Bashkortostan

{{see also|Bashkirs#Ethnonym}}

The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the endonym having various theories on its meaning, the most prominent is being a combination of Turkic words baş, meaning 'head', 'chief', 'main', 'principal' and qurt meaning 'wolf' (one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);{{Cite book |last1=Rinchindorji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GY3PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |title=THE EPICS OF CHINA |last2=Ying |first2=Lang |date=2020-02-05 |publisher=American Academic Press |isbn=978-1-63181-660-4 |language=en}} the suffix -stan is Persian, commonly used for many Eurasian territorial names. Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYGQfiD_1oC&pg=PT1764 |title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |date=2005-11-24 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-054784-8 |language=en}}

{{Main|History of Bashkortostan}}

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodufa.ru/?p=41 |title=Главархитектура г. Уфы – История г. Уфы |website=Gorodufa.ru |access-date=August 26, 2015 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831091546/http://www.gorodufa.ru/?p=41 |url-status=dead}} When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River".

File:Рисунки в Каповой пещере.jpg|Cave paintings in the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve.

File:Mausoleum of Turahan.jpg|Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

File:Башкиры в Гамбурге, 1814.jpg|Bashkirs near Hamburg during the Napoleonic Wars, c. 1813.

File:Командиры БОКБ.jpg|A Red Army cavalry unit made up of Bashkirs, likely taken between 1924 and 1927.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan, the Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The Bashkir rebellion of 1662–1664 and the Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 were primarily caused by the Russian government's violations of the terms and conditions previously agreed between the Bashkirs and the Russian authorities. Bashkirs were also largely involved in the Pugachev Rebellion (their leader Salawat Yulayev, currently considered a national hero of the Bashkirs, was one of Pugachev's closest aides).

File:Памятник Салавату Юлаеву1.jpg, who led a rebellion against the Russian Empire.]]

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate ({{lang|ru-Latn|guberniya}}), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step toward territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions), which required a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights, the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR.{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Cameron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn-XYF1_27kC&pg=PA188 |title=Regional Politics in Russia |date=2002-05-03 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5890-5 |language=en |access-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125082114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn-XYF1_27kC&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.Об изменении наименования государства Башкирская Советская Социалистическая Республика / Закон Республики Башкортостан от 25 февраля 1992 г. № ВС-10/12

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994,{{Cite journal |last=Solnick |first=Steven |date=29 May 1996 |title=Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1996-810-08-Solnick.pdf |journal=The National Council for Soviet and East European Research |page=12 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828112303/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1996-810-08-Solnick.pdf |archive-date=August 28, 2017 |url-status=dead}} a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was unilaterally abolished on 7 July 2005.{{Cite thesis |degree=Undergraduate |last=Turner |first=Cassandra |date=May 2018 |title="We Never Said We're Independent": Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions |publisher=University of Mississippi |page=49 |quote=As the treaty was not successfully re-approved, Bashkortostan lost its autonomy on July 7th, 2005.}}

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

File:Шихан Торатау и коровы.jpg|Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

File:Atysh waterfall (2008).jpg|Atysh waterfall

File:Лошади на Банном.jpg|Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake

File:Лес вокруг г.Ямантау.jpg|Autumn Yamantau

• Area: {{convert|143600|km2|sp=us}} (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum north-south distance: 550 km
• Maximum east-west distance: over 430 km

File:Соколиная скала.jpg]]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deep-water transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

File:WlTqPdi0gFA.jpg

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

File:Iremel Mount.jpg Mount]]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

File:Pumpjacks in Ishimbay.jpg oil pumps]]

File:Sibay quarry.jpg]]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of Russia's most mineral-rich territories. With a large share of Russian oil reserves, the region is a principal site of extraction. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, and more.

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its own power and fuel. Additionally, the region has enough raw materials to support a variety of industries, from metallurgy to glass-making.

Bashkortostan is a major source of materials used in non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Deposits of raw materials used in mining are also significant in the region.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woodlands. Over one-third of its territory, or {{convert|62000|km2}}, is wooded. The following types of trees dominate: birch, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber has been estimated as 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than {{convert|10000|km2}}.

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs that provide drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.{{cite journal |title=The Nonmarine Permian |volume=30 |journal=Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |page=48 |editor1-first=Spencer G. |editor1-last=Lucas |editor2-first=Kate E. |editor2-last=Zeigler |date=2005}}

• Average annual temperature: {{convert|+0.3|C}} (mountains) to {{convert|+2.8|C}} (plains)
• Average January temperature: {{convert|-16|C}}
• Average July temperature: {{convert|+18|C}}

{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Republic of Bashkortostan}}As of 2013, Republic of Bashkortostan is divided into 54 districts, 21 cities or towns, 2 urban type settlements and 827 selsoviets.{{OKATO reference|80}}

File:BashkirWhiteHouse.jpg also known as Bashkir White House]]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is called the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was "President"{{cite web |url=http://www.bashinform.ru/news/687342/ |script-title=ru:Парламентарии Башкирии приняли Закон "О Главе Республики Башкортостан" |title=Parlamentarii Bashkirii prinyali Zakon "O Glave Respubliki Bashkortostan" |language=ru |trans-title=Parliamentarians of Bashkiria adopted the Law "On the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan" |date=2014-12-25 |website=Bashinform.ru |access-date=2015-01-08 |archive-date=January 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002142/http://www.bashinform.ru/news/687342/ |url-status=dead}}). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties to the country's people and citizens, protects the economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov, the leader after 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he decided to not run for reelection.{{cite web |script-title=ru:Глава Башкирии Хамитов ушел в отставку |title=Glava Bashkirii Khamitov ushel v otstavku |language=ru |trans-title=Head of Bashkiria Khamitov resigned |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/632975 |website=Interfax.ru |date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011211803/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/632975 |url-status=live }}

The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

File:Путин и Хабиров 2019 год.jpg with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 26 August 2019]]

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of the authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, district courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.{{cite web |url=http://1997-2011.tatarstan.ru/?DNSID=47a448cfb88c60567488152b5676bf66&node_id=1185&full=872 |script-title=ru:Просмотр публикации : Республика Татарстан |title=Prosmotr publikatsii : Respublika Tatarstan |language=ru |trans-title=View Publication : Republic of Tatarstan |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130180739/http://1997-2011.tatarstan.ru/?DNSID=47a448cfb88c60567488152b5676bf66&node_id=1185&full=872 |archive-date=January 30, 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.islamrf.ru/news/analytics/politics/23040/ |title=IslamRF.ru: Татарстан и Башкортостан в первой половине 2012–го года: от альянса в экономике к сотрудничеству в сферах языка и религии |website=Islamrf.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120024230/http://www.islamrf.ru/news/analytics/politics/23040/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://president.tatarstan.ru/news/view/95013 |title=Президент РТ |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131105158/http://president.tatarstan.ru/news/view/95013 |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}

File:Tyupkildy wind park (Bashkortostan).png

File:ПодсолнухивИшимбайскомрайоне.jpg. Bashkortostan has a developed agriculture]]

Bashkortostan is one of the Russian Federation's most developed regions in terms of its cross-regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The region's largest companies include Bashneft, Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation), Peton Holding, Bashkhim, Ufaorgsintez, Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works.{{cite web |script-title=ru:Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |website=СБИС |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024515/https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |url-status=live }}

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. with major deposits first discovered in 1943. During the Great Patriotic War, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, several industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining (Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

Bashkortostan has a diverse economy, including a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing. Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,{{cite web |url=https://www.bashinform.ru/news/708364-vrp-bashkirii-v-2014-godu-preodolel-novyy-rubezh-1-3-trln-rubley/ |title=ВРП Башкирии в 2014 году преодолел новый рубеж — 1,3 трлн рублей |date=March 12, 2015 |website=Bashinform.ru}} making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.{{Cite web |url=https://pobashkirii.ru/respublika-bashkortostan-v-cifrax-i-faktax/ |title=Республика Башкортостан в цифрах и фактах |website=Pobashkirii.ru |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302154129/https://pobashkirii.ru/respublika-bashkortostan-v-cifrax-i-faktax/ |url-status=live }} As much as 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,{{cite web |url=http://vid1.rian.ru/ig/ratings/rating_regions_2015.pdf |title=РЕЙТИНГ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РФ ИТОГИ 2014 ГОДА |website=Vid1..rian.ru |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=July 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706083410/http://vid1.rian.ru/ig/ratings/rating_regions_2015.pdf |url-status=live }} higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the region with the lowest economic risk.{{cite web |url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=987418 |title=Вести.Ru: Башкортостан признан регионом с минимальными экономическими рисками |website=Vesti.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529094253/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=987418 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://minecon.bashkortostan.ru/press-tsentr/news/respublika-bashkortostan-region-s-minimalnymi-ekonomicheskimi-riskami/ |title=Title |access-date=August 24, 2015 |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208042634/http://minecon.bashkortostan.ru/press-tsentr/news/respublika-bashkortostan-region-s-minimalnymi-ekonomicheskimi-riskami/ |url-status=dead}}

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,{{cite web |url=http://top-rf.ru/places/153-stroitelstvo-zhilya-v-rossii-za-9-mesyatsev-2014-goda.html |title=Ввод жилья в России – 2014: рейтинг регионов по итогам III квартала |website=Top-rf.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173619/http://top-rf.ru/places/153-stroitelstvo-zhilya-v-rossii-za-9-mesyatsev-2014-goda.html |url-status=live }} developed electric power industry{{cite web |url=http://resbash.ru/stat/2/6681 |title=Сайт газеты "Республика Башкортостан" – Экономика – "Позеленеет" ли энергетика? |website=Resbash.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130194153/http://resbash.ru/stat/2/6681 |archive-date=January 30, 2016 |url-status=dead}} and tourism.{{cite web |title=Республика Башкортостан |language=ru |trans-title=Republic of Bashkortostan |url=http://www.open-volga.ru/region/index.php?ID=4092 |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130093209/http://www.open-volga.ru/region/index.php?ID=4092 |archive-date=January 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}

Ufa was ranked by Forbes as among the best cities for business in Russia in 2013.{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.ru/rating/30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa-2013/2013?full=1&table=1 |script-title=ru:30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2013 |title=30 luchshikh gorodov dlya biznesa — 2013 |language=ru |trans-title=Top 30 Cities for Business 2013 |website=Forbes.ru |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709192820/http://www.forbes.ru/rating/30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa-2013/2013?full=1&table=1 |url-status=live }}

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.{{cite web |url=https://knoema.ru//atlas/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD/topics/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82 |title=Валовой региональный продукт - Республика Башкортостан - Российская Федерация - knoema.com |website=Knoema |access-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831091541/https://knoema.ru/atlas/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD/topics/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82 |url-status=live }}

File:Russian Navy Kamov Ka-31.jpg|Ka-31 helicopter, produced in Kumertau.

File:DT-30P1 Vityaz 1.jpg|DT-30 amphibious ATV, made in Ishimbay.

File:117C for Su-35.jpg|AL-41F1 engine for PAK FA fifth-generation fighter and Su-35S, produced in Ufa.

File:Автобус НефАЗ-VDL "Башавтотранс" на улицах г.Уфы..jpg|Nefaz-VDL bus of Neftekamsk Automotive Plant.

File:Geopark-toratau-1.jpg

Tourism in the region is regulated by the Russian Federation. Efforts are underway to enhance tourism and hospitality in the northeast region. These initiatives are founded on the innovative scientific, educational, and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau."{{Cite journal |last1=Serova |first1=O V |last2=Kudinova |first2=G E |last3=Rozenberg |first3=A G |last4=Kudinov |first4=A K |last5=Lazareva |first5=N V |date=2021-07-01 |title=Development of Regional Tourism on the Example of the Republic of Bashkortostan |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |language=en |volume=818 |issue=1 |page=012046 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/818/1/012046 |bibcode=2021E&ES..818a2046S |s2cid=235918998 |issn=1755-1315 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice | cc = by3 | from this source = yes}}{{Cite web |title=Развитие двух геопарков в Башкирии оценили в 920 миллионов рублей |url=https://ufa.rbc.ru/ufa/10/12/2020/5fd1b7809a7947962153d8b5 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=РБК |date=December 10, 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102130939/https://ufa.rbc.ru/ufa/10/12/2020/5fd1b7809a7947962153d8b5 |url-status=live }}

{{Largest cities

| country = Bashkortostan

| stat_ref = 2010 Russian Census

| list_by_pop =

| div_name =

| div_link = Administrative divisions of Bashkortostan{{!}}Administrative Division

| city_1 = Ufa

| div_1 = Ufimsky District

| pop_1 = 1,062,319

| img_1 = Kommunisticheskaya - panoramio.jpg

| city_2 = Sterlitamak

| div_2 = Sterlitamaksky District

| pop_2 = 273,486

| img_2 = Kolhozniy-rinok.jpg

| city_3 = Salavat, Russia{{!}}Salavat

| div_3 = Salavat, Russia{{!}}City of republic significance of Salavat

| pop_3 = 156,095

| img_3 = Lenina str 2 salavat.jpg

| city_4 = Neftekamsk

| div_4 = Neftekamsk{{!}}City of republic significance of Neftekamsk

| pop_4 = 121,733

| img_4 = Ул. Карла Маркса г.Нефтекамска.JPG

| city_5 = Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan{{!}}Oktyabrsky

| div_5 = Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan{{!}}City of republic significance of Oktyabrsky

| pop_5 = 109,474

| city_6 = Beloretsk

| div_6 = Beloretsky District

| pop_6 = 68,806

| city_7 = Tuymazy

| div_7 = Tuymazinsky District

| pop_7 = 66,836

| city_8 = Ishimbay

| div_8 = Ishimbaysky District

| pop_8 = 66,259

| city_9 = Kumertau

| div_9 = Kumertau{{!}}Town of republic significance of Kumertau

| pop_9 = 62,851

| city_10 = Sibay

| div_10 = Sibay{{!}}Town of republic significance of Sibay

| pop_10 = 62,763

}}{{Historical populations|1897|1991000|1926|2545165|1939|3158000|1959|3341609|1970|3818075|1979|3848627|1989|3950482|2002|4104336|2010|4072292|2021|4091423|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}File:Bashkir village Inzer river.jpg on the Inzer River]]File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Bashkortostan.png

{{Further|Neftekamsk Urban Okrug}}

Bashkirs are the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan. According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%).Russian Census 2002. [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_06.xls {{lang|ru|6. Владение языками (кроме русского) населением отдельных национальностей по республикам, автономной области и автономным округам Российской Федерации}}] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104083616/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_06.xls |date=November 4, 2006 }}(Knowledge of languages other than Russian by the population of republics, autonomous oblast and autonomous districts){{in lang|ru}}

{{Bar box

|title=Religion in Bashkortostan as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=December 6, 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.{{Cite magazine |url=http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg |title=2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps |magazine=Ogonek |number=34 (5243) |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg |archive-date=21 April 2017}}

|float=right

|bars=

{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|58.3}}

{{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|17.2}}

{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|10.2}}{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|5.4}}

{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|4.6}}

{{Bar percent|Mari religion and Rodnovery|Red|2.6}}

}}

File:Суфия2.jpg]]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population{{Cite web |url=http://islamonline.com/news/articles/14/Bashkortostan-ripe-for-investment-Khamitov.html |title=IslamOnline, Islamic News, Islamic Finance and Business – Bashkortostan ripe for investment: Khamitov |access-date=May 29, 2012 |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618021513/http://islamonline.com/news/articles/14/Bashkortostan-ripe-for-investment-Khamitov.html |url-status=dead}} of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008."Bashkortostan Jews Centered", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, July/August 2008

According to a 2012 Sreda survey of 56,900 people, 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations.{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Социологические опросы "Среды", или кто заказывает "магию цифр"?! |title=Sotsiologicheskiye oprosy "Sredy", ili kto zakazyvayet "magiyu tsifr"?! |language=ru |trans-title=Opinion polls "Wednesday", or who orders the "magic of numbers"?! |url=http://ruskline.ru/news_rl/2012/09/06/sociologicheskie_oprosy_sredy_ili_kto_zakazyvaet_magiyu_cifr/ |website=Ruskline.ru |date=6 September 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2017 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618234121/https://ruskline.ru/news_rl/2012/09/06/sociologicheskie_oprosy_sredy_ili_kto_zakazyvaet_magiyu_cifr/ |url-status=live }}

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,{{cite web |url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=38780 |title=Интерфакс-Религия: Говорить о притеснении ислама в России кощунственно, считает Талгат Таджуддин |website=Interfax-religion.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=December 24, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224044013/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=38780 |url-status=live }} 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.{{cite web |url=http://www.dumrb.ru/?part_id=44&news_id=305 |title=25.08.2010 :: События :: Духовное управление мусульман Республики Башкортостан – Официальный сайт |website=Dumrb.ru |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=January 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101225537/http://www.dumrb.ru/?part_id=44&news_id=305 |url-status=live }}

File:Fasad5.jpg

{{main|Education in Bashkortostan}}

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at 12 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually—primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques ({{transliteration|ar|maktabeh}} and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

File:Stadium Neftyanick Ufa - Ural.jpg]]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League team Toros Neftekamsk, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women's Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women's Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://realnoevremya.ru/articles/124507-v-ufe-hotyat-vozrodit-hokkey-s-myachom |title=Google Translate |website=translate.google.co.uk |access-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125082116/https://realnoevremya-ru.translate.goog/articles/124507-v-ufe-hotyat-vozrodit-hokkey-s-myachom?_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://bash.news/news/90836_ufimskij_kirovecz_vzyal_bronzu_v_finale_pervenstva_strany_po_xokkeyu_s_myachom |title=Уфимский «Кировец» взял бронзу в финале первенства страны по хоккею с мячом |trans-title=Ufa "Kirovets" took bronze in the final of the national bandy championship |website=translate.google.co.uk |date=February 26, 2019 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901184512/https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://bash.news/news/90836_ufimskij_kirovecz_vzyal_bronzu_v_finale_pervenstva_strany_po_xokkeyu_s_myachom |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://mgazeta.com/category/sport/khokkey-s-myachom-snova-v-bashkirii/ |title=Google Translate |website=translate.google.co.uk}} There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https%3A%2F%2Fmkset.ru%2Fnews%2Fsport%2F05-02-2019%2Fkak-v-bashkirii-budet-razvivatsya-bendi%3Fid%3Dkak-v-bashkirii-budet-razvivatsya-bendi&published_date=05-02-2019&rubric=sport&type=NewsItem |title=Google Translate |website=translate.google.co.uk |access-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901184501/https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https%3A%2F%2Fmkset.ru%2Fnews%2Fsport%2F05-02-2019%2Fkak-v-bashkirii-budet-razvivatsya-bendi%3Fid%3Dkak-v-bashkirii-budet-razvivatsya-bendi&published_date=05-02-2019&rubric=sport&type=NewsItem |url-status=live }}

File:Bashkir State Academic Theatre of Drama.jpg

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected,{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVozAQAAQBAJ&q=Bashkir+literature&pg=PA11 |title=Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige |publisher=Brill |first=Allen J. |last=Frank |year=2012 |page=11 |isbn=9789004234901 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |quote=Tatar and Bashkir literary works constitute a particularly rich body of indigenous historical sources of Inner Asia, particularly for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125082115/https://books.google.com/books?id=CVozAQAAQBAJ&q=Bashkir+literature&pg=PA11#v=snippet&q=Bashkir%20literature&f=false |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6Isra1O6QkC&pg=PR51 |title=Nureyev: The Life |publisher=Random House |first=Julie |last=Kavanagh |year=2011 |page=51 |isbn=9780307807342 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |quote=A celebration of Bashkirian Literature and Art to be held in Moscow..}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tle7SAlWFRkC&pg=PA118 |title=Boris Pasternak: A Literary Biography, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |first=Christopher |last=Barnes |year=2004 |page=118 |isbn=9780521520737 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |quote=The main themes of the meeting were the discussion of the state of Byelorussian and Bashkirian literature..}}

There are many museums in the Republic that chronicle the region's history. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

• Bashkir cuisine

{{notelist}}

{{notelist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Ilishev |first=Ildus G. |date=December 1998 |title=Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=723–759 |doi=10.1080/00905999808408597 |s2cid=155083799}}
• {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ufa (government) |volume=27 |last1=Kropotkin |first1=Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin |last2=Bealby |first2=John Thomas |pages=556–557 |short=1}}

{{Wikivoyage|Bashkortostan}}

{{Commons category|Bashkortostan}}

• [http://www.bashkortostan.ru The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013910/http://www.bashkortostan.ru/ |date=July 22, 2011 }} {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216003509/http://www.presidentrb.ru/eng/ The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan]

{{Republic of Bashkortostan}}

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}

{{TURKSOY}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}

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