Yakovlev MC-21
{{short description|Twin-engine Russian jet airliner}}
{{Redirect|MC-21|other uses|MC21 (disambiguation){{!}}MC21}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = MC-21
| image = File:Maiden flight of MC-21.jpg
| caption = The MC-21-300 during its maiden flight on 28 May 2017
| type = Narrow-body airliner
| national_origin = Russia
| manufacturer = United Aircraft Corporation{{cite web |publisher= United Aircraft Corporation |title= MC-21 |url= http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/aircraft/lineup/civil/ms-21/ |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 3 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170503035855/http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/aircraft/lineup/civil/ms-21 |url-status= live }}
| designer = Yakovlev Corporation and Yakovlev Design Bureau
| first_flight = 28 May 2017{{cite press release |url= http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/novyy-passazhirskiy-layner-ms-21-300-sovershil-pervyy-polet |title= First flight of MC-21 |publisher= United Aircraft Corporation |date= 28 May 2017 |access-date= 17 June 2017 |archive-date= 8 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081456/https://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/novyy-passazhirskiy-layner-ms-21-300-sovershil-pervyy-polet |url-status= live }}
| introduction = late 2025/early 2026 (deferred from 2022)
| produced =
| retired =
| status = In development
| primary_user =
| more_users =
| number_built = 5 as of April 2025{{Cite web|url=https://russianplanes.net/planelist/Irkut/MS-21|title=Самолёты Иркут МС-21|website=russianplanes.net|accessdate=2025-05-05}}{{ugc|date=June 2022}}
| variants =
}}
The Yakovlev MC-21 ({{langx|ru|Яковлев МС-21}}) is a single-aisle airliner, under development in Russia by the Yakovlev Corporation (formerly known as Irkut Corporation), a branch of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), itself a 92%-owned subsidiary of Russia's state-owned aviation giant Rostec.{{cite web|url= http://www.rusaviainsider.com/rostec-gains-control-russia-united-aircraft-corporation/ |title=Rostec gains control over Russia's United Aircraft Corporation|date=25 October 2018 |publisher=Russian Aviation Insider, 25 October 2018|accessdate=11 March 2022}} The variant MC-21-310 of the airliner powered by the Russian-made Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.
== Project history ==
The program to build the MC-21 was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 with Pratt & Whitney engines on 8 June 2016 and first flew the aircraft on 28 May 2017.
The twinjet has a carbon fibre reinforced polymer wing and was to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 turbofans or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines.
By July 2018, the company had received 175 firm orders.
In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Irkut Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine,{{Cite web |title=Irkut Research and Production Corporation PJSC |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-Xjop9p8vtPm5HqBDtbp4YB/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=opensanctions.org |language=en}} while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine,{{Cite web |title=PJSC United Aircraft Corporation |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-Uye5Pi4wNs4ZPPicqLvLGr/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=opensanctions.org |language=en}} and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all work on type certification of the MC-21.{{Cite web |last=Kaminski-Morrow |first=David |date=2022-03-25 |title=MC-21, Tu-204 and Superjet among types affected by EASA certificate suspension |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-tu-204-and-superjet-among-types-affected-by-easa-certificate-suspension/148047.article |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut decided to use only Russian avionics and engines.
By early 2024, it had become clear that the design work and additional testing necessary to use Russian-made equipment would delay the launch date to 2025–2026, and that the aircraft would not meet its original weight, range and operating altitude specifications; additionally, industry analysts questioned the feasibility of the revised delivery timeline because the Russian-designed PD-14 engines were unproven and it was unclear if other parts suppliers could meet production targets.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6536154|title=Российские самолеты тяжелы на подъем|last=Abdullin |first=Aigul|language=ru|date=2024-03-01|website=Kommersant}}
In 2025 the first mass produced Aviadvigatel PD-14 engines were delivered, ready for fitment into serial produced MC-21 aircraft. Rostec head Sergei Chemezov told the press that series production was expected to begin in 2026. Aeroflot is to receive the first 18 aircraft. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/109382/#:~:text=2025%2020%3A43-,Rostec%20head%20announces%20launch%20of%20MC%2D21%20serial%20production%20in,yet%20to%20complete%20certification%20trials.
Naming
In {{langx|ru|МС‑21 "Магистральный Самолёт 21 века"}} Magistral'nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century". It is marketed in the West as the MC-21,{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-irkut-to-build-first-mc-21-by-year-end-387399/ |title= Irkut to build first MC-21 by year-end |work= Flight Global |date= 19 June 2013 |access-date= 2 September 2013 |archive-date= 8 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231641/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-irkut-to-build-first-mc-21-by-year-end-387399/ |url-status= live }}{{cite news |url= http://www.janes.com/article/65625/russian-industry-makes-push-into-the-iranian-market |title= Russian industry makes push into the Iranian market |work= IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date= 21 November 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075734/http://www.janes.com/article/65625/russian-industry-makes-push-into-the-iranian-market |archive-date= 17 September 2017 |df= dmy-all }} though the aircraft's Russian-language designation transliterates as {{lang|ru-Latn|MS-21}}.
In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production, the name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size.{{cite news |title= Russia to revive Yak-242 name for Irkut MC-21 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-revive-yak-242-name-for-irkut-mc-21-392170/ |publisher= Flight Global |date= 25 October 2013 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |access-date= 1 August 2014 |archive-date= 3 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140303040114/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-revive-yak-242-name-for-irkut-mc-21-392170/ |url-status= live }}
In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-still-contemplating-mc-21-name-change-400132/ |title= Irkut still contemplating MC-21 name change |work= Flightgobal |date= 5 June 2014 |access-date= 12 July 2017 |archive-date= 15 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041415/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-still-contemplating-mc-21-name-change-400132/ |url-status= live }}
In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded the entire company as Yakovlev.{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Yakovlev name formally approved as Irkut's new corporate identity |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/yakovlev-name-formally-approved-as-irkuts-new-corporate-identity/154573.article |work=Flight Global |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}
Development
File:MC-21 on the assembly line at Irkut.jpg
The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction.
In 2009, the MC-21 was in the "pre-design" phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014.{{Cite news |work= Flight Global |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russias-united-aircraft-reaches-maturity-330688/ |title= Russia's United Aircraft reaches maturity |date= 11 August 2009 |access-date= 24 August 2016 |archive-date= 21 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172444/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russias-united-aircraft-reaches-maturity-330688/ |url-status= live }} By June 2011, the "pre-design" phase was completed and the "working design" stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-irkut-forges-ahead-with-ms-work-357485/ |title= PARIS: Irkut forges ahead with MS-21 work |author= Alan Dron |work= Flight Global |date= 19 June 2011 |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100431/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-irkut-forges-ahead-with-ms-work-357485/ |url-status= live }} In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020.{{cite web |url= http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2012-02-29/russia-maintains-big-plans-despite-last-years-failures |title= Russia Maintains Big Plans Despite Last Year's Failures |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date= 29 February 2012 |work= Aviation International News |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024154232/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2012-02-29/russia-maintains-big-plans-despite-last-years-failures |url-status= live }}
The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is US$ 72 million, and US$91 million for the MC-21-300.{{cite news |url= http://airinsight.com/2016/06/08/mc-21-roll/ |title= MC-21 Roll Out |publisher= AirInsight |date= 8 June 2016 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |archive-date= 16 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160816234043/http://airinsight.com/2016/06/08/mc-21-roll/ |url-status= live }}
On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in Irkutsk, East Siberia, six years after program launch and with 175 orders. It could be the first commercial aircraft to use out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The program faces domination of the single-aisle market by Airbus and Boeing. Russian protectionism is hampering access to critical western suppliers for the avionics, landing gear, hydraulics, power systems and engines. Its introduction was delayed to the end of 2018.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-irkut-rolls-out-mc-21-airliner-in-bid-for-426168/ |title= PICTURES: Irkut rolls-out MC-21 airliner in bid for single-aisle share |work= Flight International |date= 8 June 2016 |author= Stephen Trimble |access-date= 8 June 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190421092627/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-irkut-rolls-out-mc-21-airliner-in-bid-for-426168/ |url-status= live }}{{cite news |url= http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2016-06-08/russias-mc-21-rolls-out-irkutsk |title= Russia's MC-21 Rolls Out in Irkutsk |work= Aviation International News |date= 8 June 2016 |author= Gregory Polek |access-date= 8 June 2016 |archive-date= 10 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160610130350/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2016-06-08/russias-mc-21-rolls-out-irkutsk |url-status= live }} It is comparable to the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX and could replace the outgoing Tupolev Tu-134, Tu-154, Tu-204 and Yak-42.
=Ground testing=
File:MC-21-presentation-governmentru.jpg at the June 2016 roll-out]]
In February 2017, it passed 90% of the static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the TsAGI but failed the 100% test for which the wingbox will need {{convert|25|kg|adj=on}} reinforcements: this is common for new airliners like the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 or Mitsubishi MRJ, aiming for the smallest possible margin to avoid excess weight; it passed the limit load test (highest load during flight) which enables flight testing which should start in April.{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2017/04/05/irkut-mc-21-missing-ultimate-load-test/ |title= Irkut MC-21 missing ultimate load test |author= Bjorn Fehrm |date= 5 April 2017 |work= Leeham Co |access-date= 6 April 2017 |archive-date= 1 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701010627/https://leehamnews.com/2017/04/05/irkut-mc-21-missing-ultimate-load-test/ |url-status= live }} Cracks developed at the point of contact between the titanium beam and the composite wing skin in the wingbox.
The reinforced wingbox withstood a load exceeding specifications without damage in mid-November at TsAGI Moscow.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-wing-box-passes-latest-flight-load-test-443572/ |title= MC-21 wing box passes latest flight-load test |date= 23 November 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 23 November 2017 |archive-date= 1 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034453/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-wing-box-passes-latest-flight-load-test-443572/ |url-status= live }}
In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-mc-21-undergoes-taxiing-and-ground-tests-437212/ |title= MC-21 undergoes taxiing and ground tests |date= 15 May 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 9 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170909150443/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-mc-21-undergoes-taxiing-and-ground-tests-437212/ |url-status= live }}
After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its maiden flight was scheduled for late May 2017 with Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engines, certified in September 2016 in Russia.
The Russian certification was targeted for 2018 and the European Aviation Safety Agency certificate for 2019.
=Flight testing with P&W engine=
File:Первый полет нового пассажирского лайнера МС-21.webm
On 28 May 2017, the MC-21-300 completed its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk.
Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a {{convert|1,000|m}} altitude and {{convert|300|km/h|kn mph}}.{{cite news |url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-airplane-idUKKBN18O0DN |date= 28 May 2017 |title= Russia squares up to Boeing, Airbus with maiden jet flight |author= Gleb Stolyarov and Jack Stubbs |work= Reuters |access-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170531011907/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-airplane-idUKKBN18O0DN |url-status= dead }}
The maiden flight was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May.{{cite web |url= http://tass.com/economy/948052 |title= MC-21 airliner makes first test flight—source |publisher= TASS |date= 28 May 2017 |access-date= 28 May 2017 |archive-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170531032051/http://tass.com/economy/948052 |url-status= live }}
Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claimed it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-ministry-outlines-demand-forecast-for-mc-21-437693/ |date= 29 May 2017 |title= Russian ministry outlines demand forecast for MC-21 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-date= 29 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170529115842/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-ministry-outlines-demand-forecast-for-mc-21-437693/ |url-status= live }}
Aeroflot expected delivery of the first P&W-powered aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/uac-s-mc-21-about-make-its-first-flight |title= UAC's MC-21 About To Make Its First Flight |date= 24 May 2017 |author= Maxim Pyadushkin |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |access-date= 25 May 2017 |archive-date= 25 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525130700/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/uac-s-mc-21-about-make-its-first-flight |url-status= live }}
Its early production rate was projected for 20 aircraft per year.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opinion-can-russia-make-the-mc-21-a-sales-success-437836/ |title= Can Russia make the MC-21 a sales success? |date= 2 June 2017 |work= Flight International |access-date= 6 June 2017 |archive-date= 2 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170602141442/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opinion-can-russia-make-the-mc-21-a-sales-success-437836/ |url-status= live }}
In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation.
Its software was adjusted by the results as it was fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for "several weeks".
A second prototype was finalised while three other prototypes were undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually was initially planned for 2024.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-readies-second-mc-21-for-test-flights-440373/ |title= Irkut readies second MC-21 for test flights |date= 17 August 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 17 August 2017 |archive-date= 17 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170817161122/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-readies-second-mc-21-for-test-flights-440373/ |url-status= live }}
Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-embarks-on-new-flight-test-phase-441094/ |title= MC-21 embarks on new flight-test phase |date= 13 September 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 14 September 2017 |archive-date= 14 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170914174440/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-embarks-on-new-flight-test-phase-441094/ |url-status= live }}
The phase extended the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope.{{Cite press release |url= http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/korporatsiya-irkut-pristupila-ko-vtoromu-etapu-letnykh-ispytaniy-samoleta-ms-21 |title= Irkut Corporation starts the second stage of MC-21 flight tests |publisher= United Aircraft Corporation |date= 13 September 2017 |access-date= 28 December 2019 |archive-date= 4 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200604004500/https://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/korporatsiya-irkut-pristupila-ko-vtoromu-etapu-letnykh-ispytaniy-samoleta-ms-21 |url-status= live }}
In October 2017, the first prototype flew from Irkutsk Aviation Plant to Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to continue testing at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, a 6-hour flight over {{cvt|4,500|km|nmi mi}} at {{convert|33,000|ft|m}}.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-conducts-long-mc-21-flight-to-gromov-test-cent-442238/ |title= Irkut conducts long MC-21 flight to Gromov test centre |date= 17 October 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 18 October 2017 |archive-date= 18 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190439/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-conducts-long-mc-21-flight-to-gromov-test-cent-442238/ |url-status= live }}
The flight test programme started on 2 November with a 3-hour flight reaching {{convert|39,400|ft|m}}.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-begins-flight-test-programme-from-gromov-442860/ |title= MC-21 begins flight-test programme from Gromov |date= 3 November 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 3 November 2017 |archive-date= 7 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030831/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mc-21-begins-flight-test-programme-from-gromov-442860/ |url-status= live }}
Before being flown to Moscow, 20 flights were conducted in Irkutsk.
In November, the second prototype was prepared for flight-tests, followed in 2018 by the third for which final assembly has started.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-second-mc-21-shortly-heading-for-flight-test-443133/ |title= Second MC-21 shortly heading for flight test |date= 11 November 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 13 November 2017 |archive-date= 11 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171111160553/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-second-mc-21-shortly-heading-for-flight-test-443133/ |url-status= live }}
EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020. Certification testing was to start at the end of 2018 for a mid-2019 Russian type certification after a 1,150 flights effort.
Entry into service was then planned for the second half of 2019 with the first five deliveries; within five years, UAC planned to ramp up production to 70 aircraft per year.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/mc-21-narrowbody-flight-tests-symbolize-russian-sector-ambitions |title= MC-21 Narrowbody Flight Tests Symbolize Russian Sector Ambitions |date= 2 January 2018 |author= Jens Flottau, Maxim Pyadushkin and Michael Bruno |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |access-date= 3 January 2018 |archive-date= 3 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180103171648/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/mc-21-narrowbody-flight-tests-symbolize-russian-sector-ambitions |url-status= live }}
The second test aircraft was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter.
Its construction was completed by the end of March.{{cite press release |url= http://mc21eng.irkut.com/presscenter/news/466.html |title= Irkut Corporation completed the construction of the second MC-21-300 aircraft |publisher= Irkut Corporation |date= 25 March 2018 |access-date= 28 December 2019 |archive-date= 16 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191116204205/http://mc21eng.irkut.com/presscenter/news/466.html |url-status= live }}
It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third test aircraft was to fly in the 2018 fourth quarter.
It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching {{convert|3,000|m}} and {{convert|215|knots|km/h mph}}, checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-second-mc-21-commences-flight-tests-448549/ |title= Second MC-21 commences flight tests |date= 12 May 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 14 May 2018 |archive-date= 12 May 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180512143127/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-second-mc-21-commences-flight-tests-448549/ |url-status= live }}
On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to the Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours.{{cite press release |url= http://eng.irkut.com/press-centre/news/2271/ |title= The second MC-21-300 test aircraft has flown nonstop from Irkutsk to Zhukovsky |publisher= Irkut Corporation |date= 20 July 2018 |access-date= 28 December 2019 |archive-date= 1 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191001164438/http://eng.irkut.com/press-centre/news/2271/ |url-status= live }}
Initial production steps started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/russian-industry-gears-supply-mc-21-s-composites |title= Russian Industry Gears Up To Supply MC-21's Composites |date= 9 April 2018 |author= Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week Network |access-date= 10 April 2018 |archive-date= 11 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111430/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/russian-industry-gears-supply-mc-21-s-composites |url-status= live }}
For three years after 2018, UAC planned to invest ₽{{#expr:403*0.14round1}} billion (${{#expr:403*0.14*51/3.2round0}} million) for the MC-21.{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-07-09/kremlin-boosts-effort-toward-indigenization-ssj100 |title= Kremlin Boosts Effort toward 'Indigenization' of SSJ100 |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date= 9 July 2018 |work= AIN online |access-date= 9 July 2018 |archive-date= 10 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011010/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-07-09/kremlin-boosts-effort-toward-indigenization-ssj100 |url-status= live }}
By October 2018, two EASA test pilots and a test engineer test flew the plane in preparation for European certification.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/easa-crew-test-flies-mc-21-ahead-of-certification-bi-452194/ |title= EASA crew test-flies MC-21 ahead of certification bid |date= 26 September 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 3 October 2018 |archive-date= 27 September 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180927170614/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/easa-crew-test-flies-mc-21-ahead-of-certification-bi-452194/ |url-status= live }}
On 3 December, a fuselage was delivered to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute at Moscow-Zhukovsky for fatigue testing: repetitive loads will simulate 180,000 cycles.
By then, the third flying prototype was assembled, its systems installed and it was undergoing final adjustments, a fourth test aircraft
After completing assembly, the third MC-21 was transferred to the flight-test station on 25 December.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-third-assembled-mc-21-moves-to-flight-line-454660/ |title= Third assembled MC-21 moves to flight line |date= 26 December 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 27 December 2018 |archive-date= 27 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181227133158/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-third-assembled-mc-21-moves-to-flight-line-454660/ |url-status= live }}
By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following international sanctions against Russia, 1.6 billion roubles ($24.2 million) of additional subsidies were allocated to the program for 2019, followed by 4.11 billion roubles in 2020 and 4.81 billion roubles in 2021: Russian technical content was aimed to be 97% by 2022.{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-01-29/kremlin-boosts-funding-mc-21 |title= Kremlin Boosts Funding for MC-21 |work= AIN online |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date= 29 January 2019 |access-date= 31 January 2019 |archive-date= 1 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065300/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-01-29/kremlin-boosts-funding-mc-21 |url-status= live }} The program cost is 438 billion rubles (US${{#expr:.438/1.6*24.2round1}} Bn) In February 2019, the EASA completed initial certification testing with 2.5-to-4-hour flights up to {{convert|10,000|-|33,000|ft|m}}, including high angle-of-attack and stall onset.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/easa-completes-initial-mc-21-flight-test-evaluation-455728/ |title= EASA completes initial MC-21 flight-test evaluation |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |date= 13 February 2019 |access-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190214162947/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/easa-completes-initial-mc-21-flight-test-evaluation-455728/ |url-status= live }}
By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by the end of the year.{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-02-13/easa-personnel-perform-first-mc-21-certification-flights |title= EASA Personnel Perform First MC-21 Certification Flights |author= Gregory Polek |date= 13 February 2019 |access-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174347/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-02-13/easa-personnel-perform-first-mc-21-certification-flights |url-status= live }}
On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service for another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($3.62–3.78 billion) was needed to complete development.{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/us-sanctions-trigger-one-year-mc-21-schedule-delay |title= U.S. Sanctions Trigger One-Year MC-21 Schedule Delay |date= 18 February 2019 |author= Steve Trimble |work= Aviation Week Network}}
On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which had been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight.{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Third test MC-21 lifts off on maiden flight |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-third-test-mc-21-lifts-off-on-maiden-fligh-456701/ |work=Flightglobal.com |date=16 March 2019}} After painting at Ulyanovsk, on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport, where the certification programme was being conducted.{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Cabin-fitted MC-21 flown to Moscow for tests |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cabin-fitted-mc-21-flown-to-moscow-for-tests-458136/ |work=Flightglobal.com |date=13 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514065107/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cabin-fitted-mc-21-flown-to-moscow-for-tests-458136/ |url-status=live }}
On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to Istanbul Atatürk Airport.{{cite news |title=Russian MC-21 Airliner Lands in Istanbul After First International Flight |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/25475/Russian_MC_21_Airliner_Lands_in_Istanbul_After_First_International_Flight |work=www.defenseworld.net |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918015033/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/25475/Russian_MC_21_Airliner_Lands_in_Istanbul_After_First_International_Flight |url-status=live }} The aircraft was presented to Turkish Airlines at Teknofest Istanbul, and co-production projects were proposed to Turkey.{{cite news |title=Irkut MC-21-300 makes its first international flight |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/insight-irkut-mc-21-300-makes-its-first-internation-461684/ |work=Flightglobal |date=23 October 2019 |author=content provided by a third party |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024221907/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/insight-irkut-mc-21-300-makes-its-first-internation-461684/ |url-status=live }} The fourth flight-test aircraft was rolled out on 28 November 2019,{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/video-pictures-irkut-rolls-out-fourth-test-mc-21-462605/ |title= Irkut rolls out fourth test MC-21 |work= Flightglobal |date= 29 November 2019 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 29 November 2019 |archive-date= 30 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191130153927/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/video-pictures-irkut-rolls-out-fourth-test-mc-21-462605/ |url-status= live }} and performed its first flight on 25 December 2019.{{cite press release|url=http://eng.irkut.com/press-centre/news/2400/|title=The fourth MC-21-300 aircraft joined the flight test program|publisher=Irkut Corporation|date=25 December 2019|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122911/http://eng.irkut.com/press-centre/news/2400/|url-status=live}}
=Transition to Russian-produced parts=
In January 2020, Irkut received the first Russian-designed PD-14 engines for installation.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/irkut-receives-first-pd-14-engines-for-installation-on-mc-21/136421.article |title= Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21 |work= Flightglobal |date= 29 January 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 29 January 2020 |archive-date= 29 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143922/https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/irkut-receives-first-pd-14-engines-for-installation-on-mc-21/136421.article |url-status= live }}
A PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |title= MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight |work= Flightglobal |date= 15 December 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 15 December 2020 |archive-date= 15 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073929/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |url-status= live }} In December 2021, Irkut carried out the maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/irkut-flies-first-mc-21-with-domestically-produced-composite-wings/146974.article |title= Irkut flies first MC-21 with domestically-produced composite wings |work= Flightglobal |date= 25 December 2021 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 25 December 2021 |archive-date= 25 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211225142555/https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/irkut-flies-first-mc-21-with-domestically-produced-composite-wings/146974.article |url-status= live }} By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight-test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft was to participate in the certification programme, targeted to be completed by the end of 2022.{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=MC-21 test aircraft flies with PD-14 engines after swap from PW1400Gs |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/mc-21-test-aircraft-flies-with-pd-14-engines-after-swap-from-pw1400gs/150465.article |work=Flight Global |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}
In 2022, after international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rosaviatsia announced that Russia would only use domestic engines.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/30655-russia-to-use-only-domestic-engines|title = Russia to only use domestic engines for its Irkut MC-21 jet| date=April 2022 }} The original model – the MC-21-300 powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines – would not enter service, and instead production would have to wait for the MC-21-310, powered by the Russian Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine, built by the United Engine Corporation.
The production MC-21-300 was initially planned to consist of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut needed to replace parts that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries.{{Cite web|last1=Meier | first1=Ricardo |url=https://www.airdatanews.com/mc-21-airliner-makes-maiden-flight-with-russian-components/|title = MC-21 Airliner Makes Maiden Flight with Russian Components| date=29 April 2025 }} The need to use Russian avionics was said to delay the first shipment of an aircraft to late 2024 or to 2025.{{Cite web | url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2022-04-25/russia-ditches-mc-21-300-focus-indigenous-version|title=Russia Ditches MC-21-300 To Focus on Indigenous Version|first=Vladimir|last=Karnozov|website=Aviation International News|date=25 April 2022}}
However, as part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by the end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 were expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 aircraft per year by 2029.{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Russian fleets to comprise over 80% domestically-built aircraft by 2030: government |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/russian-fleets-to-comprise-over-80-domestically-built-aircraft-by-2030-government/149182.article |work=Flight Global |date=27 June 2022}}
In April 2025, according to UAC the aircraft has received several set of new Russian-made avionics equipment, including computers, navigation systems and radio communications equipment, as well as a domestic auxiliary power unit, air conditioning and pressure control systems, among others.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreanda-news.com/en/transport/the-mc-21-aircraft-with-new-systems-made-its-first-flight/article1556226/|title = The MC-21 aircraft with new systems made its first flight| date=29 April 2025 }}
=Introduction=
== Pre-sanctions plans ==
Aeroflot expected to lease 50 MC-21-300s from Aviakapital for 12 to 18 years and a monthly lease of less than $437,282 each. By 2018, they were to be delivered from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2026, with EASA certification targeted for early 2021.
Powered by PW1400Gs or possibly PD-14s for the second half of the delivery, Irkut guaranteed less than {{cvt|9,865|kg}} fuel burn on a {{cvt|1,750|nmi|km mi}} route with a {{convert|14|kn|km/h mph|adj=on}} tailwind.
They were guaranteed to reach 2,100h and a dispatch reliability of 96% for the first year, rising to 2,900h and 97% in the second year then 3,750h and 98.5% in the third year.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeroflot-outlines-performance-expectations-for-mc-21-449175/ |title= Aeroflot outlines performance expectations for MC-21s |date= 4 June 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 5 June 2018 |archive-date= 21 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190421092616/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeroflot-outlines-performance-expectations-for-mc-21-449175/ |url-status= live }}
In October 2018, fuselage panels for the first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aviastar-completes-fuselage-panels-for-first-serial-452627/ |title= Aviastar completes fuselage panels for first serial MC-21 |date= 12 October 2018 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 12 October 2018 |archive-date= 12 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214624/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aviastar-completes-fuselage-panels-for-first-serial-452627/ |url-status= live }}
In early 2019, the annual output was targeted to start with 20 airframes initially, rising to 72 airframes in 2025, with 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries.
In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022.{{cn|date=June 2024}}
In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of GTLK (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that the MC-21 project was in need of new government grants.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/business/02/09/2021/612f75699a7947cd1615ae94|title=ГТЛК попросила у властей новых субсидий для лайнера MC-21|language=ru|date=2021-09-02|publisher=РБК|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903101139/https://www.rbc.ru/business/02/09/2021/612f75699a7947cd1615ae94|url-status=live}}{{better source needed|reason=a native english source would be better|date=November 2021}}{{importance inline|date=December 2021}}
By the end of December 2021, Russian type certification was granted for the MC-21-300 variant powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines, ahead of its planned introduction with its launch operator Rossiya.
Additional testing was still needed for high-altitude, strong crosswinds, and low and high temperatures operations.
The initial target market was for 800 airframes in Russia over the next 20 years.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/irkut-mc-21-300-obtains-initial-russian-type-certification/146982.article |title= Irkut MC-21-300 obtains initial Russian type certification |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |date= 28 December 2021 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 30 December 2021 |archive-date= 29 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211229190911/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/irkut-mc-21-300-obtains-initial-russian-type-certification/146982.article |url-status= live }} The aircraft was denied European certification on 14 March 2022.{{cite web|url= https://www.aviation24.be/organisations/easa-european-aviation-safety-agency/sukhoi-superjet-100-and-beriev-be-200-lose-european-approval-mc-21-does-not-get-one/ |title= Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Beriev Be-200 lose European approval, MC-21 does not get one|publisher=Aviation24.be, 17 March 2022|accessdate=1 July 2023}}
== Post-sanctions plans ==
In March 2024, Kommersant reported that the design and testing of new Russian-made equipment would delay the aircraft's service introduction until 2025–2026 and that the MC-21 was currently overweight by {{cvt|5.75|t}}, rendering it incapable of meeting its original specifications for operating weight, range, and altitude. With a maximum commercial load of {{cvt|20.3|t}}, range will be reduced to less than {{cvt|2,000|km}}, and the service ceiling will only be {{cvt|23,000|ft}}.{{cite news |title=Проблемы с двигателями. Серийные поставки самолетов SJ-100 и МС-21 перенесли на 2026 г.|url= https://www.dk.ru/news/237199242}} The original specifications reportedly could not be met unless engine thrust increased by 20%, an increase thought to be infeasible in commercial operations.
Industry analysts in 2024 questioned the revised delivery schedule due to UAC's reliance on unproven engines and parts from Russian suppliers that also provided parts to the Russian military. Analysts said suppliers were generally struggling to procure enough components to satisfy military orders, suggesting that civil MC-21 deliveries would be delayed by parts-shortages if military parts-deliveries had higher priority.
The PD-14 engines passed certification and entered mass production in early 2025.{{Cite web |last=Aviacionline |title=United Engine Corporation Begins Serial Production of PD-14 Engines for Yakovlev MC-21 |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/united-engine-corporation-begins-serial-production-of-pd-14-engines-for-yakovlev-mc-21 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Aviacionline {{!}} Aviacionline es el sitio de aviación en español más leído del mundo. Presenta noticias de aerolíneas, aviones, aeropuertos, y demás. |language=es}} Serial production of the MC-21 airliner was then authorised on 28 March 2025.{{Cite web |last=Día |first=Aviación al |date=2025-03-28 |title=▶ Russia: Yakovlev Receives Approval for Serial Production of MC-21 |url=https://aviacionaldia.com/en/2025/03/russia-yakovlev-receives-approval-for-serial-production-of-mc-21.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Aviación al Día |language=en-US}} Deliveries are scheduled to begin with launch customer Aeroflot in 2026.https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/109382/#:~:text=2025%2020%3A43-,Rostec%20head%20announces%20launch%20of%20MC%2D21%20serial%20production%20in,yet%20to%20complete%20certification%20trials.
Design
File:MS-21 cabin mock up Beltyukov.jpg in 2011]]
File:MS-21 cockpit mock up Beltyukov.jpg mock-up with a HUD]]
The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42.
=Airframe=
United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit, a Russian firm, developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels.
The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil.
The MC-21 design is more innovative than the C919: it is the only airliner with a carbon fibre wingbox made with resin infused dry fibre, cured in an oven out of autoclave. The initial design included roughly 33% composite materials, increasing to 40–45% with the composite wing.
By January 2019, U.S. sanctions against Russia had interrupted the supply of foreign raw materials, on which the UAC relied to produce the composite parts. The UAC started looking for either domestically produced or Chinese replacements, maintaining that the wing box and consoles would still consist of polymeric composites. By then, a metal wing was "no longer on the agenda" according to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI).{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-01-24/us-sanctions-force-mc-21-course-correction |title= U.S. Sanctions Force MC-21 Course Correction |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date= 24 January 2019 |work= AINonline |access-date= 17 April 2019 |archive-date= 17 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190417191738/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-01-24/us-sanctions-force-mc-21-course-correction |url-status= live }} In March 2019, AeroComposit reported that it had produced the first fuselage centre section and wing box from domestic materials.{{cite news |url= https://www.aex.ru/news/2019/3/22/195361/ |title= Первые детали крыла МС-21 из российских композитов уже изготовлены |language= ru |date= 22 March 2019 |work= Aviation Explorer |access-date= 18 April 2019 |archive-date= 23 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190323150911/https://www.aex.ru/news/2019/3/22/195361/ |url-status= live }}{{better source needed|reason=a native english source would be better|date=November 2021}}
The fuselage of the MC-21 is mostly made of lightweight aluminium–lithium alloy, which accounts for 40% of the airframe's structural weight.{{cite news |last1=Karnozov |first1=Vladimir |title=Russia to adopt composite wing and aluminium fuselage for next narrowbody |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-adopt-composite-wing-and-aluminium-fuselage-for-next-narrowbody-219036/ |work=Flightglobal |date=5 November 2007}}
It is {{cvt|11|cm|in}} wider than the A320/C919 and {{cvt|27|cm|in}} wider than the 737, for a {{cvt|24|in|cm|0|order=flip}} aisle allowing passing others or a trolley.{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/01/03/united-aircraft-comac-goes-flying/ |title= United Aircraft's and COMAC's eventful year |author= Bjorn Fehrm |date= 3 January 2018 |work= Leeham |access-date= 3 January 2018 |archive-date= 2 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190302195006/https://leehamnews.com/2018/01/03/united-aircraft-comac-goes-flying/ |url-status= live }}
Its {{cvt|79.25|t|lb}} MTOW is the same as the almost 5 m (16.5 ft.) shorter A320neo and is {{cvt|3|t|lb}} lighter than the almost {{cvt|3|m}} shorter 737-8, for similar two-class layouts of 162 to 165, while the 737-8 and A320neo have {{cvt|200|nmi|km mi}} more range. The MC-21-300 has a capacity of 132–163 passengers in a two-class configuration and a capacity of 165–211 in a single class.
=Engines=
File:Two MC-21 with engines PW1000G and PD-14.jpgs (right) and a МС-21-310 powered by PD-14 engines (left)]]
== Pratt & Whitney (development phase) ==
The {{cvt|30,000|lbf|kN|order=flip}} thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G was selected in December 2009.{{cite press release |url= http://www.pw.utc.com/Press/Story/20091210-0100/2009/Commercial%20Engines |title= Pratt & Whitney PW1000G Engine Selected to Power Russia's Irkut MS-21 Aircraft |date= 10 December 2010 |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152948/http://www.pw.utc.com/Press/Story/20091210-0100/2009/Commercial%20Engines |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |url-status= dead }} The design configuration at one stage called for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
== Aviadvigatel (production engine) ==
The Russian-designed engine used for actual production is the {{cvt|8|-|16|tonne-force|lbf}} Aviadvigatel PD-14.{{cite press release |url= http://perm-motors.com/eng/presscenter/news/958/ |title= Second borderline is behind |date= 26 March 2010 |publisher= Perm Engine Company |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024154200/http://perm-motors.com/eng/presscenter/news/958/ |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}
United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for the MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-signs-for-mc-21s-initial-pd-14-flight-test-en-445253/ |title= Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines |date= 26 January 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 27 January 2018 |archive-date= 27 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202450/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/irkut-signs-for-mc-21s-initial-pd-14-flight-test-en-445253/ |url-status= live }}
By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its Rosaviatsia type certification.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pd-14-engine-for-mc-21-secures-russian-certification-452842/ |title= PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification |date= 19 October 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 17 December 2018 |archive-date= 24 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190124005638/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pd-14-engine-for-mc-21-secures-russian-certification-452842/ |url-status= live }}
In October 2019, PD-14 flight-testing on the MC-21 was delayed until 2020.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-test-pd-14-engines-edge-towards-mc-21-install-461352/ |title= Flight-test PD-14 engines edge towards MC-21 installation |date= 9 October 2019 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 10 October 2019 |archive-date= 10 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191010085640/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-test-pd-14-engines-edge-towards-mc-21-install-461352/ |url-status= live }} The project conducted at least 100 flight tests after that, but further delays occurred due to sanctions in 2022.{{Cite web |title=Rostec - Media - News - Rostec has Conducted the 100th Flight of MC-21-310 Aircraft with PD-14 Engines |url=https://rostec.ru/en/media/news/rostec-has-conducted-the-100th-flight-of-mc-21-310-aircraft-with-pd-14-engines/#start |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=rostec.ru |language=en}} In early 2025, the first batch of mass-produced engines incorporating 16 new technologies was finally delivered to the UAC factory, with qualification testing scheduled to begin shortly thereafter.{{Cite web |title=Полностью российские МС-21 на подходе. Ростех передал партию серийных авиадвигателей ПД-14 для импортозамещённых самолётов |url=https://www.ixbt.com/news/2025/02/21/rosteh-peredal-partiju-serijnyh-aviadvigatelej-pd14-dlja-importozameshennyh-samljotov-ms21.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=iXBT.com |language=ru}}{{Cite web |title=Партию отечественных двигателей ПД-14 для МС-21 получил Иркутский авиазавод - IrkutskMedia.ru |url=https://irkutskmedia.ru/news/1986386/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=irkutskmedia.ru |language=ru}}
=Systems=
In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand, a subsidiary of United Technologies, announced it would provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $2.3 billion over 20 years of production.{{cite news |url= http://articles.courant.com/2009-08-21/news/bizdigbrf0821.art_1_hamilton-sundstrand-united-technologies-corp-irkut |title= Hamilton Sundstrand Announces $2.3B Deal With Irkut |work= Hartford Courant |date= 21 August 2009 |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024154558/http://articles.courant.com/2009-08-21/news/bizdigbrf0821.art_1_hamilton-sundstrand-united-technologies-corp-irkut |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}
Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply the MC-21's avionics.{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/western-next-generation-engines-power-to-ms-21-and-c919-336262 |title= Western next generation engines power to MS-21 and C919 selection |work= Flight Global |date= 16 December 2009 |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153100/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/western-next-generation-engines-power-to-ms-21-and-c919-336262/ |url-status= live }}
Honeywell, Thales and Elbit Systems were to supply avionics with nine 12-inch multifunction displays, electronic flight bags, synthetic vision and enhanced vision systems.
The MC-21 was planned to be the first airliner with active side-sticks, supplied by UTC Aerospace Systems.
It was to have fly-by-wire controls.
Its design features a glass cockpit with side-stick controls and an optional head-up display.
Goodrich Corporation, also a subsidiary of United Technologies, along with Aviapribor was initially selected to provide the flight control system actuators.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-goodrich-wins-ms-21-flight-control-s-337848/ |title= SINGAPORE 2010: Goodrich wins MS-21 flight control system deal |work= Flight Global |date= 1 February 2010 |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 24 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171024154323/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-goodrich-wins-ms-21-flight-control-s-337848/ |url-status= live }}
Zodiac Aerospace, Eaton and Meggitt were planned to provide other components. Interior furnishings were planned to come from Zodiac Aerospace, coordinated from C&D Zodiac in Huntington Beach, California. Innovations from Zodiac Aerospace in Carson, California, were to be incorporated in the water and waste systems.
There were two types of auxiliary power units (APU) designed with specifications suitable for MC-21: the HGT750 from Honeywell Aerospace{{cite web|url=https://aeronautica.online/aircrafts/irkut-mc-21/|title=Irkut MC-21 – aeronautica.online|website=aeronautica.online|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102345/https://aeronautica.online/aircrafts/irkut-mc-21/|url-status=live}} and the TA18-200 developed by Aerosila.{{cite web|url=https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2015/5/22/3198/|title=Development of auxiliary power unit for MS-21 aircraft will be completed in November – News – Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM|website=www.ruaviation.com|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151907/https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2015/5/22/3198/|url-status=live}}
=Component suppliers=
Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%,{{cn|date=August 2022}} but due to sanctions in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government ordered a target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components.{{Cite web|url=https://aif.ru/money/economy/medvedev_schitaet_vazhnym_uhod_ot_importa_v_proekte_ms-21|title=Медведев считает важным уход от импорта в проекте МС-21|date=2019-01-28|publisher=www.aif.ru|accessdate=2019-02-07}}
In July 2021 the first composite wing made from Russian materials was joined with a fuselage.{{Cite web |title=Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300 |url=https://www.uacrussia.ru/ru/press-center/news/project-news/krylo-iz-rossiyskikh-kompozitsionnyk-materialov-ustanovleno-na-samolet-ms-21-300 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.uacrussia.ru |language=ru}} The fuselage was designed and manufactured by Irkut Corporation and Yakovlev Design.{{Cite web |title=Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300 |url=https://www.uacrussia.ru/ru/press-center/news/project-news/krylo-iz-rossiyskikh-kompozitsionnyk-materialov-ustanovleno-na-samolet-ms-21-300 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.uacrussia.ru |language=ru}} The landing gear was supplied by the company Hydromash from Nizhny Novgorod.{{Cite web |title=Шасси для МС-21 {{!}} Авиация России как на ладони - последние события, технологии и история авиации |url=http://www.poletim.net/news/shassi-dlya-ms21 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.poletim.net}}
The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by the Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company Avionika.{{Cite web |last=tvzvezda.ru |first=Редакция |date=2015-06-15 |title=Вопреки санкциям российским лайнером МС-21 заинтересовались на Западе |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/201506150201-lpjw.htm |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Телеканал «Звезда» |language=ru}} Both foreign-made and Russian auxiliary power units can be used in the MC-21 (developed and produced in NPP Aerosila).{{Cite web |title="Аэросила" готова кМС-21: Разработчик сертифицировал вспомогательную силовую установку, созданную по заказу Минпромторга "АВИСА" – Ассоциация производителей авиационных систем и агрегатов |url=https://avisa.aero/news/members_news/115/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=avisa.aero}}
For personnel training, the Russian scientific and production company Systems of Complex Simulators developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including a number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training.{{Cite web |date=2016-11-21 |title=Полнопилотажный тренажер МС-21-300 подготовили к установке органов управления |url=http://www.ato.ru/content/polnopilotazhnyy-trenazher-ms-21-300-podgotovili-k-ustanovke-organov-upravleniya |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Авиатранспортное обозрение |language=ru}}
Variants
In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed with around 150 passengers in a single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR.
;MC-21-300
:Standard model with PW1400G engines, 163 passengers in two classes, up to 211, up to {{cvt|6,000|km|nmi mi}} range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines. The first flight was made on 28 May 2017; six aircraft were built before sanctions prevented purchase of further PW1400G engines.{{fact|date=October 2024}} This variant was not put into commercial service.
;MC-21-310
:Standard model with Aviadvigatel PD-14 engines.{{cite news |url= https://www.aviacionline.com/2020/11/irkut-starts-testing-its-first-ms-21-310-with-russian-engines/ |title= Irkut starts testing its first MS-21-310 with russian engines |date= 11 November 2020 |archive-date= 16 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116043823/https://www.aviacionline.com/2020/11/irkut-starts-testing-its-first-ms-21-310-with-russian-engines/ |url-status= live }} The first flight was made on 15 December 2020. The second aircraft tested in October 2022 was a remotorization of a previous MC-21 that had initially been fitted with imported Pratt & Whitney engines.{{cite news |url= https://rostec.ru/en/news/the-second-mc-21-aircraft-flew-with-russian-pd-14-engines/ |title= The Second MC-21 Aircraft Flew with Russian PD-14 Engines |date= 7 October 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023 }}
=Proposed variants=
Initially, a 132-seat MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the Superjet 100 development.{{cite news |date=17 August 2016 |title=Is Russian MC-21 Good Enough to Join the Oligopolistic Market? |work=Aviation Voice |url=https://aviationvoice.com/is-russian-ms-21-good-enough-to-join-the-oligopolistic-market-201608171550/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115055250/https://aviationvoice.com/is-russian-ms-21-good-enough-to-join-the-oligopolistic-market-201608171550/ |archive-date=15 January 2017}}
The small variant with a capacity of 130- to 150-seat was proposed with commonality with the Sukhoi Superjet 130.{{cite news |date=4 September 2012 |title=Russia's United Aircraft to develop new twin-jet |work=FlightGlobal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russias-united-aircraft-to-develop-new-twin-jet-375938/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170822/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russias-united-aircraft-to-develop-new-twin-jet-375938/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}
UAC is said to be considering further development of the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with {{convert|18|tf|lbf|adj=on|abbr=~}} engines for a {{convert|105|t|lb|adj=on|abbr=~}} MTOW, a -500, a -600 with {{convert|20|-|25|tf|lbf|adj=on|abbr=on}} engines, and a -700 with {{convert|30|tf|lbf|adj=on|abbr=on}} engines, as well as a MC-21X with a {{convert|155|t|lb|adj=on|abbr=on}} tons MTOW for a {{convert|9000|-|10000|km|nmi mi|adj=on}} range.{{cite news |date=16 December 2015 |title=Рассматриваются варианты расширения семейства самолетов МС-21 |language=ru |work=Военно-промышленный курьер |url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/28529 |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512132451/http://vpk-news.ru/news/28529 |archive-date=12 May 2017}}{{better source needed|reason=a native english source would be better|date=November 2021}}
Ilyushin Finance wants an MC-21-400 stretch for up to 256 seats and plans to buy 20 to 60 of them.{{cite news |author=Vladimir Karnozov |date=19 July 2017 |title=Irkut MC-21 Wins Few Airline Orders at MAKS 2017 |work=AIN |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-07-19/irkut-mc-21-wins-few-airline-orders-maks-2017 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824175419/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-07-19/irkut-mc-21-wins-few-airline-orders-maks-2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017}}
The 250-passenger MC-21-400 single-aisle twinjet could be jointly produced in the United Arab Emirates.{{cite news |author=Polina Montag-Girmes |date=13 November 2017 |title=Russia, UAE to design a new 250-seat narrowbody aircraft |work=Aviation Week Network |url=http://atwonline.com/manufacturers/russia-uae-design-new-250-seat-narrowbody-aircraft |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114002924/http://atwonline.com/manufacturers/russia-uae-design-new-250-seat-narrowbody-aircraft |archive-date=14 November 2017}}
Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210.{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.popmech.ru/technologies/news-602503-rossiyskie-dvigateli-pd-14-primerili-na-ms-21/|title=Российские двигатели ПД-14 "примерили" на МС-21|website=Popmech.ru|accessdate=2020-08-10}}
; МС-21-210
: Shortened version with 132 passengers in two classes, up to 165, up to {{cvt|6,400|km|nmi mi}} range, powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 engines.
; МС-21-300LR
: Modification of MC-21-300 with increased range up to {{cvt|12000|km|nmi mi}} and Aviadvigatel PD-18R engines.{{cn|date=April 2023}}
; МС-21-400
: Lengthened version with a capacity of up to 256 seats in a single-class configuration, to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14M engines.
; МС-21-400LR
: Modification of MC-21-400 with increased range up to {{cvt|12000|km|nmi mi}} and Aviadvigatel PD-18R engines.{{cn|date=April 2023}}
Orders
By the end of the 2013 MAKS Air Show, there were 175 firm orders including 50 for Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leased to Aeroflot and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for Ilyushin Finance (10 to be leased to Red Wings Airlines and six to Transaero), 30 for Vnesheconombank Leasing (10 to be leased to UTair Aviation and 6 to Transaero) and 10 for IrAero with an agreement for 20 others leased from Sberbank of Russia, for a potential 195 orders.{{cite web|url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to28.pdf|title=New MC-21 orders|date=November 2013|page=9|work=Take Off Magazine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904202132/http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to28.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2014|df=dmy-all}} Transaero bankrupted in 2015.{{fact|date=October 2024}}
In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance.{{Cite news|first=David|last=Kaminski-Morrow|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/azerbaijan-to-firm-mc-21-lease-once-flight-tests-sta-426288/|title=Azerbaijan to firm MC-21 lease once flight-tests start|date=13 June 2016|work=Flight Global|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192902/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/azerbaijan-to-firm-mc-21-lease-once-flight-tests-sta-426288/|url-status=live}}
By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded.{{Cite web |url= http://eng.irkut.com/upload/MC-21-programme-status-eng.pdf |title= Programme Status MC-21 |date= July 2018 |publisher= Irkut |access-date= 18 July 2018 |archive-date= 18 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144857/http://eng.irkut.com/upload/MC-21-programme-status-eng.pdf |url-status= live }}
At the 2019 MAKS Air Show, at Zhukovsky International Airport, Moscow, Bek Air signed a letter of intent for ten Irkut MC-21 aircraft, Yakutia Airlines likewise signed for five aircraft and an undisclosed customer for a further five aircraft. Delivery of the new aircraft was expected to be in the second half of 2021.{{cite journal |title=MC-21 Scores New Orders |journal=Airliner World |volume=October 2019 |page=17}}
In the fall of 2022, Russia's largest air carrier, the Aeroflot Group ordered 89 SJ-100 regional jets, 210 MC-21 medium-range jets, and another 40 Tu-214 narrow-body jets. 18 MC-21 & 34 SJ-100 Aircraft From Rostec was confirmed later in 2023. But chief executive Sergei Aleksandrovsky suggested the other two types might be dropped, and transfer of the entire fleet to MC-21s.{{cite web|title=
Aeroflot reportedly negotiating to switch fleet order entirely to MC-21|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/aeroflot-reportedly-negotiating-to-switch-fleet-order-entirely-to-mc-21/158699.article}}
{{notelist}}
Incidents
- On 18 January 2021, an MC-21-300 (prototype 73051) experienced a runway excursion at Zhukovsky Aerodrome and came to a stop in heavy snow during testing. There were no injuries to the crew.[https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-01-18/irkut-mc-21-suffers-runway-overrun Irkut MC-21 Suffers Runway Overrun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119065638/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-01-18/irkut-mc-21-suffers-runway-overrun |date=19 January 2021 }}, AINonline, by Gregory Polek, 18 January 2021, 3:54 PM
Specifications
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| + MC-21 aircraft family specifications and performance{{cite web |url= http://mc21eng.irkut.com/family/characteristics/ |title= MC-21 aircraft family specifications and performance |publisher= Irkut |access-date= 20 December 2016 |archive-date= 17 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160717150505/http://mc21eng.irkut.com/family/characteristics/ |url-status= live }} |
| Variant
! MC-21-200 ! MC-21-300 ! MC-21-310 |
|---|
| Cockpit crew
| colspan=3 | 2 |
| 2-class seats
| 132 (12J + 120Y) | colspan=2 | 163 (16J + 147Y) |
| 1-class seats
| 165 @ 29–28" | colspan=2 | 211 @ 29–28" |
| Cargo capacity
| {{cvt|34|m3|cuft}} – 5 LD3-45 | colspan=2 | {{cvt|49|m3|cuft}} – 9 LD3-45 |
| Length
| {{cvt|36.8|m|ft}} | colspan=2 | {{cvt|42.2|m|ft}} |
| Wingspan
| colspan=3 | {{cvt|35.9|m|ft}} |
| Height
| colspan=3 | {{cvt|11.5|m|ft}} |
| Fuselage width
| colspan=3 | {{cvt|4.06|m|ft}} |
| Cabin width
| colspan="3" | {{cvt|3.81|m|ft}} |
| Runway Length
| | 2,200m | |
| Maximum take-off weight
| {{cvt|72,560|kg|lb}} | {{cvt|79,250|kg|lb}} | |
| Maximum landing weight
| {{cvt|63,100|kg|lb}} | {{cvt|69,100|kg|lb}} |
| Maximum payload
| {{cvt|18,900|kg|lb}} | {{cvt|22,600|kg|lb}} |
| Fuel capacity
| colspan=3 | {{cvt|20400|kg|lb}} |
| Turbofans (x 2)
| colspan=2 | Pratt & Whitney PW1000G |
| Max. thrust (x 2)
| PW1428G: {{cvt|28,000|lbf|kN}} | PW1431G: {{cvt|31,000|lbf|kN}} | PD-14: {{cvt|31,000|lbf|kN}} |
| 2-class range
| {{cvt|6,400|km|nmi mi}} | {{cvt|6,000|km|nmi mi}} | {{cvt|5,100|km|nmi mi}} |
See also
{{Portal|Russia|Aviation}}
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References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
{{Commons category|Irkut MC-21}}
- {{official website|http://mc21eng.irkut.com}}
- {{cite news |url= http://eng.irkut.com/upload/FlightInternational-16.pdf |title= From Russia with intent |work= Flight International |date= 5 July 2016 |author= Stephen Trimble|ref=none}}
- [https://www.irkut.com/MC-21_Presentation_eng.pdf/ UAC MC-21 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125255/http://www.irkut.com/MC-21_Presentation_eng.pdf |date=27 August 2018 }}
{{Yakovlev aircraft}}
Category:Aircraft first flown in 2017