Bildungsroman

In literary criticism, a bildungsroman ({{IPA|de|ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn}}) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth and change of the protagonist from childhood to adulthood (coming of age).{{sfn|Lynch|1999}}{{sfn|Bakhtin|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Jeffers|2005|p=2}}{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bildungsroman: German literary genre |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65244/bildungsroman |date=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328005020/https://global.britannica.com/art/bildungsroman |archive-date=28 March 2020}}{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Engel explains that the term has in recent years been applied to very different novels but originally meant a novel of formation of a character, of an individual personality on interaction (including conflict) with society. He also points out that it was, like the "novel of education" (Erziehungsroman), a subgenre of the "novel of development" (Entwicklungsroman).{{sfn|Engel|2008|pp=263–266}}}} The term comes from the German words {{Lang|de|Bildung}} ('formation') and {{Lang|de|Roman}} ('novel').

Origin

The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern in his university lectures, and was later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.{{sfn|Engel|2008|pp=263–266}}{{sfn|Summerfield|Downward|2010|p=1}} The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features.{{Cite thesis |last=Iversen |first=Annikin Teines |year=2010 |title=Change and Continuity; The bildungsroman in English |publisher=University of Tromsø |type=PhD |via=Munin open research archive |hdl=10037/2486}} The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical.

The birth of the bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1795–96,{{sfn|Jeffers|2005|p=49}} or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland's {{Lang|de|Geschichte des Agathon}} of 1767.Swales, Martin. The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 38. Although the bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle's English translation of Goethe's novel (1824) and his own Sartor Resartus (1833–34), the first English bildungsroman, inspired many British novelists.Buckley, J. H. (1974). Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding, Harvard Univ Press, {{ISBN|978-0-67479-640-9}}.Ellis, L. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-bcdAjAyiCAC Appearing to Diminish: Female Development and the British Bildungsroman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426100655/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bcdAjAyiCAC |date=26 April 2023 }}, 1750–1850, London: Bucknell University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-83875-411-5}}{{Cite journal |last=Golban |first=Petru |date=December 2013 |title=Tailoring the Bildungsroman within a Philosophical Treatise: Sartor Resartus and the Origins of the English Novel of Formation |url=https://www.academia.edu/16687090 |journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters |volume=30 |issue=2 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426100654/https://www.academia.edu/16687090 |url-status=live }} In the 20th century, it spread to FranceMoretti, Franco, and Albert Sbragia (1987), The Way of the World: the Bildungsroman in European Culture, London: Verso, {{ISBN|978-0-86091-159-3}}.Hirsch, Marianne. [http://www.columbia.edu/~mh2349/papers/Novel%20of%20Formation%20as%20Genre.pdf "The Novel of Formation as Genre: Between Great Expectations and Lost Illusions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211130227/http://www.columbia.edu/~mh2349/papers/Novel%20of%20Formation%20as%20Genre.pdf |date=11 December 2014}}, Genre Vol. 12 (Fall 1979), pp. 293–311, University of Oklahoma. and several other countries around the globe.Slaughter, J. R. (2006). "Novel Subjects and Enabling Fictions: the Formal Articulation of International Human Rights Law", Human Rights, Inc.: The World Novel, Narrative Form, and International Law, Ch. 2 (2007), New York: Fordham University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-82322-817-1}}; {{doi|10.5422/fordham/9780823228171.001.0001}}.

Barbara Whitman noted that the Iliad might be the first bildungsroman. It is not just "the story of the Trojan War. The Trojan War is in effect the backdrop for the story of Achilles' development. At the beginning Achilles is still a rash youth, making rash decisions which cost dearly to himself and all around him. (...) The story reaches its conclusion when Achilles has reached maturity and allows King Priam to recover Hector's body".Whitman, Barbara C. "The Iliad as a Bildungsroman". In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Roundtable on Classical Greece (eds. Victor Kromberg and Amalia Stanton, pp. 71, 73.

The genre translates fairly directly into the cinematic form, the coming-of-age film.

Plot outline

A bildungsroman is a growing up or "coming of age" of a generally naive person who goes in search of answers to life's questions with the expectation that these will result in gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest child going out in the world to seek their fortune."Franco Moretti et John Neubauer, historiens de la littérature, ont tous deux insisté sur le rôle fondamental qu'a joué le roman, depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale, dans la construction des âges de la vie, de l'adolescence et la jeunesse. Si, avant cette période, les jeunes sont les laissés-pour-compte de la littérature romanesque, cette entrée tardive est compensée par la place centrale qu'ils occupent dans le roman de formation. Vers la fin du XIXe siècle, quand ce genre entre en crise, les jeunes sont remplacés par les adolescents, nouveaux protagonistes des œuvres de fiction. Après les écrits de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, le roman de formation, ou Bildungsroman, dont l'apogée se situe entre Les années d'apprentissage de Wilhelm Meister de Goethe (1795–1796) et l'Éducation sentimentale de Flaubert (1869), invente la figure littéraire du jeune homme voyageur. C'est à partir donc de cette période qu'il faudra retrouver certains traits des voyages fictionnels, que j'appelle matrices , qui hantent encore notre imaginaire, et que l'on retrouve dans les séjours Erasmus contemporains" (Cicchelli Vincenzo, [https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-telemaque-2010-2-page-57.htm "Les legs du voyage de formation à la Bildung cosmopolite"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604102613/https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-telemaque-2010-2-page-57.htm |date=4 June 2018 }}, Le Télémaque, 2010/2 (n° 38), pp. 57–70. DOI: 10.3917/tele.038.0057. Usually in the beginning of the story, there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on their journey. In a bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted by the protagonist, and they are ultimately accepted into society—the protagonist's mistakes and disappointments are over. In some works, the protagonist is able to reach out and help others after having achieved maturity.

Franco Moretti "argues that the main conflict in the bildungsroman is the myth of modernity with its overvaluation of youth and progress as it clashes with the static teleological vision of happiness and reconciliation found in the endings of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister and even Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice".Lazzaro-Weis, Carol. "The Female 'Bildungsroman': Calling It into Question", NWSA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter, 1990), pp. 16–34. {{JSTOR|4315991}}

There are many variations and subgenres of bildungsroman that focus on the growth of an individual. An Entwicklungsroman ('development novel') is a story of general growth rather than self-cultivation. An Erziehungsroman ("education novel") focuses on training and formal schooling,Malone, David H. Faculty Development, or Faculty Life as a "Bildungsroman", Profession (1979), pp. 46–50. {{JSTOR|25595312}} while a Künstlerroman ("artist novel") is about the development of an artist and shows a growth of the self.{{cite book |author=Werlock, James P. |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuyTK_0eBsC&pg=PA387 |title=The Facts on File companion to the American short story |volume=2 |page=387|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9781438127439}} Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as bildungsroman although claiming to be predominantly factual (e.g. The Dharma Bums by Jack Kerouac or The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto "Che" Guevara)."[http://www.realteachertutors.com.au/motorcycle-diaries-che-guevara-hsc-english-discovery/ The Motorcycle Diaries by Che Guevara–HSC English Discovery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714002933/http://www.realteachertutors.com.au/motorcycle-diaries-che-guevara-hsc-english-discovery/ |date=2016-07-14}}", Real Teacher Tutors. Retrieved 12 July 2016. The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres.

Examples

=Precursors=

{{Lang|ar-latn|Hayy ibn Yaqdhan}} by Ibn Tufail (12th century){{Cite book |title=Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey |editor1=Palmer, Joy |editor2=Liora Bresler |editor3=David Edward Cooper |publisher=Routledge Key Guides |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-23126-4 |page=34 |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftymajorthinke0000unse_g7g7/page/34/mode/2up}}
Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach (13th century).
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (14th century).

=16th century=

{{Lang|es|Lazarillo de Tormes}} (first edition 1554){{cite web |url=http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/burdeos/es/materialesclase/lazarillotormes.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/burdeos/es/materialesclase/lazarillotormes.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=dead |title=El lazarillo de Tormes |year=2004 |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain)|page=1 |language=es |access-date=24 November 2013}}

=17th century=

{{Lang|es|El Criticón}} by Baltasar Gracián (first edition 1651). Usually considered the pioneering work in its modern form.

=18th century=

Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Fanny Hill) by John Cleland (1748){{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Aaron|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742609|title=Fanny Hill and the Legibility of Consent|journal=ELH|year=2019|volume=86|issue=4|pages=941–966|doi=10.1353/elh.2019.0035|s2cid=213479222|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123150731/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742609|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}{{cite journal|last=McCracken|first=David|title=A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland's Fanny Hill |journal=ANQ |year= 2016 |volume=29|issue=3|pages=138–141 |doi=10.1080/0895769X.2016.1216388|s2cid=164429385}}
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding (1749)
Candide by Voltaire (1759){{cite book |last=Feder |first=Helena |title=Ecocriticism and the Idea of Culture: Biology and the Bildungsroman |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315578644|page=30 |quote=Candide exhibits several of the traits of the "traditional" or Germanic Bildungsroman, particularly the depiction of the development of an individual through travel. As a catalogue of the horrors of the modern world, Candide — perhaps more than any of the other texts examined in this book—lives up to Moretti's articulation of the Bildungsroman as the "'symbolic form' of modernity" (5). Read from an ecocultural perspective, this philosophical Bildungsroman suggests the limitations of Dialectic 's conceptions of the Enlightenment and the subject with a model, albeit a modest one, for interaction with the world outside of rationalism's logic of domination.}}
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759){{cite book |last=McWilliams |first=Ellen |title=Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2GuhQCODeMC&pg=PA14 |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6027-9 |page=14 |quote=The two early English Bildungsromane already mentioned, Tom Jones and The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.}}
{{Lang|de|Geschichte des Agathon}} by Christoph Martin Wieland (1767)—often considered the first "true" bildungsroman
Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96){{Cite web |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4087-wrong-move-utter-detachment-utter-truth |title=Wrong Move: Utter Detachment, Utter Truth |last=Robison, James |author-link=James Robison (author) |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=The Criterion Collection |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624150753/https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4087-wrong-move-utter-detachment-utter-truth |url-status=live }}

=19th century=

The Betrothed by Alessandro Manzoni (1827){{Cite journal |last=Dagradi |first=Sergio |title=Il Bildungsroman di Renzo: Una Nota Sui "Promessi Sposi" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23937196 |journal=Italianistica: Rivista di letteratura italiana |year=1999 |volume=28 |issue=3: September/December 1999 |pages=421–425 |jstor=23937196 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194509/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23937196 |url-status=live }}
The Red and the Black by Stendhal (1830){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017}}
Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle (1833–34)
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë (1847){{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/bildungs.html |title=Jane Eyre: A Bildungsroman |first=Cortney |last=Lollar |year=1996 |publisher=The Victorian Web |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233653/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/bildungs.html |url-status=live }}{{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847){{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLyzDwAAQBAJ&q=Wuthering+Heights+bildungsroman&pg=PA262| title = Victorian Fiction as a Bildungsroman: Its Flourishing and Complexity| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date= 2019|isbn= 9781527540798}}
{{Lang|ru-latn|Netochka Nezvanova}} (unfinished) by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1849){{cite book|last1=Frank|first1=Joseph|title=Dostoevsky His Life and Work|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=New Jersey|page=[https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254/page/n138 114]|isbn=9780691128191}}
David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1850){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
Green Henry by Gottfried Keller (1855){{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/bildungsroman-nineteenth-century-literature |title=The Bildungsroman in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510154338/http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/bildungsroman-nineteenth-century-literature |url-status=live }}
The Morgesons by Elizabeth Stoddard (1862)
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (1861){{cite journal|last=Taft|first=Matthew|title=The work of love: Great Expectations and the English Bildungsroman |journal=Textual Practice |year= 2020 |volume=34|issue=12|pages=1969–1988 |doi=10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834700|s2cid=227034524}}{{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1869){{cite journal|last=Trumpener|first=Katie|title=Actors, puppets, Girls: Little Women and the collective Bildungsroman |journal=Textual Practice |year= 2020 |volume=34|issue=12|pages=1911–1931 |doi=10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834709|s2cid=227033016}}
Sentimental Education by Gustave Flaubert (1869){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
The Adolescent by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1875){{Cite web |last=Knapp |first=Liza |title=Dostoevsky and the Novel of Adultery: The Adolescent |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235190399.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185159/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235190399.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-09 |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Core}}
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884)
What Maisie Knew by Henry James (1897){{cite encyclopedia |title=Formalism and the Novel: Henry James |editor=Martin Coyle |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism |location=New York |publisher=Routledge Florence |year=1990 |page=593 |display-editors=etal}}

=20th century=

Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1901){{cite journal |author=Esty, Jed |title=Unseasonable Youth: Modernism, Colonialism, and the Fiction of Development |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2012 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195305746.013.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-985797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeFoAgAAQBAJ |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513065721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yeFoAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}
Beneath the Wheel by Hermann Hesse, 1906
Martin Eden by Jack London (1909){{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/martin-eden-salem/martin-eden-11000305 |title=Martin Eden Summary – Jack London – Masterplots II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003185134/http://www.enotes.com/martin-eden-salem/martin-eden-11000305 |url-status=live}}
The Book of Khalid by Ameen Rihani (1911){{cite journal |author=Nash, Geoffrey |title=Ameen Rihani's The Book of Khalid and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle |journal=New Comparison Journal |issue=17 |publisher= The British Comparative Literature Association, University of Essex |location=Colchester, UK |year=1994}}
Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence (1913){{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/sons-lovers/lawrences-novel-bildungsroman |title=Sons and Lovers Lawrence's novel as a Bildungsroman |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727000916/http://www.enotes.com/sons-lovers/lawrences-novel-bildungsroman |url-status=live }}
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce (1916){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
Demian by Hermann Hesse (1919){{cite web| url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095709588| title = Demian - Oxford Reference| access-date = 28 October 2021| archive-date = 28 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028184949/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095709588| url-status = live}}
This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920){{cite book |author=Hendriksen, Jack |title=This side of paradise as a Bildungsroman |year=1993 |publisher=P. Lang |isbn=0-8204-1852-8}}
The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann (1924){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}}
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay (1929){{Cite book |last1=Mukherjee |given1=Meenakshi |year=1985 |title=Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-561648-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116401039932/page/128 128] |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116401039932/page/128}}
Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston (1937){{Cite journal |last=Tredell |first=Nicolas |date=1 July 2017 |title=Minglings: Form, Style, and Theme in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=127171076&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site |format=PDF |journal=Critical Approaches to Literature |pages=92–106 |quote=In her introduction to the 1986 Virago edition, Holly Eley calls it “primarily a love story” and also “an account of a strong, intelligent (though uneducated) woman’s steps towards self-fulfilment” (Hurston vii). In generic terms, this latter definition would make Hurston’s novel a Bildungsroman, a story of (self-)education by life. |via=The Wikipedia Library}}
The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger (1951){{cite web |url=http://www.thetop13.com/coming-of-age-novels-L45/ |title=The Top 13 Coming-of-Age Novels |publisher=The Top 13 |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225085020/http://thetop13.com/coming-of-age-novels-L45/ |archive-date=25 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, (1952)
Children of Violence by Doris Lessing (1952–1969){{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/bio-bibl.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 – Bio-bibliography|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224234101/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/bio-bibl.html|url-status=live}}
In the Castle of My Skin by George Lamming (1953)[https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Lamming#ref669217 "George Lamming, West Indian author"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602160730/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Lamming#ref669217 |date=2 June 2022 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica
A Separate Peace by John Knowles (1959)
Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1959){{cite book |last=Kercheval |first=Jesse Lee |title=Building Fiction |publisher=The Story Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/buildingfictionh0000kerc/page/101 101] |chapter=Continuing Conflict |year=1997 |isbn=1-884910-28-9 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/buildingfictionh0000kerc/page/101}}
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)
Wake in Fright by Kenneth Cook (1961){{cite book |last1=Peters-Little |first1=Frances |last2=Curthoys |first2=Ann |last3=Docker |first3=John |title=Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia |publisher=ANU E Press |page=62 |chapter=Epistemological vertigo and allegory |date=September 2010 |isbn=9781921666650 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&pg=PA62 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426102151/https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&pg=PA62 |url-status=live }}
The Emperor of Ice-Cream by Brian Moore (1965){{cite journal |author=Hicks, Patrick |author-link=Patrick Hicks | title=History and Masculinity in Brian Moore's 'The Emperor of Ice-Cream'|journal=The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies|volume= 25|number= 1/2 |date= July–December 1999|pages=400–413| doi=10.2307/25515283| jstor=25515283}}
Dune by Frank Herbert (1965){{cite journal|last=McGregor|first=Gaile|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/t_echmyth.html|title=The Technomyth in Transition: Reading American Popular Culture|journal=Journal of American Studies|year=1987|volume=21|issue=3|pages=387–409|doi=10.1017/S0021875800022891|s2cid=145732487|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=17 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417180715/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/t_echmyth.html|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}
The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton (1967){{cite web|author=Melanie Kinchen|url=http://www.lsu.edu/faculty/jpullia/3223bildungsroman.htm|title=Bildungsroman Novels for Young Adults|date=13 July 2006|display-authors=etal|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428031138/http://www.lsu.edu/faculty/jpullia/3223bildungsroman.htm|archive-date=28 April 2012|url-status=dead}}
A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin (1968){{cite journal |url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/spring96/griffin.html |title=Ursula LeGuin's Magical World of Earthsea |journal=The ALAN Review |volume=23 |issue=3 |access-date=10 June 2013 |last1=Griffin |first1=Jan M. |archive-date=16 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416041245/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/spring96/griffin.html |url-status=live }}
Bright Lights, Big City by Jay McInerney (1984){{cite web |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/mcinerney/introduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html |title=The Good Life |author=Jay McInerney |work=transcript of podcast |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208035442/http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/mcinerney/introduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html |url-status=live }}
How to Kill a Bull by Anna-Leena Härkönen (1984){{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006555690.html|title=Anna-Leena Härkönen oli teini kirjoittaessaan Häräntappoaseen, mutta onnistui silti kohauttamaan – seksikohtaukset saivat jopa oman mummon häpeämään|trans-title=Anna-Leena Härkönen was a teenager when she wrote 'How to Kill a Bull', but she still managed to make people shock – the sex scenes even put her own grandmother to shame!|first=Eeva-Kaarina|last=Kolsi|work=Ilta-Sanomat|date=29 June 2020|access-date=29 February 2024|language=fi}}
Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1985)
Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson (1985){{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |title=Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context |website=Sparknotes |date=27 August 1959 |access-date=21 April 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503021102/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |archive-date= 3 May 2011 | url-status= live}}
Norwegian Wood by Haruki Murakami (1987){{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/ |title=Norwegian Wood: On Having a Girl, and Losing Her |first=Alyssa |last=Rosenberg |date=30 July 2010 |website=The Atlantic Monthly |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613193539/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/ |url-status=live }}
English Music by Peter Ackroyd (1992){{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mRWtSWDXBn8C&q=%22english+music%22+ackroyd&pg=PA66 |title=My Words Echo Thus: Possessing the Past in Peter Ackroyd |first=Barry |last=Lewis |isbn=978-1570036682 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2007}}
Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling (1997–2007){{cite web |title=Bildungsroman Novels: Definition and Examples | date=22 January 2021 |url=https://www.tckpublishing.com/bildungsroman-novels/#:~:text=Is%20Harry%20Potter%20a%20Bildungsroman%3F%20When%20viewed%20as,sad%2C%20lonely%20child%20to%20a%20full-fledged%2C%20heroic%20wizard.}}
The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky (1999){{cite web |title=An Interview with Stephen Chbosky |url=http://www.wordriot.org/template.php?ID=552 |work=Word Riot |access-date=27 May 2012 |author=Marty Beckerman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113162049/http://wordriot.org/template.php?ID=552 |archive-date=13 January 2005 |url-status=dead}}
Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto (1999){{cite web|title=Naruto is the quintessential Bildungsroman|url=https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1011992|date=2 February 2018|publisher=The Lawrentian|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608014125/https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1011992|url-status=live}}
Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi (2000){{cite web |url=http://www.tip.sas.upenn.edu/curriculum/units/2011/04/11.04.02.pdf |work=John Bartram High School |title=Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre |author=Tara Ann Carter |date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128034643/http://www.tip.sas.upenn.edu/curriculum/units/2011/04/11.04.02.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 October 2013}}

===21st century===

The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd (2002){{cite web |url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html |title=Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503023152/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html| archive-date= 3 May 2011 | url-status= live}}
The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini (2003){{cite web |author=Khaled Hosseini |url=http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/35890028 |title=Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA)'s review of The Kite Runner |publisher=Goodreads.com |date=4 March 1965 |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102123/http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/35890028 |url-status=live }}
The Fortress of Solitude by Jonathan Lethem (2003){{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8/|title=The dreamer of Brooklyn|date=12 September 2003|work=Salon|access-date=19 March 2018|language=en-US|first=Peter|last=Kurth|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105503/https://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8/|url-status=live}}
Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro (2005)
Indecision by Benjamin Kunkel (2005){{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/28MCINER.html |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Jay |last=Mcinerney |title=Indecision: Getting It Together |date=28 August 2005 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183308/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/28MCINER.html |url-status=live }}
Black Swan Green by David Mitchell (2006){{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16freudenberger.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Wonder Year (Black Swan Green by David Mitchell) |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202211159/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16freudenberger.html |url-status=live }}
Goodnight Punpun by Inio Asano (2007–2013){{cite journal

| last=Díaz

| first=Carmen Sofía

| title=Precarious Youth in Contemporary Graphic Narratives: Young Lives in Crisis

| journal=CuCo, Cuadernos de cómic

| volume=21

| date=December 2023

| publisher=CuCoEstudio

| doi=10.37536/cuco.2023.21.2326

| doi-access=free

}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Indignation by Philip Roth (2008){{efn|group=lower-alpha|Back of the French translation in the "Folio" collection (éditions Gallimard, 2010): "[...] Avec ce roman d'apprentissage, Philip Roth poursuit son analyse de l'histoire de l'Amérique – celle des années cinquante, des tabous et des frustrations sexuelles – et de son impact sur la vie d'un homme jeune, isolé, vulnérable".}}
Sputnik Caledonia by Andrew Crumey (2008){{cite web |url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47320/8/Goldie_CCBF_2015_Modern_Scottish_Fiction_Telling_Stories.pdf |title=David Goldie, "Modern Scottish Fiction: Telling Stories in Order to Live". See also The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction Since 1945 |page=55 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327164356/https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47320/8/Goldie_CCBF_2015_Modern_Scottish_Fiction_Telling_Stories.pdf |url-status=live }}
Neapolitan Novels by Elena Ferrante (2011–2014){{cite web |url=https://www.europaeditions.com/book/9781609455057/the-neapolitan-novels-boxed-set |title=The Neapolitan Novels Boxed Set - Elena Ferrante |access-date=15 January 2024 }}
Zuleikha by Guzel Yakhina (2015){{cite web | last = SÜTCÜ | first = GÜNEŞ| year= 2020|url=https://jshsr.org/index.php/pub/article/view/1274/1225 |title=EXAMPLE OF EDUCATIONAL ROMAN:"ZULEIKHA OPENS HER EYES" FROM GUZEL YAKHINA |access-date=22 December 2024 }}
Washington Black by Esi Edugyan (2018){{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/book-review-washington-black-is-a-slave-story-told-with-a-fresh-sense-of-urgency-1.761087|newspaper=The National|first=Lucy|last=Sholes|title=Washington Black is a slave story told with a fresh sense of urgency|date=18 August 2018|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211142/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/book-review-washington-black-is-a-slave-story-told-with-a-fresh-sense-of-urgency-1.761087|url-status=live}}
Boy Swallows Universe by Trent Dalton (2018){{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/netflix-s-adaptation-of-this-bestseller-is-incredible-20240102-p5eurg.html|access-date=11 January 2024|title=Boy Swallows Universe review: Netflix's adaptation is incredible|date=9 January 2024|url-access=subscription|author=Kylie Northover}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20200201003235/http://bildungsromanproject.com/ The Bildungsroman Project] - academic digital humanities project featuring user-submitted articles on genre exemplars and contemporary personal narratives, edited by English literature professor [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530020534/http://www.leeuniversity.edu/academics/arts-sciences/language-literature/faculty/katherine-carlson.aspx Katherine Carlson]

Category:Film genres

Category:Literary genres

Category:1810s neologisms