Bima language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{distinguish|Bima language (Bantu)}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bima
| nativename = {{lang|bhp-latn|Nggahi Mbojo}}
| image = 300px
| imagecaption = {{lang|bhp-latn|Aksara Mbojo}} in Bima (Mbojo) script
| ethnicity = Bimanese
| states = Indonesia
| region = Sumbawa
| speakers = 500,000
| date = 1989
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian
| fam3 = (Central)
| fam4 = Bima–Lembata?
| script = Latin, Lontara script (Mbojo variant)
| dia1 = Kolo
| dia2 = Sangar (Sanggar)
| dia3 = Toloweri
| dia4 = Bima
| dia5 = Mbojo
| iso3 = bhp
| glotto = bima1247
| glottorefname = Bima
|map =
|mapcaption =
{{Legend|#0080ff|Regions where Bima is the majority language}} {{Legend|#88c4ff|Regions where Bima is a significant minority language}}
}}
The Bima language, or Bimanese (Bima: {{lang|bhp-latn|Nggahi Mbojo}}, Indonesian: {{lang|id|Bahasa Bima}}), is an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, which it shares with speakers of the Sumbawa language. Bima territory includes the Sanggar Peninsula, where the extinct Papuan language Tambora was once spoken. Bima is an exonym; the autochthonous name for the territory is Mbojo and the language is referred to as Nggahi Mbojo. There are over half a million Bima speakers. Neither the Bima nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own for they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently.{{Cite book |last=Prichard |first=J. C. |title=Researches into the Physical History of Mankind |date=1874 |publisher=Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper |volume=5: Containing Researches Into the History of the Oceanic and of the American Nations |location=London |asin=B0041T3N9G}}
Classification
Long thought to be closely related to the languages of Sumba Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup.{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=R. |date=2008 |title=Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=45–113 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0006 |jstor=20172340|s2cid=144311741 }}
Distribution
Dialects
According to Ethnologue, dialects of the language include Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, and Mbojo.
Donggo, spoken in mountainous regions to the west of Bima Bay, such as in Doro Ntika of the Doro Oromboha area, is closely related to the main dialect of Bima. It is spoken by about 25,000 people who were formerly primarily Christians and animists; many have converted to Islam, mostly as a result of intermarriages.{{Cite book |last=Just |first=P. |title=Dou Donggo Justice: Conflict and Morality in an Indonesian Society |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2001 |location=Oxford}}
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonant phonemes ! colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPAlink|ɲ}} |{{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |
|---|
| rowspan="5" |Plosive/ Affricate !voiceless |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|t}} |{{IPAlink|tʃ}} |{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
| voiced
|{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d}} |{{IPAlink|dʒ}} |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |
| prenasal vl.
|{{IPAlink|ᵐp}} |{{IPAlink|ⁿt}} |{{IPAlink|ᶮtʃ}} |{{IPAlink|ᵑk}} | |
| prenasal vd.
|{{IPAlink|ᵐb}} |{{IPAlink|ⁿd}} |{{IPAlink|ᶮdʒ}} |{{IPAlink|ᵑɡ}} | |
| implosive
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} |{{IPAlink|ɗ}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
|{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPAlink|s}} | | |{{IPAlink|h}} |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPAlink|l}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Trill
| |{{IPAlink|r}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPAlink|w}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowel phonemes ! !Back |
| Close
|{{IPAlink|i}} | |{{IPAlink|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
|{{IPAlink|e}} | |{{IPAlink|o}} |
| Open
| |{{IPAlink|a}} | |
Vowels {{IPA|/i e o u/}} can have shortened allophones as {{IPA|[ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ]}}.{{Cite book|last1=Tama|first1=I Wayan|title=Fonologi Bahasa Bima|last2=Sukayana|first2=I Nengah|last3=Partami|first3=Ni Luh|last4=Z.M.|first4=Hamidsyukrie|year=1996|location=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite book |last=Jonker |first=J. C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqM83-JNydwC |title=Bimaneesche Texten |date=1893 |publisher=Landsdrukkerij |location=Batavia |language=nl |trans-title=Bima Texts}}
- {{Cite book |last=Jonker |first=J. C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ODZLgUd6vMC |title=Bimaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek |date=1896a |publisher=Landsdrukkerij |location=Batavia |language=nl |trans-title=Bima-Dutch Dictionary}}
- {{Cite book |last=Jonker |first=J. C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N37IpchuWOcC |title=Bimaneesche Spraakkunst |date=1896b |publisher=Landsdrukkerij |location=Batavia |language=nl |trans-title=A Grammar of Bima}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{Incubator|bhp}}
- Paradisec has a collection of [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/KY1 open access recordings of Bima] from a 2005 language documentation class, as well as [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/RB1 some recordings] from Robert Blust.
- Kaipuleohone also has an open-access collection of Robert Blust's materials including a recording of Bima.
- https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22150-biima-script.pdf
{{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{authority control}}
Category:Languages of Indonesia
Category:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
{{austronesian-lang-stub}}