B. J. Habibie

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,Elson, R.E., 2009. The idea of Indonesia. Penerbit Serambi. an agriculturist from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,Salam, S., 1986. BJ Habibie, Mutiara dari Timur. Intermasa.{{Cite book |title=Makka, M. 1987. Prof. Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie: Half a Century Impressions and Reminiscenses |publisher=Michigan University |year=1987}}Habibie, B.J., 2010. Habibie & Ainun. THC Mandiri.{{cite news |author= |date=9 November 2019 |title=Mengenang B.J Habibie: Fokus agar Usil Tetap Genius (1) |work=Jawa Pos |agency=Jawa Pos |editor-last=Ginanjar |editor-first=Dhimas |url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/11/09/2019/mengenang-b-j-habibie-fokus-agar-usil-tetap-genius-1/ |access-date=29 March 2022}} from Gorontalo, and R. A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,Hendrowinoto, N.K.S. ed., 2004. Ibu Indonesia dalam kenangan. Bank Naskah Gramedia bekerja sama dengan Yayasan Biografi Indonesia. a Javanese noblewoman from Yogyakarta,Noer, G.S., 2015. Rudy: Kisah Masa Muda Sang Visioner. Bentang Pustaka. who met while studying in Bogor.{{cite book |last1=Makka |first1=A. Makmur |title=BJH: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, kisah hidup dan kariernya |date=1999 |publisher=Pustaka CIDESINDO |isbn=9789799064080 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00_bAAAAMAAJ |language=id}}

Habibie's paternal family comes from Kabila, just to the east of the town of Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. He was the fourth of eight children. Habibie's father died when he was 14 years old.{{cite book |author=El Brahimy |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL_EDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Biografi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden RI |date=2012 |publisher=PT Balai Pustaka (Persero) |isbn=9789796904150 |page=5 |language=id}}

In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial government agreed to support the construction of the B. J. Habibie's Monument in front of the main gate of Djalaluddin Airport in Gorontalo Regency.{{Cite web |last= |date=11 September 2018 |title=BJ Habibie Setuju Desain Patung Dirinya Dimonumenkan |url=https://humas.gorontaloprov.go.id/bj-habibie-setuju-desain-patung-dirinya-dimonumenkan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702102918/https://humas.gorontaloprov.go.id/bj-habibie-setuju-desain-patung-dirinya-dimonumenkan/ |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Humas Protokol |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Patung perunggu dan jejak singkat BJ Habibie di Gorontalo |url=https://headtopics.com/id/patung-perunggu-dan-jejak-singkat-bj-habibie-di-gorontalo-8201891 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Head Topics |language=id |last1=Id |first1=Beritagar }} In addition, it was proposed that State University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie although in the end, the suggestion was not adopted.{{Cite web|url=http://www.infopublik.id/read/220594/habibie-ajak-bupati-bone-bolango-bangun-universitas.html|title=InfoPublik - Habibie Ajak Bupati Bone Bolango Bangun Universitas|website=www.infopublik.id|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702102916/http://www.infopublik.id/read/220594/habibie-ajak-bupati-bone-bolango-bangun-universitas.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite news |author= |first= |date=10 April 2014 |title=Universitas BJ Habibie, Nama Baru Universitas Negeri Gorontalo |publisher=Republika.co.id |editor-last=Rachman |editor-first=Taufik |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/pendidikan/dunia-kampus/14/04/10/n3shyu-universitas-bj-habibie-nama-baru-universitas-negeri-gorontalo |access-date=10 April 2014}}

File:Young Habibie Portrait.jpg

Habibie went to Delft, the Netherlands, to study aviation and aerospace at the Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft University of Technology), but for political reasons (the West New Guinea dispute between the Netherlands and Indonesia), he had to continue his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.{{Cite web |last=de Jong |first=Anita |date=28 May 1998 |title=Habibie: nauwe band met Delft |url=https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/habibie-nauwe-band-met-delft |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.delta.tudelft.nl |language=nl}} In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's degree in Germany with the title Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research assistant under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research for his doctoral degree.{{Harvnb|Habibie|2010|p=4}}

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia for three months on sick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high school and in senior high school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Bandung. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.{{Harvnb|Habibie|2010|p=1}}

Habibie and his wife settled in Aachen for a short period before moving to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.{{sfn|Makka|2008|pp=72–75}}

Habibie later found employment with the railway stock firm Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing train wagons.{{sfn|Makka|2008|pp=79–80}} Due to his work with Makosh, the head of train construction offered his position to Habibie upon retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.{{Harvnb|Habibie|2010|p=28}}{{sfn|Makka|2008|pp=79–80}}

In 1965, Habibie delivered his dissertation in aerospace engineering and received the grade of "very good," giving him the title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his research on {{lang|de|Thermoelastisitas}} and work toward his habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His thesis about light construction for supersonic or hypersonic states also attracted offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.{{Harvnb|Habibie|2010|p=41}}

Habibie did accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, he developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), respectively. He worked for Messerschmitt on the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, he was promoted to vice president of the company.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=140}}

In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as part of his drive to industrialize and develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of the state oil company Pertamina and Chair of Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology ({{langx|id|Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi}}, BPPT). Two years later, Habibie was made CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry), which in 1985 changed its name to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

File:B. J. Habibie - Fourth Development Cabinet.jpg

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister of research and technology ({{langx|id|Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi}}, Menristek). He continued to play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post. By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacture of helicopters and small passenger planes. Under Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a manufacturer of aircraft including Puma helicopters and CASA planes. It pioneered a small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but the project was a commercial failure.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=142}} In developing Indonesia's aviation industry, he adopted an approach called "Begin at the End and End at the Beginning".{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/history/|title=Our History|publisher=Indonesian Aerospace|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018145318/http://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/history/|archive-date=18 October 2006|access-date=30 October 2006}} In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective.

File:Golongan Karya rally 1997.jpg in the 1997 election]]

By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries including ship- and train building, steel, arms, communications, and energy. A 1993 estimate determined that the estimates used nearly $2 billion a year in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that the size of the industries was not completely known.{{cite book |title=The Economist|date=17 April 1993}}

As minister, Habibie created the OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees in the STEM fields and for other technical professionals to continue their study for master's and doctorate programs in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other countries.{{cite book |last1=Amir |first1=Sulfikar |title=The Technological State in Indonesia: The Co-constitution of High Technology and Authoritarian Politics |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415670692 |pages=69–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSzvdwvGkT8C |language=en}}

In Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as deputy daily coordinator for the chairman of the executive board in 1992, and the following year he became the daily coordinator.{{sfn|Makka|2008|p=190}}

While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the first Chair of the Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. This modernist Muslim organization provided him with a political base, linked to but independent of the Suharto administration.{{Cite book|title=Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/civilislam00hefn|url-access=limited|last=Hefner|first=Robert W.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2000|isbn=0691050465|location=Princeton NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/civilislam00hefn/page/n152 128]–138}}

File:BJ Habibie 1998.jpg 2nd Class featured]]

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for a seventh term as president, Suharto announced the selection criteria for the nomination of a vice president. Suharto did not mention Habibie by name, but his suggestion that the next vice president should have a mastery of science and technology made it obvious he had Habibie in mind.{{cite web |date=7 February 1998 |title=Delapan Calon Wapres Itu: Di Antara Pujian dan Kritik |url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/02/49/utama.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200843/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/02/49/utama.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=30 October 2006 |publisher=Tempo}}

In that year, in the midst of the Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall. Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice president in March 1998.{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Alexander C. |title=Indonesia and the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Nationalists and Regional Integration Strategy |date=2008 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116203 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-BKmnoItPMC&pg=PA103 |language=en}}

{{See also|Post-Suharto era#Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)}}

File:Habibie presidential oath.jpg

On 21 May 1998, just two months into Habibie's vice presidency, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president. The following day, Habibie announced the Development Reform Cabinet, which removed some of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining others, with no major figures from the opposition. Within days of his appointment, he asked his relatives to resign from government positions, promised an early election, repealed some legislation, and ordered the release of political prisoners.{{cite news |title=Indonesia's new president on a tide of troubles |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1998/05/28/indonesias-new-president-on-a-tide-of-troubles |access-date=11 September 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |date=28 May 1998}}

Habibie was opposed to East Timorese independence but did offer East Timor special autonomy.Miller, M. (2004). 'From reform to repression: the post-New Order's shifting security policies in Aceh', Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 38(4), 129–162.

Timorese independence forces led by the National Council of Timorese Resistance had been calling for a referendum in the territory for some time. Its chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, proposed a transitional period of autonomy leading up to a referendum.{{Cite book |last=Ramos-Horta |first=Jose |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39079811 |title=Towards a peaceful solution in East Timor |date=1997 |publisher=East Timor Relief Association |isbn=0-9586860-0-9 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney, N.S.W. |oclc=39079811}} In late 1998, John Howard, the Prime Minister of Australia, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse the East Timorese issue by providing autonomy to be followed by the promise of a referendum in the long run, following the method used by France to settle New Caledonian demands for independence. Wishing to avoid the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a colony, Habibie surprised some by announcing that a referendum, offering a choice between special autonomy and independence, would be held immediately in East Timor. Leaders of the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on this decision.{{Cite web|url=https://hass.unsw.adfa.edu.au/timor_companion/fracturing_the_bipartisan_consensus/howards_letter.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328051326/https://hass.unsw.adfa.edu.au/timor_companion/fracturing_the_bipartisan_consensus/howards_letter.php|url-status=dead|title=Howard's letter to Habibie|archive-date=28 March 2015|website=School of Humanities and Social Sciences - UNSW Canberra}}

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and the East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence. Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias killed and displaced large numbers of people during the 1999 East Timorese crisis.{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316736600 |title="If you leave us here, we will die" : how genocide was stopped in East Timor |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13536-6 |location= |oclc=316736600}} On 10 September, General Wiranto allegedly threatened to stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=272}} On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping force to halt violence. A period of UN administration followed and East Timor became independent in May 2002.

The MPR Special Session in November 1998 decried the presence of corruption in Indonesia, focusing particularly on Suharto.{{Cite book |last=Ziegenhain |first=Patrick |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648340002 |title=The Indonesian parliament and democratization |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812304858 |location=Singapore |pages=101 |oclc=648340002}} In response to this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General. A tape of a telephone conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public. It raised concerns about the veracity of the investigation by suggesting that the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.{{Cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert Edward |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48154605 |title=Suharto : a political biography |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1 |location= |pages=295 |oclc=48154605 |author-link=Robert Elson}}

Under Habibie, the Indonesian government also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib charged Tommy in December 1998 in conjunction with the Goro scandal, where the government, under pressure from Tommy, allegedly gave him a desirable parcel and below-market loan for the construction of a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case after several key witnesses, including Habibie aide Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony and declared that the deal did not cause losses to the state.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=232}}

Habibie's government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian financial crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto's presidency.{{cite web |last1=Suprapto |first1=Eddy |last2=Setiadi |first2=Budi Arie |last3=Febrian |first3=Ahmad |last4=Yunapritta |first4=Hendrika |last5=Nurdiana |first5=Titis |last6=MacDougall |first6=John |display-authors= |date=18 October 1999 |title=Bung Rudy, In Rapormu! Mengintip Pertanggungjawaban BJ Habibie |url=http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/1999/10/15/0052.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915192202/http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/1999/10/15/0052.html |archive-date=15 September 2006 |access-date=28 October 2006 |publisher=Kontanonline.com as found on hamline.edu}} Habibie's government began to make conciliatory gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.{{Cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76888693 |title=Anti-Chinese violence in Indonesia, 1996-1999 |date=2006 |publisher=Singapore University Press |others=Asian Studies Association of Australia |isbn=9971-69-332-1 |location= |pages=179 |oclc=76888693}}

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID card was sufficient proof of Indonesian citizenship, revoking the previous requirement for a 'Letter of Evidence of Republic of Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he lifted restrictions on the teaching of Mandarin Chinese.{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |title=Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812308351 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&pg=PA143 |language=en}}

Under Habibie, Indonesia made significant changes to its political system that expanded competition and freedom of speech. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dissolving the Information Ministry. He also quickly committed to holding democratic elections, albeit on an initially vague timetable. In December, he proposed political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats in parliament held by the military, and barred political activity by civil servants.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=145}}

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the military to retain some seats in parliament, and taking little action on other military and judicial reforms.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002}}

Habibie's government also passed laws which granted significant autonomy to regional governments, namely at the regency and city level. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowed local legislatures to hold said executives accountable, though it was not implemented until after his presidency.{{sfn|Bohlken|2016|p=220}}

Although he had been viewed as leading a transitional government, Habibie seemed determined to continue as president. He was initially unclear about whether he would seek a full term as president when he announced parliamentary elections in June 1998. Habibie faced opposition from many within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung as chair of the party, but was ultimately able to defeat a rival camp including former vice president Try Sutrisno, defense minister Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=156}} Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. In March 1999, Golkar put forth five presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=228}} In May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, but a large faction in the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=236}} His political credibility was tarnished by the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled to members of Habibie's re-election team.{{cite book|author=Samuel S. Kim|title=East Asia and Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQptAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=25 October 2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-7760-2|pages=224–}}

At the 1999 MPR General Session in October, Habibie delivered an accountability speech. MPR members then began voting to decide if they would accept or reject his speech. Habibie attempted to win the support of the military by offering the vice presidency to General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.{{Harvnb|O'Rourke|2002|p=312}} Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, so his accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322 and Habibie withdrew his nomination as president.{{cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Geoff |title=Indonesia's Habibie Withdraws |url=https://www.apnews.com/219ba3630e874ce89b1f270942cd9f56 |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=AP News |date=20 October 1999 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129140803/https://apnews.com/219ba3630e874ce89b1f270942cd9f56 |url-status=dead }} He was succeeded by Abdurrahman Wahid.

File:State Funeral Procession of President B. J. Habibie, Jakarta - 12 September 2019.jpg in Jakarta, 12 September 2019]]

After relinquishing the presidency, Habibie spent more time in Germany than in Indonesia, though he was active during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency as a presidential adviser. During this time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.{{cite news |last=Movanita |first=Ambaranie Nadia Kemala |date=11 September 2019 |title=[OBITUARI] BJ Habibie, "Bapak Pesawat" yang Tak Pernah Tertarik Jadi Presiden |language=id |work=KOMPAS |editor-last=Galih |editor-first=Bayu |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/09/11/18384131/obituari-bj-habibie-bapak-pesawat-yang-tak-pernah-tertarik-jadi-presiden?page=all |access-date=11 September 2019}}

In September 2006, he released a book called {{lang|id|Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi}} (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The book recalled the events of May 1998, which led to his rise to the presidency. In the book, he controversially accused Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a coup d'état against him in May 1998.{{cite news |last1=Dariyanto |first1=Erwin |title=Prabowo Dipecat atau Diberhentikan? Ini Cerita BJ Habibie |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3580273/prabowo-dipecat-atau-diberhentikan-ini-cerita-bj-habibie |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=detikNews |date=31 July 2017 |language=id}}

In early September 2019, he was admitted to Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,{{Cite web |author=Movanita |first1=Ambaranie Nadia Kemala |last2=Purnamasari |first2=Deti Mega |date=11 September 2019 |editor-last=Rastika |editor-first=Icha |title=BJ Habibie Meninggal Dunia di RSPAD |work=KOMPAS.com |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/09/11/18162731/bj-habibie-meninggal-dunia-di-rspad |access-date=11 September 2019 |language=id}}{{Cite web |last1=Raharjo |first1=Dwi Bowo |last2=Aranditio |first2=Stephanus |date=2019-09-08 |title=BJ Habibie Dirawat di Ruang CICU RSPAD Gatot Soebroto |url=https://www.suara.com/news/2019/09/08/204619/bj-habibie-dirawat-di-ruang-cicu-rspad-gatot-soebroto |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=suara.com |language=id}} namely cardiomyopathy,{{cite news |last1=Siyahailatua |first1=Sarah Ervina Dara |date=12 September 2019 |title=BJ Habibie Punya Riwayat Kesehatan Lemah Jantung, Apa Itu? |language=id |work=Tempo |editor-last=Tarigan |editor-first=Mitra |url=https://gaya.tempo.co/read/1246729/bj-habibie-punya-riwayat-kesehatan-lemah-jantung-apa-itu |access-date=12 September 2019}} and died on 11 September 2019.{{Cite web |last=Alaidrus |first=Fadiyah |date=11 September 2019 |editor-last=Primastika |editor-first=Widia |title=B.J. Habibie Meninggal Dunia, 11 September Petang Ini |url=https://tirto.id/bj-habibie-meninggal-dunia-11-september-petang-ini-ehUF |access-date=11 September 2019 |website=Tirto.id |language=id}}{{cite news |author=Komara |first=Indra |date=11 September 2019 |title=BJ Habibie Meninggal Dunia |language=id |work=Detik.com |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4702307/bj-habibie-tutup-usia |access-date=11 September 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Kotarumalos |first=Ali |date=11 September 2019 |title=Former Indonesian President Habibie Dies at Age 83 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/09/11/world/asia/ap-as-indonesia-obit-bj-habibie.html |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912211902/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/09/11/world/asia/ap-as-indonesia-obit-bj-habibie.html |archive-date=12 September 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-indonesia-president-habibie-dies|title=Former Indonesian president Habibie, who described Singapore as a 'little red dot', dies aged 83|last=hermesauto|date=11 September 2019|website=The Straits Times|language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/09/520676/indonesias-habibie-president-during-transition-democracy-dies|title=Indonesia's Habibie, president during transition to democracy, dies|agency=Reuters|date=11 September 2019|website=New Straits Times|publisher=Media Prima Group|access-date=11 September 2019}} He became the first president of Indonesia to be buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.{{cite news |author=Prasetia |first=Andhika |date=11 September 2019 |title=BJ Habibie Akan Dimakamkan di Samping Makam Ainun |language=id |work=Detik.com |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4702438/bj-habibie-akan-dimakamkan-di-samping-makam-ainun}}

In response to his death, the Government of Indonesia announced a three-day national mourning period starting on 12 September, and announced that the Indonesian flag is to be flown at half-staff during the period.{{cite news |last1=Faisal |first1=Abdu |last2=Haryati |first2=Sri |date=11 September 2019 |title=Government declares three-day mourning for Habibie |work=Antara News |editor-last=Nasution |editor-first=Rahmad |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/132600/government-declares-three-day-mourning-for-habibie |access-date=11 September 2019}}

Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad was saddened by the loss of his old friend, Habibie.{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=Dr M offers condolences to late BJ Habibie's family |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/11/dr-m-offers-condolences-to-late-bj-habibie039s-family |access-date= |website=The Star |language=en}} He described his demise as a considerable loss.{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=Malaysian leaders mourn former Indonesia president BJ Habibie |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/12/malaysian-leaders-mourn-former-indonesia-president-bj-habibie/1789644 |access-date= |website=Malay Mail |language=en}}

On 12 September 2019, a video was released showing East Timor's former president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019. Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie while crying, then kissing Habibie on the forehead and lowering his face to Habibie's chest, with the other holding his head. A wreath in Gusmão's name was at the funeral, with a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for the loss of Big Brother President B.J. Habibie - Timorese people will remember you forever - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão."{{Cite news |last=Barker |first=Anne |date=2019-09-12 |title=East Timor resistance fighter's 'touching' farewell to former Indonesian president |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-13/bj-habibie-indonesia-president-dies-xanana-gusmao-east-timor/11507946 |access-date=2023-03-23}}

File:Foto Pernikahan Habibie - Ainun Adat Gorontalo.png

Habibie was married to Hasri Ainun Besari, a medical doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according to Javanese and Gorontalese culture.Habibie, B.J., 2010. Habibie & Ainun. THC Mandiri. The couple had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.{{cite web |date=23 May 2010 |title=Former First Lady Hasri Ainun Habibie Dies At 72 |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/former-first-lady-hasri-ainun-habibie-dies-at-72/376533 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524152627/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/former-first-lady-hasri-ainun-habibie-dies-at-72/376533 |archive-date=24 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |work=Jakarta Globe}}{{cite web|title=Brother of Former President BJ Habibie, Fanny Habibie, Dies at 74|publisher=Antara|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/brother-of-former-president-bj-habibie-fanny-habibie-dies-at-74/504157|access-date=18 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414083501/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/brother-of-former-president-bj-habibie-fanny-habibie-dies-at-74/504157|archive-date=14 April 2012}} After his wife's death, Habibie published a book titled Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The book was adapted into a film of the same name which was released on 20 December 2012.{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Zakir |date=25 November 2012 |title=Former President Habibie's Love Story to Hit the Big Screen |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/entertainment/former-president-habibies-love-story-to-hit-the-big-screen/558101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218221134/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/entertainment/former-president-habibies-love-story-to-hit-the-big-screen/558101 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |website=The Jakarta Globe}}

Habibie received several honorary degrees for his contributions in the fields of technology and science, e.g. he was awarded an honorary DSc degree from the Cranfield Institute of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr. (H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National University and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services to aircraft technology.[http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/2011/02/22/136033/rektor-ui-terima-penghargaan-dari-chonbuk-national-university Rektor UI Terima Penghargaan dari Chonbuk National University] - website of newspaper Pikiran Rakyat In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD degree in Technology by the University of Indonesia for his contribution to science in practice as a technocrat.{{Cite web |last=Wardany |first=Irawaty |date=30 January 2010 |title=Habibie gets his 4th honorary doctorate, this time from UI |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/31/habibie-gets-his-4th-honorary-doctorate-time-ui.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022181329/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/31/habibie-gets-his-4th-honorary-doctorate-time-ui.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.{{Cite web|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|title=List of Fellows - Royal Academy of Engineering|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}} In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (HonFRAeS).[https://www.aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Medals%20and%20Awards/2015_WOW_Medals_and_Awards_brochure_Web.pdf WOW_Medals_and_Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710051324/https://www.aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Medals%20and%20Awards/2015_WOW_Medals_and_Awards_brochure_Web.pdf |date=10 July 2017 }} - website of the Royal Aeronautical Society He was also named an honorary member of several professional bodies, including:

{{Columns-list|

• Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM)
• Japanese Academy of Engineering
• Fellowship of Engineering of the United Kingdom, London
• National Academy of Engineering, USA
• Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace, France
• Royal Aeronautical Society, UK
• Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Institute for Aviation & Space), Germany
• American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USA

}}

File:B.J. Habibie with presidential decorations.jpg

As vice president, and later president of Indonesia, he was automatically bestowed the highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations from Indonesia, namely:{{cite web |last=Nainggolan |first=Johannes |date=12 September 2019 |title=11 Tanda Kehormatan dan Bintang Jasa Almarhum BJ Habibie Dibacakan |url=https://www.indozone.id/news/vWsDp6/11-tanda-kehormatan-dan-bintang-jasa-almarhum-bj-habibie-dibacakan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607015103/https://www.indozone.id/news/vWsDp6/11-tanda-kehormatan-dan-bintang-jasa-almarhum-bj-habibie-dibacakan/read-all |archive-date=7 June 2020 |website=Indozone.id |language=id}}{{cite web|title=Penghargaan Presiden BJ Habibie|url=https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/award/?presiden_id=4&presiden=habibie|publisher=National Library of the Republic of Indonesia|language=id|access-date=10 February 2021}}

• 70px Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna}}) (27 May 1998){{cite web|title=Daftar WNI yang Menerima Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Republik Indonesia 1959 - sekarang |url=https://cdn.setneg.go.id/_multimedia/document/20200107/3822wni_penerima_tanda_kehormatan_bintang_republik_indonesia_1959_sekarang.pdf|publisher=Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia|language=id|access-date=10 February 2021}}
• 70px Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana}}) (12 March 1998)
• 70px Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna}}) (12 March 1998){{cite web|title=Daftar WNI yang Mendapat Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Mahaputera tahun 1959 s.d. 2003|publisher=Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia|url=https://cdn.setneg.go.id/_multimedia/document/20180910/41462-Bintang_Mahaputera_tahun_1959-2003.pdf|language=id|access-date=10 February 2021}}
• 70px Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana}}) (17 August 1982)
• 70px Star of Merit, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Jasa Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Star of Culture Parama Dharma ({{langx|id|Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma}}) (27 May 1998){{cite web|title=Daftar Pemilik Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma Tahun 1988 – 2003|publisher=Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia |language=id|url=https://cdn.setneg.go.id/_multimedia/document/20180910/50406-Bintang_Budaya_Parama_Dharma_tahun_1988-2003.pdf|access-date=10 February 2021}}
• 70px Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Star of Jalasena, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Jalasena Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class ({{langx|id|Bintang Bhayangkara Utama}}) (27 May 1998)
• 70px Military Instructor Service Medal ({{langx|id|Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha}}) (9 August 1982)

In addition, he also received several foreign decorations:

{{flag|Austria}}:

• 70px Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1996)

{{flag|Belgium}}:

• 70px Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II (10 April 1991)

{{flag|Brazil}}:

• 70px Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (2010)

{{flag|Chile}}:

• 70px Grand Cross of Aeronautical Merit (3 October 1985)

{{flag|France}}:

• 70px Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (4 June 1997) {{Cite web|url=https://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/index.php/news/1997-06-04/habibie-awarded-highest-french-medal.html|title=Habibie awarded highest French medal|agency=Antara|date=4 June 1997|website=Asia Pacific Solidarity Network|access-date=22 January 2023}}
• 70px Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (September 1986)

{{flag|Germany}}:

• 70px Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (15 July 1997)
• 70px Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (11 November 1980)
• {{flag|Lower Saxony}}:
• 70px Commander's Cross (Großes Verdienstkreuz) of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit (1 December 1980)

{{flag|Italy}}:

• 70px Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (16 June 1987) Italian Presidency Website, [https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/15397 HABIBIE Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf]

{{flag|Japan}}:

• 70px Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (1998)

{{flag|Jordan}}:

• 70px Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence (Wisam al-Istiqial) (14 April 1986)

{{flag|Netherlands}}:

• 70px Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (25 May 1983)

{{flag|Spain}}:

• 70px Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (24 April 1987) Spain State Agency of Official State Gazette, [https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1988-1376 Real Decreto 1756/1987, de 30 de diciembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil al señor Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie.]
• 70px Grand Cross of Aeronautical Merit with White Decoration (14 May 1980) Spain State Agency of Official State Gazette, [https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1980-6052 Real Decreto 497/1980, de 7 de marzo, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz del Mérito Aeronáutico, con distintivo blanco, al Profesor Doctor Ingeniero don Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Ministro de Investigación y Tecnología de Indonesia.]

{{flag|Taiwan}}

• 70px Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star (10 June 1994)

File:Patung Habibie - Isimu - Gorontalo.png

There is several places, especially in Sulawesi where he came from, that bear his name. In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring statue of him and Ainun was dedicated by himself at his 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.{{Cite news |last=Ratnasari |first=Bella Cynthia |date=25 May 2018 |title=Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun, Ikon Kota Parepare yang Mempesona |language=id-ID |work=Kumparan |editor-last=Novianti |editor-first=Andari |url=https://kumparan.com/@kumparantravel/monumen-cinta-sejati-habibie-ainun-ikon-kota-parepare-yang-mempesona |access-date=2019-09-10}} Gelora Mandiri Stadium in the city was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after his death.{{Cite web|url=https://makassar.sindonews.com/berita/32196/1/resmi-bj-habibie-diabadikan-jadi-nama-stadion-di-parepare|title=Resmi! BJ Habibie Diabadikan Jadi Nama Stadion di Parepare|last=Kurniawan|first=Tri Yari|date=28 September 2019|website=Sindonews.com Makassar|access-date=31 August 2022}} His former house in Parepare is converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.{{Cite web |last= |title=Museum BJ Habibie, Destinasi Wisata Sejarah di Parepare |url=https://disporapar.pareparekota.go.id/museum-bj-habibie-destinasi-wisata-sejarah-di-parepare/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |publisher=Dinas Kepemudaan, Olahraga, dan Pariwisata Kota Parepare |language=en-CA}} In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Mosque in Parepare was opened to the public.{{cite web |last1=Muhlis |title=Masjid Terapung BJ Habibie Parepare Mulai Difungsikan |url=https://www.galalisan.com/metro/pr-5994662086/masjid-terapung-bj-habibie-parepare-mulai-difungsikan |website=Galalisan.com |date=10 September 2022 |access-date=1 February 2023}}

In Gorontalo Regency, there is a monument of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3864894/patung-bj-habibie-senilai-17-miliar-berdiri-megah-di-jalan-trans-sulawesi|title=Patung BJ Habibie Senilai 1,7 Miliar Berdiri Megah di Jalan Trans Sulawesi|last=Ibrahim|date=2019-01-07|work=Liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2019-09-10|first=Arfandi|editor-last=Apriyono|editor-first=Ahmad|editor-last2=Ige|editor-first2=Edhie Prayitno}}

In memory of Habibie, the government of Timor-Leste named a bridge in the city of Dili B. J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.

Habibie has been portrayed in several biopic movies based on both his political and personal life. In the first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and {{ill|Habibie & Ainun 3|id}} (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie{{cite web |last= |date=30 June 2016 |title=Kenalan yuk sama Bima, pemeran Habibie kecil di film Rudy Habibie |url=https://www.brilio.net/film/kenalan-yuk-sama-bima-pemeran-habibie-kecil-di-film-rudy-habibie-160630y.html}} during his childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively. In the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.

{{Reflist|2}}

• Anwar, Dewi Fortuna (2010). "The Habibie presidency: Catapulting towards reform". In Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy (eds.). Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch. pp. 99–117. [http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33621/459541.pdf?sequence=1#page=119 online]
• {{cite book |last1=Bohlken |first1=Anjali Thomas |title=Democratization from Above: The Logic of Local Democracy in the Developing World |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107128873 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7EkCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
• Davidson, Jamie S. (2018). Indonesia: Twenty Years of Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
• Ford, Michele (2000). "Continuity and change in Indonesian labour relations in the Habibie interregnum". Asian Journal of Social Science. 28(2): 59–88.
• Juwono, Vishnu (2020). "One step forward, two steps back: The retrogression of governance reform and anti-corruption measure in Indonesia 1999 - 2001". Jurnal Politik. 6(1): 123–148. [http://www.jurnalpolitik.ui.ac.id/index.php/jp/article/download/307/129online]
• {{cite book |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Kevin |title=Reformasi: The Struggle for Power in Post-Soeharto Indonesia |date=2002 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=9781865087542 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LMbygm3UZcC|language=en}}
• {{cite book |last=Rice |first=Robert C. |editor-last1=Hill |editor-first1=Hal |editor-last2=Thee |editor-first2=Kian Wie |editor-link2=Thee Kian Wie |title=Indonesia's Technological Challenge |date=1998 |location=Singapore |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |pages=185–198 |chapter=The Habibie approach to science, technology and national development |hdl=1885/266207 |isbn=981-230-013-9 |language=en}}

In Indonesian

• {{cite book |last1=Habibie |first1=Bacharuddin Jusuf |title=Habibie & Ainun |date=2010 |publisher=THC Mandiri |isbn=9789791255134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9BJygAACAAJ&q=9789791255134 |language=id}}
• {{cite book |last1=Makka |first1=A. Makmur |title=The True Life of Habibie: Cerita di Balik Kesuksesan |date=2008 |publisher=PT Mizan Publika |isbn=9789793371832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvvYN1LjVMC |language=id}}

{{Commons category|Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie}}

• {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/habibie.ristek.go.id/ |date=* |title=Habibie's homepage while he served as the State Minister of Research and Technology }}
• [http://habibiecenter.or.id/ The Habibie Center, an NGO founded by Habibie]

{{s-start}}

{{s-off}}

{{s-bef|before=Suharto}}

{{s-ttl|title=President of Indonesia|years=21 May 1998 – 20 October 1999}}

{{s-aft|after=Abdurrahman Wahid}}

{{s-bef|before=Try Sutrisno}}

{{s-ttl|title=Vice President of Indonesia|years=11 March 1998 – 21 May 1998}}

{{s-aft|after=Megawati Sukarnoputri}}

{{s-bef|before=Sumitro Djojohadikusumo}}

{{s-ttl|title=State Minister of Research
and Technology|years=1978–1998}}

{{s-aft|after=Rahardi Ramelan}}

{{s-gov}}

{{s-new|office}}

{{s-ttl|title=Head of Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology|years=1974–1998}}

{{s-aft|after=Rahardi Ramelan}}

{{s-end}}

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