sollen demnächst starten: Russlands neuer Superjet kriegt endlich seine Triebwerke |url=https://www.flugrevue.de/zivil/russlands-neuer-superjet-kriegt-endlich-seine-triebwerke-flugtests-sollen-demnaechst-starten/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.flugrevue.de |language=de}}

On 17 March 2025, the maiden flight of the PD-8 with a modified Superjet took place at Dzyomgi Airport in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/modified-superjet-100-conducts-maiden-flight-with-russian-built-pd-8-engines/162237.article{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.1tv.ru/news/2025-03-17/504292-opytnyy_obrazets_samoleta_superdzhet_sovershil_pervyy_polet_s_otechestvennymi_dvigatelyami_pd_8 |title=Опытный образец самолета «Суперджет» совершил первый полет с отечественными двигателями ПД-8. Новости. Первый канал |language=ru |access-date=2025-04-16 |via=www.1tv.ru}}{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Bench tests using the "Electronic Bird" rig helped reduce the development timeline of the PD-8 engine – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/bench-tests-using-the-electronic-bird-rig-helped-reduce-the-development-timeline-of-the-pd-8-engine/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Russia’s import-substituted SJ-100 equipped with PD-8 engines takes off for maiden flight |url=https://tass.com/economy/1929011 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=TASS}} The aircraft spent approximately 40 minutes in flight, reaching a speed of 270 knots and an altitude of 10,000 feet.{{Cite web |last=Aviacionline |title=First flight of the Russian commercial aircraft Sukhoi Superjet with domestic engines |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/first-flight-of-the-russian-commercial-aircraft-sukhoi-superjet-with-domestic-engines |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Aviacionline {{!}} Aviacionline es el sitio de aviación en español más leído del mundo. Presenta noticias de aerolíneas, aviones, aeropuertos, y demás. |language=es}} A second test flight took place with the aircraft reaching an altitude of 25,000 feet. The two hour flight consisted of several tests including engine shutdown and restart in mid-flight.{{Cite web |title=Superjet с двигателями ПД-8 во время второго полета поднялся в 2,5 раза выше |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/23466293 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=TACC |language=ru}} An further flight on 7 April 2025 lasted three hours, reaching an altitude of 37,000 feet.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Import-Substituted Superjet Reaches Altitude of 37,000 Feet During Flight – RuAviation |url=https://ruavia.su/import-substituted-superjet-reaches-altitude-of-37000-feet-during-flight/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}}

Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn, the {{cvt|35|tf|lbf}} thrust PD-35 was to be developed until 2025{{cite news |url= http://tass.com/economy/883522 |title= Moscow starts developing heavy engine for joint Chinese-Russian airliner |date= June 20, 2016 |work= TASS}} for 180 billion rubles ($3 billion), including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment, to power future wide-body aircraft including the Russo-Chinese project CRAIC CR929 (since continued solely by the Chinese partner). The {{cvt|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} long engine will weigh {{cvt|8|t|lb}}, its fan was planned to be {{cvt|3.1|m|ft}} in diameter and its scaled up PD-14 core to have a nine-stage high-pressure compressor and two-stage turbine.{{cite news |url= http://www.rusaviainsider.com/russian-pd-35-engine-enter-market-six-years |title= Russian PD-35 engine to enter market in six years |date= June 8, 2017 |work= Russian Aviation Insider }}

On 19 January 2018, the Russian government awarded UEC-Aviadvigatel a ₽64.3 billion ($1.13 billion) contract to develop a PD-35-1 demonstrator by 2023, including wide-chord composite fan blades and fan case, a 23:1 compressor pressure ratio, ceramic matrix composites, made of silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC), and advanced cooling for 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) temperatures. The engine might power the Ilyushin IL-96-400, the Il-76 airlifter, the Il-78 tanker and an Antonov An-124 replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/contract-docs-reveal-plans-for-russias-new-widebody-445047/ |title= Contract docs reveal plans for Russia's new widebody engine |date= 19 Jan 2018 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}} A de-rated version would also meet the An-124 thrust requirements.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/propulsion/freighter-growth-and-possible-124-reengining-boost-cf6-prospects#comment-1081811 |title= Freighter Growth And Possible An-124 Reengining Boost CF6 Prospects |date= Oct 10, 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}

At the end of 2022, the PD-35 was postponed until at least 2029.{{cite web|url= https://aviation.direct/en/Russia-PD-35-engine-postponed-until-at-least-2029 |title=Russia: PD-35 engine postponed until at least 2029|date=5 December 2022 |publisher=Aviation Direct|accessdate=May 4, 2023}}

• PD-8V turboshaft 6.8 7.68 – 9680 shp for Mi-24/35 8/17 and other medium heavy heli.
• PD-10 is a derated model for the SSJ-130 at {{cvt|10.9|tf|lbf|-2}}.{{Cite web |title=The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family |url=http://www.avid.ru/en/pd14/ |publisher=UEC-Aviadvigatel}}
• PD-12V: turboshaft variant for the Mil Mi-26 heavy lift helicopter, development started in 2016,{{Cite press release |title=PD-12V helicopter engine project discussions in Aviadvigatel |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=UEC-Aviadvigatel |url=http://avid.ru/en/news/2016/04/28/2038/}} 11,500 shp (up to 14,500 shp).{{cite news |date=2 June 2016 |title=New Engines For Russia's Heavy-lift Helicopter |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-06-02/new-engines-russias-heavy-lift-helicopter |work=Aviation International News}}
• PD-14А, derated modification of the engine to {{cvt|12.5|tf|lbf|-2}} for Yakovlev МС-21-200, also it could replace 12 tf Soloviev D-30 powering the Beriev A-40 aircraft.
• PD-14M, uprated to {{cvt|15.6|tf|lbf|-2}}, and PD-16, uprated to {{cvt|17.5|tf|lbf|-2}}, with more {{abbr|LP|low-pressure}} compressor and turbine stages, for the Yakovlev МС-21-400 stretch to 230-seat and its long-range derivative with a {{cvt|0.526|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}} cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption; and could replace the 16-tf PS-90A powering the Tupolev Tu-204/214 narrowbody, the Ilyushin Il-96-300 widebody, and the Il-76M-90A freighter.{{cite news |author=Vladimir Karnozov |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-08-19/aviadvigatel-mulls-higher-thrust-pd-14s-replace-ps-90a |work=AIN Online}}
• PD-18R geared turbofan,{{cite web |date=January 2011 |title=Information and Technical Newsletter |url=http://www.pmz.ru/upload/pages/7234/IB_22A_ENGLISH_gorizont_ECRAN.pdf |publisher=Perm Aircraft Engines |page=11}} {{cvt|18.7|tf|lbf}}, it could reach a cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption of {{cvt|0.506|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}} and could replace the {{cvt|17.4|tf|lbf}} PS-90A1 on the Il-96-400T freighter.

• PD-8: SJ-100, Beriev Be-200, Ilyushin Il-212
• PD-10: SJ-130
• PD-12V: Mil Mi-26
• PD-14: Yakovlev MC-21, Ilyushin Il-276
• PD-35 : CRAIC CR929, Ilyushin Il-96, Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA

{{Aircontent

|related=

• Aviadvigatel PS-90

|similar engines=

• ACAE CJ-1000A
• CFM International LEAP
• Pratt & Whitney PW1000G

|lists=

• List of aircraft engines

|see also=

}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Aviadvigatel PD-14}}

• {{official website|http://www.avid.ru/en/pd14/}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.pmz.ru/eng/advanced-developments/Regional_Jet/ |title=Turbofan Engine Family for Regional Jet |website=UEC Perm Engines |access-date=August 1, 2019}}
• {{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aviadvigatel-proposes-new-ps-14-engine-for-ms-21-323622 |title= Aviadvigatel proposes new PS-14 engine for MS-21 |work= Flightglobal |date= 2009-03-11}}
• {{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/Turbofan-Engines/PD-14_a001813001.aspx |title= PD-14A |publisher= deagel}}

{{Soloviev aeroengines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aviadvigatel PD-14}}

Category:High-bypass turbofan engines

PD-14

Category:2010s turbofan engines